The United States as the Trade Partner of Poland in te Context of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
Renata Marks-Bielska ◽  
Wiesława Lizińska ◽  
Izabela Serocka
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Trade Partner ◽  
Structure Of Trade

Evaluation of the importance of the USA as the trade partner of Poland is the main objective of the paper, based on the changes in the value of trade during the years 2000-2012 and changes in the structure of trade during the years 2008-2012. The data from the Statistical Yearbooks of Foreign Trade published by the Central Statistical Office was used. The potential for foreign trade growth was illustrated using the simplified analysis based on the gravity model of foreign trade concept. Gradually increasing value of Polish trade with the USA (the average growth rate 9.8%, EU-15 countries 13.1%). Polish exports are characterised by a higher than imports growth rate (USA - exports growth by 12.5%, imports 9.2%, EU-15 - exports 15.1%, imports 11.6%). Trade is strongly dominated by position of one group of products (over 30% share in both exports and imports). The potential of trade is poorly exploited currently. Trade was focused mainly on the countries situated in the close neighbourhood (mainly the EU countries with the domination of Germany).

scholarly journals TRADE POLICY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNDER THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Mashkara-Choknadiy ◽  
Yuriy Mayboroda
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Social Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Foreign Trade Policy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The pandemic of COVID-19 has influenced all sectors of social life, including the global economy and trade relations. The year of 2020 was marked with significant changes in internal and foreign economic policy of almost all nations. The purpose of the paper is to study the measures taken by the EU and the USA as the world's leading economies to regulate their foreign trade in the global crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The tasks of the study are to show the influence of the crisis on changes of global trade policy in front of the threat to national security. Methodology. The study is based on the results of statistical analysis of data provided the WTO and the UNCTAD. The authors show an analytical assessment of the foreign trade indicators of the EU and the USA. Methods of comparison and generalization were used to formulate conclusions on regulatory trends in foreign trade of the US and the EU. Results allowed identifying specific features and changes in the regulation of foreign trade of the EU and the US, assessing the impact of the pandemic on their foreign trade. It was found that both mentioned players of the world economy have actively introduced both deterrent and liberalization measures during 2020, which were aimed at providing the domestic market with scarce COVID-related goods. The study shows the transition from export restricting to import liberalizing measures in foreign trade policies from the start of pandemic to the late 2020. Practical implications. Understanding and predicting the possible actions of partners (the US and the EU in this case) in the field of foreign trade regulation is an important practical aspect, which has to be taken into account when developing Ukraine's foreign trade policy. Value/originality. The study of foreign trade policy of the world's leading countries allows us to understand the behavior of governments of the countries that are largely dependent on participation in international trade in their development, to draw conclusions about the most common instruments of foreign trade policy in the time of humanitarian and economic crises.

scholarly journals STUDENT LEARNING AND STUDENT SERVICES: POLICY ISSUES

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine SchWeber
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Online Learning ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Student Learning ◽  
Student Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Technological World

An increasing number of students in the United States are involved in online education, according to research by the Sloan Foundation. By fall 2004, approximately 2.6 million students were estimated to be enrolled in at least one online course, an average growth rate of 24.8% from 2003–04; this figure represents a 5% increase over the 2002–03 growth rate. The consequence of this continuing expansion of the e-learning population is that policies with respect to student learning/academic programs will need to be updated or developed; and policies and practices with respect to existing student services, which often provide different support for onsite and distance students or minimize online services, will need to fit the realities of online learning. Given the technological world of the 21st century, it would behoove institutions if such policies applied to all students and services were online.What are the student areas which require policies for online learning to be effective? Issues in four areas seem to dominate: student learning, student services, 24/7 support and outsourcing, and multi-campus/system alignment. Each points to several policy issues, often inter-linked, that need discussion, decisions and implementation practices. The discussion below does not make a distinction between fully online or blended courses, unless noted.

