scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infection and persistence throughout the human body and brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Chertow ◽  
Sydney Stein ◽  
Sabrina Ramelli ◽  
Alison Grazioli ◽  
Joon-Yong Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Clearance ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
The Brain

Abstract COVID-19 is known to cause multi-organ dysfunction1-3 in acute infection, with prolonged symptoms experienced by some patients, termed Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC)4-5. However, the burden of infection outside the respiratory tract and time to viral clearance is not well characterized, particularly in the brain3,6-14. We performed complete autopsies on 44 patients with COVID-19 to map and quantify SARS-CoV-2 distribution, replication, and cell-type specificity across the human body, including brain, from acute infection through over seven months following symptom onset. We show that SARS-CoV-2 is widely distributed, even among patients who died with asymptomatic to mild COVID-19, and that virus replication is present in multiple extrapulmonary tissues early in infection. Further, we detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in multiple anatomic sites, including regions throughout the brain, for up to 230 days following symptom onset. Despite extensive distribution of SARS-CoV-2 in the body, we observed a paucity of inflammation or direct viral cytopathology outside of the lungs. Our data prove that SARS-CoV-2 causes systemic infection and can persist in the body for months.

scholarly journals A human body as an energy source

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-65
Author(s):  
Yevgen Honcharov ◽  
Nataliya Kriukova ◽  
Vladislav Markov ◽  
Igor Polyakov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
The Brain

The article deals with the actual problems of using the energy released by the human body. The question arises how much energy can the human body generate? Is it possible to use this energy for domestic and industrial needs? In the 18th and 19th centuries, the first scientific works on this topic appeared. It turned out that the charge carriers in the proteins of a living organism are protons and electrons, which, together with the electron-hole conduction system, create a single conductivity inherent only in a living organism. The electrical activity of the brain is assessed by voltage pulses with an amplitude of 500 μV of various frequencies from 0.5 to 55 Hz. It is impossible to receive pulses with such a frequency and such an amplitude from only ionic-type charge carriers. Electrochemical current sources are inertial; therefore, this fact can be direct evidence of the presence of electronic movement of charge carriers in the brain and the nervous system as a whole. It is quite realistic to use the thermal energy of the human body. Currently, the central building of the Stockholm railway station has been turned into a kind of experimental testing ground. Every day about 250 thousand people pass through the station building, who emit up to 25 MW of thermal energy. Most of it in the form of heated air is collected in ventilation and through heat exchangers energy is transferred to heat water in the heating system of another building. According to rough estimates, the efficiency of such a system can save up to 25% of the energy spent on heating the building. Inside a person, electric currents of various frequencies are generated in 7 biological power plants: in the heart, in the brain and in the five sense organs. All the electricity that is generated inside the human body is absorbed by its own tissues. Not a single electron produced inside a living organism leaves the human body, and does not pass into the environment, but is absorbed by the skin. This is the reason for the closure of the human electrical system. The body itself absorbs all the electricity that it previously produced. The energy generated by the human body is divided into mechanical, thermal, and electrical. The thermal energy of the human body can be used most effectively. Mechanical energy can also be used, but with much less efficiency. The electrical energy of the human body at this stage in the development of science and technology is practically impossible to use. Its use is likely to become real in the very distant future

scholarly journals COVID-19. SARS-Cov-2 pandemic, transmission pathways, distribution features, and individual susceptibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Dmitrii Tikhonov ◽  
Vsevolod Vladimirtsev
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Individual Susceptibility ◽  
Asymptomatic Patients ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

