scholarly journals Molecular (ISSR, cp DNA, ITS) and Morphological Study of the Genus Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hejraneh Azizi ◽  
Masoud Sheidai ◽  
Valiollah Mozaffarian ◽  
Zahra Noormohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Dna Markers ◽  
Morphological Study ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Interspecific Relationship ◽  
The World ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Species Hybridization

Abstract Tragopogon L. (Cichorioideae, Lactuceae, Scorzonerinae) is an Old World genus with 150 species, Rechinger in Flora Iranica divided this genus in 13 section and 37 species that 26 species of them are exist in Iran. Safavi et al. divided it into 26 species without sections in flora Iran. Despite the anatomical and molecular studies done around the world, the exact classification of this genus is not clear due to the high number of secret species, hybridization, polyploidy and rapid diversification. The morphology studies of 32 species and Molecular studies (ISSR, ITS, cp DNA) of 22 species of the genus Tragopogon was investigated . The purpose of these studies are classification and determination of interspecific relationship in this genus. Sections of Rubriflori, Sosnowskya, Chromopappus, Majores, Angustissimi, Krascheninnikovia in flora of Iranica are confirmed on the basis of morphometry and molecular data. Section of Profundisulcati in flora Iranica is confirmed on the base of morphometry data. The Species of T. jesdianus, T . porphyrocephalus, T. rezaiyensis and T. Stroterocarpus in the flora of Iranica are not classified in any section which we classified in the Rubriflori section, Cp DNA dendrogram are not useful for classification in this genus and Chloroplast sequences are very similar among Tragopogon species, Therefore, the use of cp DNA markers in the classification of this genus is not recommended.

scholarly journals An updated classification of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) integrating molecular and morphological evidence

2021 ◽  
Vol 736 ◽  
pp. 137-182
Author(s):  
Daniel Burckhardt ◽  
David Ouvrard ◽  
Diana M. Percy
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Family Level ◽  
A New Species

The classification of the superfamily Psylloidea is revised to incorporate findings from recent molecular studies, and to integrate a reassessment of monophyla primarily based on molecular data with morphological evidence and previous classifications. We incorporate a reinterpretation of relevant morphology in the light of the molecular findings and discuss conflicts with respect to different data sources and sampling strategies. Seven families are recognised of which four (Calophyidae, Carsidaridae, Mastigimatidae and Triozidae) are strongly supported, and three (Aphalaridae, Liviidae and Psyllidae) weakly or moderately supported. Although the revised classification is mostly similar to those recognised by recent authors, there are some notable differences, such as Diaphorina and Katacephala which are transferred from Liviidae to Psyllidae. Five new subfamilies and one new genus are described, and one secondary homonym is replaced by a new species name. A new or revised status is proposed for one family, four subfamilies, four tribes, seven subtribes and five genera. One tribe and eight genera / subgenera are synonymised, and 32 new and six revised species combinations are proposed. All recognised genera of Psylloidea (extant and fossil) are assigned to family level taxa, except for one which is considered a nomen dubium.

Ontology in Indian philosophy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Ambuel
Keyword(s):  
Indian Philosophy ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Time Space ◽  
Philosophical School ◽  
The World ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
Objects Of Knowledge ◽  
Fundamental Objective