scholarly journals US-China trade conflict: causes and consequences

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

At the present stage of development of international economic relations special attention is paid to the study of the relations between the countries that are the world leaders in terms of GDP and foreign trade – the USA and China. This is due to the fact that in recent years the US have introduced a number of measures to counteract the growth of Chinese exports, which has led to backlash from China. The subject of the study is the foreign trade relations of the USA and China. The goal is to analyze the influence of protectionist measures applied by the US and China on the development of their foreign economic relations. The following objectives are set: to determine the level of economic interdependence of the USA and the PRC, to investigate their impact on mutual trade flows and to analyze the dynamics of bilateral trade of countries under restrictive measures. The following methods are: comparative analysis, systematization and generalization, construction of regression models. The results of the analysis revealed that the US and PRC current accounts show reverse dynamics: the United States demonstrates stable deficit, while China has had surplus for many years. Moreover, the structures of the current accounts do differ a lot as well: the US is totally services-oriented country, whereas China is a major exporter of goods. It can be observed that both countries have experienced a recession of foreign economic activity since 2018, as far as their current account balances decreased substantially, which is likely to be the consequence of tariff barriers imposed by the US and PRC. Furthermore, due to trade confrontation, bilateral trade between these countries declines significantly as well, so that now China and the United States are forced to look for new export markets. The results of the regression models allow concluding that import from China is indeed having a negative impact on US exports, which has led to the US restrictions on imports from China. However, the introduction of mutual restrictions did not lead to an improvement of the US foreign trade.

scholarly journals Food Security: Results of Russian Embargo on Poultry Meat Import

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 01084
Author(s):  
Vladimir G. Svinukhov ◽  
Marina V. Konysheva ◽  
Irina G. Makarova
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation

The paper presents a geographically based assessment of the volume and value of imported poultry meat into the Russian Federation under the embargo restrictions. The assessment is based on the foreign trade statistics issued by the Customs Service of the Russian Federation. In volume terms, the import of poultry meat to the Russian Federation in 2015 decreased by 14 % as compared to the volume of 2014; in value terms it decreased by 6%. The geography of the import also changed. Before the embargo, the main suppliers of poultry meat to the Russian Federation were the USA (51%), Belarus (16%) and Brazil (10%). After the embargo was introduced, the United States (30%) still remained the main supplier along with Brazil (21%). A significant market share of poultry meat supplies to the Russian Federation was captured by Belarus (26%).

scholarly journals Educational expenditures in Finland up to the year 2030

1993 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Pekka Parkkinen
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Educational Expenditures ◽  
Education Expenditures ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Social Expenditures

In this paper expenditures on education and their share to the gross domestic product (GDP) in Finland are estimated until 2030. The estimate of the number of pupils is based on the 1991 population prognosis made by the Central Statistical Office of Finland. The actual education expenditures per pupil has been calculated for different levels of education in 1980-1990. In the future only real labor costs per pupil are assumed to increase. They will increase at the average rate of the labor productivity growth in the economy. Other real costs (teaching materials, welfare services, administrative costs, etc.) per pupil are assumed to be constant during the prognosis period. Although the school age population will clearly diminish, the real education expenditures will increase by one thirds up to 2030 in Finland. However, at the same time the share of these expenditures to the GDP will decrease by two percentage points. On the other hand social expenditures in proportion to the GDP will increase very rapidly due to the aging population. Yet the growth rate of the public expenditures is expected to be only sligthly higher than the growth rate of the GDP.

scholarly journals Foreign trade relations between the Republic of Korea and the United States in the context of the development of integration processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 826-841
Author(s):  
Inna V. Andronova ◽  
Natalia V. Dyuzheva ◽  
Kirill A. Andronov
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Liberal Trade

The article examines the process of concluding, implementing and updating the Free Trade Agreement between the USA and South Korea, highlights the main problematic aspects of the functioning of the free trade area and the consequences for the bilateral trade of countries. The study found that South Korea benefited significantly from the negotiated liberal trade regime with the USA. The trade balance surplus of South Korea with the USA sharply increased - to a historic maximum of 25 billion dollars (in 2015), also South Korean exports of high-tech goods and high value-added goods increased significantly. For the USA, participation in the agreement led to an increase in the trade balance deficit and in the export of resources, agricultural goods and low value-added products. The observed consequences led to the use of a tough discriminatory policy by the USA, to the revision of the provisions of the Free trade agreement and to the military and political concessions from South Korea. As a result, the deficit of the US trade balance with South Korea decreased by 17.3% over the year, changes in the commodity structure of the countries' mutual trade are expected. The analysis proves the formation of a unified approach in US foreign trade policy towards partner countries within the framework of Free trade agreements, which lies in the mainstream of new protectionism and aimed at ensuring American geopolitical and economic interests.

scholarly journals REGIONS OF DISCORD: ANALYZING SUBNATIONAL INFLUENCES ON CHILE'S FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT POLICIES TOWARDS THE USA DURING CRITICAL EVENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (17) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Disi Pavlic
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Critical Events ◽  
Investment Policies ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Policy Conflicts ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trade And Investment ◽  
The U.S

What explains variation on Chile’s foreign trade and investment policies toward the United States? While previous studies have underscored international and country-level factors, this work focuses on how subnational economic differences lead to conflicts that shape the country’s policymaking. It examines Chile’s history of commercial policies toward the U.S., focusing on critical events between 1965 and 2005, finding that foreign trade and investment policy conflicts develop along regional lines during democratic periods and on issues where subnational differences in export dependence are stronger.

