scholarly journals Large invisible carbon sink potential of global clay minerals to mitigate climate change

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huipeng Xi ◽  
Xiaoyong Bai ◽  
Luhua Wu ◽  
Chaojun Li ◽  
Huan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Missing Carbon Sink ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract The chemical weathering of clay minerals widely distributed in the soil have great potential of carbon sink (CS), but the magnitude and influence mechanisms of this CS are unclear. Here we analyse recent changes in five major clay minerals (chlorite, smectite, mica, illite, and vermiculite) carbon sink and its driving factors, using a process-based model (PROFILE) and satellite data assimilation. We show that magnitude of CS in five major clay minerals is about 0.11 Pg C yr-1 from 0 to 2m depth of soil, which is one third of CS in rocks and also may be mainly responsible for the world's missing carbon sink. According to our simulations, the linear trend of CS during 1970-2018 showing that CS in 56% of the world increasing significantly, although the intensification of CS cannot be explained by soil moisture (SM) or soil temperature (STMP) alone, they are the dominant cause of the intensification of CS in the high latitude area and the decrease of CS in parts of the tropics, while in areas where SM is drier, STMP may weaken the former’s negative effect on CS. Besides, simulation results based on medium emission scenarios indicating that CS may increase by about 36% by the end of this century. These results highlight that a more comprehensive understanding of the magnitude and driving mechanism of the soil minerals’ CS is the key to realizing their potential as a nature-based climate solution.

Garden Plants under Global Climate Change

2014 ◽  
Vol 937 ◽  
pp. 663-668
Author(s):  
Qiu Jing Li ◽  
Xiao Li Hou ◽  
Li Xue ◽  
Hong Yue Chen ◽  
Yun Ting Hao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Plant Design ◽  
Landscape Plant ◽  
Garden Plants ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

Climate change refers to man-made changes in our climate, which is caused by changes in temperature, precipitation, and CO2. There is a lot of data coming from all over the world indicating that phenology of garden plants and biodiversity are being impacted by climate change. In the context of climate change, landscape plants can enhance carbon sink function, improve plant design, and mitigate climate change and so on. To determine the impact of these changes on garden plants, scientists would need to strengthen the study of garden plants under global climate change, including different garden type responses to climate change, invaliding species phenology study, extreme weather impacts on landscape plant phenology, the dominant factor of affecting garden plants in different regions, interactions of multiple environmental factors on influence mechanism of garden plants.

scholarly journals Geochemical Significance of Clay Minerals and Elements in Paleogene Sandstones in the Center of the Northern Margin of the Qaidam Basin, China

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guoqiang Sun ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Jiajia Guo ◽  
Yetong Wang ◽  
Yongheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Chemical Weathering ◽  
Qaidam Basin ◽  
Sedimentary Environment ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
Magmatic Arc ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Geochemical Significance ◽  
Continental Magmatic Arc

The average thickness of Paleogene sandstones reaches about 3000–4000 m at the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin. However, the provenance and sedimentary environment of these sandstones are uncertain; thus, more comprehensive research is needed. Integrated research is conducted on the provenance and weathering process based on petrographic characteristics, clay minerals, and geochemical compositions of sandstones in the center of the northern Qaidam Basin. The results of lithofacies analysis show that the Paleogene sandstones were mainly derived from an active continental magmatic arc, subduction accretion, or a fold-thrust belt. The average illite content in the Paleogene clay minerals is more than 50%, followed by chlorite and smectite, which reflect climatic and environmental characteristics that were arid to semi-arid, whereas the characteristics of carbon–oxygen isotopes reveal a mainly freshwater sedimentary environment. The corrected chemical index of alteration (CIAcorr) is between 56.3 and 75.7, with an average value of 66.5. These results indicate that the provenance of the Paleogene sandstones in the center of the northern Qaidam Basin mainly formed under cold and dry climatic conditions and experienced limited chemical weathering with a small amount that underwent intermediate chemical weathering under warm and humid conditions.

scholarly journals Trends and variability of midlatitude stratospheric water vapour deduced from the re-evaluated Boulder balloon series and HALOE

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1391-1402 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Scherer ◽  
H. Vömel ◽  
S. Fueglistaler ◽  
S. J. Oltmans ◽  
J. Staehelin
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Potential Temperature ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Corrected Data ◽  
Instrumental Bias ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Stratospheric Water Vapour