In December 2019, an outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology was registered in Wuhan, Hubei province of the people's Republic of China. The virus was soon isolated and its genome sequenced. It is called the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS-Cov-2, English SARS-Cov-2), and the disease caused by it is coronavirus infection – 19 (English COVID-19). Who recognized the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic on March 11. The entire world is currently affected by the pandemic. The first focus of coronavirus infection in Russia was detected on February 27, brought from Europe. The infection reached the most remote corners of Siberia by mid-April. The aim of this study is to analyze the characteristics of SARS-Cov-2, its pathways into the body and individual susceptibility to the virus. Methods and materials. The review of scientific articles on the research topic was based on the analysis of scientific articles on COVID-19. Articles were searched in the Web of Sciences, Scopus, PubMed, and eLIBRARY databases, as well as by article links. Results. The SARS-Cov-2 virus is a single-stranded positive-chain RNA virus from the Coronavirus family (Coronaviridae). According to most researchers, the SARS-Cov-2 virus evolved from bat coronaviruses, with the approximate time of divergence from the nearest bat virus species RaTG13 occurring in 1963. It uses ACE-2 receptors, which are widely present throughout the body, to enter host cells. High virus contagiousness is provided by the acquisition of an additional furin site for cleavage of the spike protein in the form of the amino acid sequence Arg-Arg-Ala-Arg (682RRAR685). This site of the S1 domain of the spike protein can be cleaved by: transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), furin, but also many cellular and extracellular proteases, as well as plasmin(ogen) s. Many ways of cleavage of the spike protein significantly increase the ability of the virus to enter the cell and its contagiousness. The main routes of transmission of SARS-Cov-2 are respiratory drops and close contact. The main entrance gate of the virus is the respiratory tract, may be conjunctiva, likely fecal-oral pathway. The article discusses the skin as an entrance gate. Some skin manifestations of the disease can be caused by this way. The incubation period of COVID-19 lasts on average 5-6 days, while the live infectious virus begins to be released 2-3 days before the first symptoms appear and stops on the 8th day after the symptoms appear, but only in severe patients the virus release can last up to 15 days. Asymptomatic patients may account for 40% of cases. Features of individual susceptibility to COVID-19 and the severity of clinical manifestations may be caused by: 1) the property of allelic variants of the virus and their virulence; 2) the infectious dose of the virus; 3) the use of protective equipment; 4) individual characteristics of the human body; 5) pathogenic mechanisms of infection development. The hypothesis of the protective role of the mumps vaccine explains the phenomenon of extremely low morbidity, asymptomatic or mild infection in children more convincingly. Mass vaccination against mumps in our country began in 1981 (39 years ago), which is probably why children and people under 40 rarely get a severe form of infection in our country. Conclusion. SARS-Cov-2 has pandemic potential and is estimated to be more severe than pandemic influenza viruses. Active isolation of the virus before the onset of symptoms, including by asymptomatic patients (including children), causes the rapid spread of infection and reduces the effectiveness of anti-epidemic measures. The presence of a significant segment of the population with cross-immunity to SARS-Cov-2, including and as a result of vaccination, it is the most likely cause of a high percentage of asymptomatic and mild forms of the disease among children and young people. Effective protection against coronavirus infection in 2019 can only be achieved by taking comprehensive measures to prevent the virus from entering the body through the respiratory tract, per os, conjunctiva and skin, although the latter pathway is not taken into account anywhere in the world. It should be noted that COVID-19 cannot be classified as a particularly dangerous infection, but its high contagiousness, the likelihood of multiple entry gates of the virus into the human body, multi-organ lesions and a high mortality rate of risk groups make it a special infection that requires significant efforts of humanity to eliminate it.

scholarly journals Hyperammonemia in clinical practice: analysis of own clinical observations

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (38) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Z. M. Galeeva ◽  
O. F. Galiullin ◽  
E. G. Yeziukova ◽  
R. G. Tukhbatullina
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Drug Therapy ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanism Of Formation ◽  
Practice Analysis ◽  
Clinical Observations ◽  
The Brain

The article presents scientific data on the role of ammonia in the human body, examines in detail the mechanism of formation and utilization of ammonia in the body. The questions of etiology and separate forms of pathogenesis of hyperammonemia, and its influence on the processes of fibrosis in the liver and the role of stellate liver cells in it are highlighted separately. The data on the influence of hyperammonemia on cognitive functions of the brain with the development of encephalopathy are presented, which is of great importance in clinical practice, during medical examination. The data of own observations are given, the questions of drug therapy are highlighted.

scholarly journals Cell Type Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Brains and Implications in Alzheimer’s Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henriette R. Frederiksen ◽  
Henriette Haukedal ◽  
Kristine Freude
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cellular Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specific ◽  
The Brain

Toll-like receptors mediate important cellular immune responses upon activation via various pathogenic stimuli such as bacterial or viral components. The activation and subsequent secretion of cytokines and proinflammatory factors occurs in the whole body including the brain. The subsequent inflammatory response is crucial for the immune system to clear the pathogen(s) from the body via the innate and adaptive immune response. Within the brain, astrocytes, neurons, microglia, and oligodendrocytes all bear unique compositions of Toll-like receptors. Besides pathogens, cellular damage and abnormally folded protein aggregates, such as tau and Amyloid beta peptides, have been shown to activate Toll-like receptors in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease. This review provides an overview of the different cell type-specific Toll-like receptors of the human brain, their activation mode, and subsequent cellular response, as well as their activation in Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, we critically evaluate the therapeutic potential of targeting Toll-like receptors for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease as well as discussing the limitation of mouse models in understanding Toll-like receptor function in general and in Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Broad gene expression throughout the mouse and marmoset brain after intravenous delivery of engineered AAV capsids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas C. Flytzanis ◽  
Nick Goeden ◽  
David Goertsen ◽  
Alexander Cummins ◽  
James Pickel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Cell Type Specificity ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Screening Platform ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTGenetic intervention is increasingly explored as a therapeutic option for debilitating disorders of the central nervous system. The safety and efficacy of gene therapies relies upon expressing a transgene in affected cells while minimizing off-target expression. To achieve organ/cell-type specific targeting after intravenous delivery of viral vectors, we employed a Cre-transgenic-based screening platform for fast and efficient capsid selection, paired with sequential engineering of multiple surface-exposed loops. We identified capsid variants that are enriched in the brain and detargeted from the liver in mice. The improved enrichment in the brain extends to non-human primates, enabling robust, non-invasive gene delivery to the marmoset brain following IV administration. Importantly, the capsids identified display non-overlapping cell-type tropisms within the brain, with one exhibiting high specificity to neurons. The ability to cross the blood–brain barrier with cell-type specificity in rodents and non-human primates enables new avenues for basic research and potential therapeutic interventions unattainable with naturally occurring serotypes.