Rumania's Foreign Trade in the Postwar Period

Slavic Review ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-442
Author(s):  
John M. Montias
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Postwar Period ◽  
Trade Expansion ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office ◽  
Stagnation Period ◽  
Statistical Yearbook

In 1960, for the first time in the postwar period, the Central Statistical Office of the Rumanian People's Republic released data on the country's foreign trade in its official statistical yearbook.The coverage of the statistics given out at this time was highly selective. It comprised only the total value of imports and exports in "foreign-currency lei" in 1958, index numbers linking these data to 1950 and 1955, a geographical breakdown of trade by countries for 1958, and the volume of imports and exports of the "principal commodities" traded in that year. From 1959 to 1963 these figures were each year brought up to date, but no additional information was given out. In the 1964 yearbook there appeared a breakdown of imports and exports by commodity groups (nine in all) covering the years 1950, 1955, and 1959 to 1963. While these published statistics were extremely valuable in themselves, they did not supply an adequate basis for an understanding of the most important trends in postwar trade, including the trade expansion associated with the first period of intensive industrialization from 1949 to 1953, the stagnation period that followed the introduction of the New Course in mid-1953, and the major restructuring after 1958 of Rumania's trade relations with its Comecon partners and with Western markets, which is only imperfectly reflected in the geographical distribution of imports and exports in recent years.

scholarly journals The Two Growth Rates of the Economy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Adamou ◽  
Yonatan Berman ◽  
Ole Peters
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ensemble Average ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Time Average ◽  
Per Capita

Economic growth is measured as the rate of relative change in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Yet, when incomes follow random multiplicative growth, the ensemble-average (GDP per capita) growth rate is higher than the time-average growth rate achieved by each individual in the long run. This mathematical fact is the starting point of ergodicity economics. Using the atypically high ensemble-average growth rate as the principal growth measure creates an incomplete picture. Policymaking would be better informed by reporting both ensemble-average and time-average growth rates. We analyse rigorously these growth rates and describe their evolution in the United States and France over the last fifty years. The difference between the two growth rates gives rise to a natural measure of income inequality, equal to the mean logarithmic deviation. Despite being estimated as the average of individual income growth rates, the time-average growth rate is independent of income mobility. (Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper)

scholarly journals Global Position of the US Economy and Its Impact on the Economy of the Czech Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 ◽  
pp. 09012
Author(s):  
Linda Pudilová ◽  
Kamila Veselá
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Mutual Trade ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

Research background: The economy with the strongest influence on world affairs, international politics and world economy is undoubtedly the economy of the United States of America. In the Czech Republic, after the revolution, the USA quickly came to the forefront of interest and mutual foreign trade grew significantly. However, their global influence was significantly reflected not only in economic aspects, but also in sociological aspects. In recent years, the so-called “Americanization” has been taking place in the Czech Republic. American terms were often adopted in the commonly used Czech language, and the demand for American goods increased significantly. Purpose of the article: The objective of the presented text is to evaluate development of the influence of the USA on the economy of the Czech Republic by analysing the development of key macroeconomic quantities, in particular gross domestic product, gross national product, balance of payments and foreign trade. Based on the results of this analysis, the future development of the Czech economy, more precisely opportunities and impacts arising from mutual trade relations between the American and Czech economies, is predicated. Methods: Descriptive statistic. Findings & Value added: The results of the research showed a gradual expansion of the influence of the American economy in the Czech Republic, which began after 1989 and continues to this day. This influence manifested itself in several aspects. It was reflected in the structure of mutual foreign trade, and also in the Czech culture and the Czech language (adoption of English terms into the Czech language). The further potential of mutual trade is highlighted out by comparing the structure of export and import from the USA in total and export and import from the USA to the Czech Republic.

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