Abstract. This paper presents an updated trend analysis of water vapour in the lower midlatitude stratosphere from the Boulder balloon-borne NOAA frostpoint hygrometer measurements and from the Halogen Occulation Experiment (HALOE). Two corrections for instrumental bias are applied to homogenise the frostpoint data series, and a quality assessment of all soundings after 1991 is presented. Linear trend estimates based on the corrected data for the period 1980–2000 are up to 40% lower than previously reported. Vertically resolved trends and variability are calculated with a multi regression analysis including the quasi-biennal oscillation and equivalent latitude as explanatory variables. In the range of 380 to 640 K potential temperature (≈14 to 25 km), the frostpoint data from 1981 to 2006 show positive linear trends between 0.3±0.3 and 0.7±0.1%/yr. The same dataset shows trends between −0.2±0.3 and 1.0±0.3%/yr for the period 1992 to 2005. HALOE data over the same time period suggest negative trends ranging from −1.1±0.2 to −0.1±0.1%/yr. In the lower stratosphere, a rapid drop of water vapour is observed in 2000/2001 with little change since. At higher altitudes, the transition is more gradual, with slowly decreasing concentrations between 2001 and 2007. This pattern is consistent with a change induced by a drop of water concentrations at entry into the stratosphere. Previously noted differences in trends and variability between frostpoint and HALOE remain for the homogenised data. Due to uncertainties in reanalysis temperatures and stratospheric transport combined with uncertainties in observations, no quantitative inference about changes of water entering the stratosphere in the tropics could be made with the mid latitude measurements analysed here.

scholarly journals The 2015–2016 carbon cycle as seen from OCO-2 and the global in situ network

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 9797-9831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean Crowell ◽  
David Baker ◽  
Andrew Schuh ◽  
Sourish Basu ◽  
Andrew R. Jacobson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Cycle ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Transport Models ◽  
New Information ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 has been on orbit since 2014, and its global coverage holds the potential to reveal new information about the carbon cycle through the use of top-down atmospheric inversion methods combined with column average CO2 retrievals. We employ a large ensemble of atmospheric inversions utilizing different transport models, data assimilation techniques, and prior flux distributions in order to quantify the satellite-informed fluxes from OCO-2 Version 7r land observations and their uncertainties at continental scales. Additionally, we use in situ measurements to provide a baseline against which to compare the satellite-constrained results. We find that within the ensemble spread, in situ observations, and satellite retrievals constrain a similar global total carbon sink of 3.7±0.5 PgC yr−1, and 1.5±0.6 PgC yr−1 for global land, for the 2015–2016 annual mean. This agreement breaks down in smaller regions, and we discuss the differences between the experiments. Of particular interest is the difference between the different assimilation constraints in the tropics, with the largest differences occurring in tropical Africa, which could be an indication of the global perturbation from the 2015–2016 El Niño. Evaluation of posterior concentrations using TCCON and aircraft observations gives some limited insight into the quality of the different assimilation constraints, but the lack of such data in the tropics inhibits our ability to make strong conclusions there.

A new case of neotropical monodominant forest: Spirotropis longifolia (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) in French Guiana

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Émile Fonty ◽  
Jean-François Molino ◽  
Marie-Françoise Prévost ◽  
Daniel Sabatier
Keyword(s):  
French Guiana ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Type I ◽  
Gap Dynamics ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Main Interest ◽  
Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Neotropical Tree ◽  
Single Mechanism ◽  
The Tropics

The main interest in studying monodominant forests in the tropics (i.e. single-dominant forest sensu Richards 1996 and Connell & Lowman 1989) is that processes leading to monodominance may highlight mechanisms controlling species diversity (Hart et al. 1989). Among the various cases of monodominant forest (Hart 1990), the most intriguing are the rare ones that stand in contact with a considerably more diverse forest, without apparent environmental boundaries, and for many generations (i.e. type I sensu Connell & Lowman 1989). Rather than a single mechanism, it is likely that this type of monodominance results from a suite of interacting traits (Torti et al. 2001). This has been well illustrated for the neotropical tree Dicymbe corymbosa whose monodominance relies on: (1) ectomycorrhizal symbiosis (Henkel et al. 2002) linked to (2) mast fruiting (Henkel et al. 2005), (3) high seedling survival rate (Henkel et al. 2005, McGuire 2007a, 2007b) and, potentially, (4) slow litter decomposition (Mayor & Henkel 2006, McGuire et al. 2010), moreover, (5) the reiterative habit of D. corymbosa slows the gap dynamics, and reduces species richness (Woolley et al. 2008). Thus, a comprehensive understanding of monodominance may only emerge from the comparison of many case studies to point out shared mechanisms. Here, we report a new case of a monodominant species: Spirotropis longifolia (DC.) Baill.

A tale of two peats: characterizing ecosystem-driven differences in chemical composition with depth in natural and drained Finnish mires using Py-GC/MS analytical techniques

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristy Klein ◽  
Miriam Groβ-Schmölders ◽  
Christine Alewell ◽  
Jens Leifeld
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Molecular Biomarkers ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Aerobic Decomposition ◽  
Relative Abundances