All Indian philosophical traditions are deeply engaged with ontology, the study of being, since clarity about the nature of reality is at the heart of three intimately connected goals: knowledge, proper conduct and liberation from the continued suffering that is part of all human existence. The formulation of a list of ontological categories, a classification of reality by division into several fundamental objective kinds, however, is less widespread. There is little room for a doctrine of distinct, if related, ontological categories in a philosophical school that takes reality as one, even less if that one lies beyond description. If the phenomenal world is but illusory appearance, as, for example, in the Vedānta of Śaṅkara, then a determination of kinds of entities does not recommend itself as a means to adequate analysis of the world. Even the Sāṅkhya tradition’s realism reduces the world to an evolution from two fundamental entities, spirit and matter. Categories make sense within the context of a pluralistic realism, an analysis of the world that finds it to be composed of a multiplicity of real entities. Such a view is found to some extent in Jaina philosophy, but is primarily defended and developed in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika school. The Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika categories are seven: substance, quality, motion, universal, particular, inherence and not-being. While all are understood as real entities and objects of knowledge, substance is most fundamental as each of the others in some way depends on substance. Substances are nine: earth, water, fire, air, ether, time, space, self and mind. The first four are atomic: they may combine to form macroscopic substance, such as a clay pot, but in incomposite form they are indestructible atoms, as are the last two. Ether, time and space, likewise indestructible, are unitary and pervade all. In its irreducible parts, all substance is eternal; every composite whole is a destructible substance. A relation of containment, called inherence, structures the categories. The qualities, actions and universals by which we might characterize a pot inhere in it. They are distinct entities from the pot, yet cannot exist apart from their underlying substrate. Composite substances like a pot are also contained in their parts by inherence, but the smallest parts, eternal substances, exist independently as receptacles that contain nothing. A whole, greater than the sum of its parts, is said to inhere in the parts while the parts are the inherence cause of the whole. Eternal substance, the ultimate substrate of all, is a bare particular. An entity that is nothing but a receptacle for other entities, it furnishes criteria for separability and individuality, but cannot be defined in itself apart from others. This aspect of the concept of substance leads later Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika into extensive analysis of relations and negation.

Are You Man Enough, Big and Bad Enough? Ecofeminism and Wolf Eradication in the USA

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 707-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody Emel
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Animal ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
European American ◽  
The World ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Near Extinction ◽  
Usual Pattern

There is much to be gained and little to be lost by understanding and articulating our thinking about who ‘we’ and ‘they’ are. In this regard, the usual pattern of labeling, judging, and acting nearly always leads to taxonomizing or classification of people or things—sometimes resulting in benefits for the classified ‘other’, sometimes just the opposite. In this paper, the representations of the wolf in the USA during the historical period of its near extinction at the hands of private citizens and government hunters are examined. From an ecofeminist position, it is argued that indulgence in the practices of representation in those particular forms exhibited during that historical period were not only devastating to the wolf and other animals but also the same practices that perpetuated racism and sadism in the treatment of other people who were purportedly below European-American males on the hierarchy of beings. The argument contained within this paper cautions us to beware of admonitions of ‘necessity’ that creep into our thinking about the way the world must be (that is, there is no way to coexist with ‘savagery’) and encourages the examination of both cultural and economic determination of human and nonhuman animal relations.

Phylogenetic and morphological resolution of the Helobdella stagnalis species-complex (Annelida: Clitellata: Hirudinea)

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4403 (1) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
NAIM SAGLAM ◽  
ULRICH KUTSCHERA ◽  
RALPH SAUNDERS ◽  
WILLIAM M. SAIDEL ◽  
KATHERINE L.W. BALOMBINI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Dispersal Mechanism ◽  
The World ◽  
Successful Group ◽  
And Behavior

The glossiphoniid freshwater leech, Helobdella stagnalis, was described by Linnaeus 1758 based on common European specimens. The presence of a brown, chitinous scute on the dorsal-anterior surface, as observed on leeches elsewhere in the world, has generally led to the classification of all scute-bearing members of the genus as H. stagnalis. Here we describe the morphology and behavior of the type species from Europe, and analyze H. stagnalis-like specimens collected worldwide. We present evidence for at least four distinct scute-bearing Helobdella species that can be morphologically resolved. Maximum Parsimony (MP) and Bayesian Inference (BI) analyses at the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) locus further supported this notion, with divergence values suggesting a mid-Miocene ancestor of this successful group of cosmopolitan hirudineans. New species, Helobdella echoensis nov. sp., Helobdella eriensis nov. sp., and Helobdella serendipitious nov. sp., are described, based on morphological, anatomical and molecular data. Current distribution patterns of Helobdella spp. suggest a robust, global dispersal mechanism, as well as local pockets of endemism. 