Human body: new organs

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
N. Kolotilov
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Professional Education ◽  
Interstitial Fluid ◽  
Shock Absorber ◽  
Medical Literature ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Lymphatic Drainage ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Brain

The use of medical imaging technologies, bioimaging, digitized archives of scientific and medical literature, the special mentality of researchers, going beyond the skills of professional education have led to the discovery of new organs of the human body. The aim of the review is to present in the first iteration the basic information about the new organs of the human body and the need for their identification for complete scientific and practical work. Anterolateral ligament of the knee is present in 97.56 % of people. It was first described in 1879, rediscovered in 2013. The juxta-oral organ was first described in 1885, and again in 2015-2020. Description of the lymphatic drainage system of the brain was published in 1787 and 1816, rediscovery and detailing already in the 21st century. It was proposed to identify the interstitium as a special organ that deposits and transports about 20 % of the interstitial fluid in the body. It is assumed that the interstitium can act as a shock absorber and keeps tissue from rupture. The vision of the mesentery as a whole continuous organ will make it possible to modify many operations, reduce their invasiveness, implement full-fledged rehabilitation after surgery, and improve the quality of life of patients.

Play’s Nature

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Henricks
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Bodily Movement ◽  
Physical Play ◽  
The World ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines the link between play and nature, or more specifically, the human body. Our feats of thinking, feeling, and acting depend profoundly on structures of the body and the brain. Decisions to play are conditioned by our physical forms. Feelings about what we are doing—registered as sensations and emotions—arise from long-established physical processes. And we move through the world only as our bodies permit. Understanding play means understanding these physical processes. In that context, the chapter focuses on the consequences of play for physiology. It reviews studies of bodily movement, brain activity, consciousness, and affect in both humans and animals. It also explores animal play, classic theories of physical play, the role of the organism in play, play as an expression of surplus resources, and the role of brain in play.

scholarly journals Mucosal Vaccination via the Respiratory Tract

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellfritzsch ◽  
Scherließ
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Cellular Immune Response ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mucosal Immune System ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cell ◽  
Vaccine Administration ◽  
Cellular Immune

Vaccine delivery via mucosal surfaces is an interesting alternative to parenteral vaccine administration, as it avoids the use of a needle and syringe. Mucosal vaccine administration also targets the mucosal immune system, which is the largest lymphoid tissue in the human body. The mucosal immune response involves systemic, antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune response in addition to a local response which is characterised by a predominantly cytotoxic T cell response in combination with secreted IgA. This antibody facilitates pathogen recognition and deletion prior to entrance into the body. Hence, administration via the respiratory mucosa can be favoured for all pathogens which use the respiratory tract as entry to the body, such as influenza and for all diseases directly affecting the respiratory tract such as pneumonia. Additionally, the different mucosal tissues of the human body are interconnected via the so-called “common mucosal immune system”, which allows induction of an antigen-specific immune response in distant mucosal sites. Finally, mucosal administration is also interesting in the area of therapeutic vaccination, in which a predominant cellular immune response is required, as this can efficiently be induced by this route of delivery. The review gives an introduction to respiratory vaccination, formulation approaches and application strategies.

Exploring the Brain, Looking for Thoughts: On Asimov's Second Fantastic Voyage

Nuncius ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Cassou-Nogus
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ◽  
The Body ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate various concerns which appear in Isaac Asimov's Fantastic Voyage II: Destination Brain. I will disregard his first voyage inside a human body in Fantastic Voyage I, which the author disavows as not being his own work. In contrast, the second voyage is intricate, suggesting problems drawn from a variety of sources. In a nutshell, Asimov's explorers enter the body of a comatose man in order to read his thoughts. The story can be related both to philosophical thought-experiments, such as those of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and of Herbert Feigl, as well as to personal anxieties peculiar to Asimov.

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