<p>Intact accumulating peatlands are a globally important terrestrial carbon sink. Climate change and agricultural drainage are degrading these ecosystems, and through increases in aerobic decomposition, shifting their C balance from sink to source. To argue the effectiveness of restoration activities (such as rewetting), techniques are needed that clearly show differences between drained and natural (or drained and rewetted) peatlands. Because these changes are not always macroscopically visible, molecular analysis methods are especially needed to distinguish between ecosystems experiencing net pet growth (sequestering carbon), and those where aerobic decomposition is still a primary driving mechanism. Molecular biomarkers are a useful way to use chemical composition to distinguish these mechanisms.</p><p>This study aimed to compare differences in chemical composition with depth between two peatland sites from a large ombrotrophic mire in Lakkasuo Finland – one natural and one drained. To characterize these chemical shifts, pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry was used to track changes in relative abundance of various molecular biomarkers and compound classes (ie., aromatics, Sphagnum phenols, lignin, N-containing compounds, n-alkanes, etc.) with depth across both sites. Three replicate cores per site were collected, allowing for statistical evaluation of the relative abundances of these compounds. Using radiocarbon dating at three depths per core, the drained and natural sites were also matched by age for reference purposes. Significant differences were found for the Sphagnum-specific biomarker, p-isopropenylphenol, aromatics, and lignin, to the approximate current depth of the drained peatland water table. Higher phenolic compound class abundance indicated inhibited aerobic decomposition in the natural cores. An increasing trend in lignin biomarker relative abundance with depth was observed in the natural site, despite the identification of comparatively fewer vascular plants during the macroscopic analysis. Rather than a higher abundance of palaeo-ecological vascular plants, this trend is considered to be an indicator of preferential preservation of lignin compounds with anaerobic conditions. Below the depth of the water table, the relative abundances of most biomarkers stabilized, indicating the existance of similar environmental conditions in both sites prior to drainage. These data were compared and are in agreement with findings from elemental analysis (CHNO) and bulk isotopic (<sup>13</sup>C and <sup>15</sup>N) data measured on the same cores. Collectively, these data suggest that observed shifts in chemical composition in the natural and drained cores reflect the effect of different hydrological conditions between the two sites.</p>

scholarly journals Analysis of HCl and ClO time series in the upper stratosphere using satellite data sets

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5321-5333 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jones ◽  
J. Urban ◽  
D. P. Murtagh ◽  
C. Sanchez ◽  
K. A. Walker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Sigma Level ◽  
Chlorine Monoxide ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract. Previous analyses of satellite and ground-based measurements of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine monoxide (ClO) have suggested that total inorganic chlorine in the upper stratosphere is on the decline. We create HCl and ClO time series using satellite data sets extended to November 2008, so that an update can be made on the long term evolution of these two species. We use the HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) data for the HCl analysis, and the Odin Sub-Millimetre Radiometer (SMR) and the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (Aura-MLS) measurements for the study of ClO. Altitudes between 35 and 45 km and two mid-latitude bands: 30° S–50° S and 30° N–50° N, for HCl, and 20° S–20° N for ClO and HCl are studied. ACE-FTS and HALOE HCl anomaly time series (with QBO and seasonal contributions removed) are combined to produce all instrument average time series, which show HCl to be reducing from peak 1997 values at a linear estimated rate of −5.1 % decade−1 in the Northern Hemisphere and −5.2 % decade−1 in the Southern Hemisphere, while the tropics show a linear trend of −5.8 % per decade (although we do not remove the QBO contribution there due to sparse data). Trend values are significantly different from a zero trend at the 2 sigma level. ClO is decreasing in the tropics by −7.1 % ± 7.8 % decade−1 based on measurements made from December 2001 to November 2008. The statistically significant downward trend found in HCl after 1997 and the apparent downward ClO trend since 2001 (although not statistically significant) confirm how effective the 1987 Montreal protocol objectives and its amendments have been in reducing the total amount of inorganic chlorine.

In search of the missing carbon sink: a model of terrestrial biospheric response to land-use change and atmospheric CO2

Tellus B ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 501-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTHONY W. KING ◽  
WILLIAM R. EMANUEL ◽  
STAN D. WULLSCHLEGER ◽  
WILFRED M. POST
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Missing Carbon Sink

scholarly journals Nesting success and productivity of the Common Barn-owl Tyto alba: results from a nest box installation and long-term breeding monitoring program in Southern Hungary

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-31
Author(s):  
László Bank ◽  
László Haraszthy ◽  
Adrienn Horváth ◽  
Győző F. Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Clutch Size ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Barn Owl ◽  
Tyto Alba ◽  
Nest Box ◽  
Nest Boxes ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Common

Abstract In this study, the results of a long-term nest box installation program of the Common Barn-owl Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769) in Southern Hungary were evaluated, which program was conducted during a 24-year period (1995–2018). The percentages of occupied nest boxes ranged from 9.72 to 73.44% in the first breeding periods while this varied between 0 and 41.46% in the case of repeated clutches in the same nest boxes with second broods. A total of 1,265 breeding attempts were recorded including 1,020 (80.63%) in the first and 245 (19.36%) in the second breeding periods, from which a total of 210 (16.6%) clutches did not produce any fledglings. The modal clutch size was 7 eggs in both first and second annual clutches. However, the value of productivity was higher in the case of larger clutch sizes and we found significant linear relationship between initial clutch size and fledgling production per nesting attempt in both breeding periods. Significant variation of reproductive parameters was observed among the years. The proportion of egg loss showed significant decline, while the change of hatching success and the variation of annual productivity showed significant slight positive linear trend during the 24 years. Our results suggested that despite the outlier values of reproduction characteristics in the extreme years with negative effect, a relatively stable Common Barn-owl population can be maintained by the placement of nest boxes in the investigated region.

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