scholarly journals Influence of Uncertainties of Molecular Data Upon the Determination of Abundances in Cool Stars

1976 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 21-22
Author(s):  
A. J. Sauval
Keyword(s):  
Dissociation Energy ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
Equilibrium Constants ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Stellar Atmospheres ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Cool Stars

In cool stars, the determination of abundances of elements requires the resolution of the chemical equilibrium for each element even if atomic lines only are used. In the past, several authors have solved the well-known system of equations for a limited number of elements and of molecules. New calculations have been performed with special emphasis on the completeness of the system. Thus, all stable elements (83) have been included and a lot of molecules have been selected in order to omit no abundant compound. Owing to the lack of data (since many molecules are as yet not known spectroscopically), it appeared necessary to estimate many molecular parameters. Approximate equilibrium constants have been determined from analogies found among known molecules.It has been shown once more that the dissociation energy is by far the most important parameter, which yields alone the final accuracy.Our calculations include about 1200 molecules, of which more than half are new compounds never introduced in earlier investigations. We have found that, for about twenty elements such as Ti, Zr, La and most of the lanthanides, the new molecules play an important role in the chemical equilibrium. The cases of titanium, zirconium and lanthanum have been particularly investigated owing to the use of several bands of their oxides in the spectral classification of M- and S-type stars. We have noted that the experimental determinations of the dissociation energy of most monoxides and dioxides are as yet rather inaccurate. Furthermore, neither the spectrum nor the heat of atomization of hydroxides are known in the laboratory. It has appeared that estimating the dissociation energy of hydroxides was particularly difficult in consequence of the lack of data for such molecular compounds.For oxygen-rich stars, we have investigated the influence of uncertainties of the dissociation energy of the most abundant species on the march of the molecular concentrations. In the case of titanium, we have found that the concentration of TiO strongly changes at low temperature (T <2520 K) according to the adopted Doo- values for TiO, TiOH and TiO2. Therefore, the interpretation of the TiO bands in the coolest stars has to take this new effect into account. In any way, we have checked that the TiO concentration always increases from early K- to late M-type stars. We have also shown that the depletion factor for Ti presents a final uncertainty of a factor of about ten at 2520 K, which still increases at lower temperature. That is due to the cumulative effect of the inaccuracies of molecular data. Therefore, in late M-type stars, the determination of the abundance of titanium remains rather uncertain even if it is derived from Ti I or Ti II lines. The present inaccuracy will only be reduced from very precise measurements of the dissociation energy of the relevant molecules. For Zr and La, we have found similar results to that for Ti. Furthermore, we have noted that there is no determination of absolute transition probabilities for the ZrO and LaO bands (contrary to TiO bands) which are both of first importance for the spectral classification of cool stars.For carbon-rich stars as well as for S-type stars (i.e. O/C very near unity), we have checked that the molecules always play a much less important role that in oxygen-rich stars, as it was first noted by Tsuji (Astron. Astrophys.23, 411, 1973).Our conclusion is that there is an urgent need of accurate measurements of the dissociation energy of many molecules and also of band oscillator strengths for most of the transitions of stellar interest. Furthermore, several new selected compounds have to be investigated in the laboratory, especially the dioxides and hydroxides. Such accurate molecular data are necessary in order to get a better knowledge of the physical conditions in cool stellar atmospheres.

scholarly journals Epistemological Substantiation of Crime Determinism

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-102
Author(s):  
Igor Alekseevich Burmistrov ◽  
Liliya Vladimirovna Glazkova
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
Causes Of Crime

In the context of aggravation of social processes in the country and the growth of crime, this article substantiates the study of the causes of crime as a landmark and popular research process, in relation to existing changes in society. Currently, the study of the causes of crime despite the numerous studies on this topic is still in demand and relevant. Changing the types of criminal groups, methods of criminal behavior, socio-economic conditions entails a constant need to improve the theoretical basis of the fight against crime, one of the main places in which, of course, plays criminology. The authors investigate the causes and factors contributing to the emergence and spread of crime, analyze different approaches to the classification of the causes of crime. It is emphasized that studying the causes of crime, we always focus on cause-and-effect relationships. But to absolutize it in any case it is impossible. This can lead to the isolation of individual phenomena, to the separation from their relations with other phenomena. It is proved that in the study of crime it is necessary to take into account both its causes and conditions, which together are denoted by the term “determination of crime”. The authors come to the conclusion that “determination” plays a fundamental role in philosophical knowledge of the world. It means that all real processes (both natural and social) arise and develop naturally, because they are caused by certain reasons. If there is a phenomenon that has led to another phenomenon, the first is called a cause and the second is a consequence. The reasons are not any, but quite certain, the corresponding consequences

scholarly journals New insights into the phylogeny and relationships within the worldwide genus Riccardia (Aneuraceae, Marchantiophytina)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucile Rabeau ◽  
S. Robbert Gradstein ◽  
Jean-Yves Dubuisson ◽  
Martin Nebel ◽  
Dietmar Quandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Morphological Evidence ◽  
Evolutionary Relationships ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Limited Sampling ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Current Classification ◽  
Large Genus

With 280 accepted species, the genus Riccardia S.F.Gray (Aneuraceae) is one of the most speciose genera of simple thalloid liverworts. The current classification of this genus is based on morphological and limited-sampling molecular studies. Very few molecular data are available and a comprehensive view of evolutionary relationships within the genus is still lacking. A phylogeny focusing on relationships within the large genus Riccardia has not been conducted. Here we propose the first worldwide molecular phylogeny of the genus Riccardia, based on Bayesian inference and parsimony ratchet analyses of sequences from three plastid regions (psbA-trnH, rps4, trnL-F). The results support the monophyly of Riccardia and a new monospecific genus, Afroriccardia Reeb & Gradst. gen. nov., is described based on molecular and morphological evidence. The results indicate that several currently recognized infrageneric divisions and a few species are not monophyletic, suggesting that further analyses are needed to arrive at a proper understanding of the phylogeny of the genus. Although evidence for an Andean clade was found, most of the species appear scattered in different clades without clear geographical segregation. Broader sampling and further analyses are necessary in order to improve our understanding of the phylogeny of this poorly known liverwort genus.

X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and Self-Organizing Maps Classification of the Etruscan Gold Coin Collection at the Monetiere of Florence

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (5) ◽  
pp. 817-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Arias ◽  
Stefano Bani ◽  
Fiorenzo Catalli ◽  
Giulia Lorenzetti ◽  
Emanuela Grifoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Gold Alloys ◽  
Gold Coin ◽  
Self Organizing Maps ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fundamental Parameters ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Organizing

The “Monetiere” of Florence hosts the most important collection of Etruscan coins in the world. In the framework of the longstanding collaboration between the Monetiere and the Applied Laser and Spectroscopy Laboratory in Pisa, the Etruscan gold coin collection of the museum was studied. The measurements were performed at the Monetiere, using a portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instrument. The quantitative determination of the gold alloys used for the realization of the coins was obtained applying the fundamental parameters method to the XRF spectra; as a result, using the self-organizing maps method, we were able to classify the coins in four main groups. The main parameter determining the classification is the quantity of silver in the alloy. The results obtained shed some light about the origin of the coins under study.

VECTORS OF BIOECONOMIC S DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (175) ◽  
pp. 45-53
Author(s):  
T.Yu. Krotenko ◽  
◽  
M.I. Kanunikova ◽  
O.V. Lesnikova ◽  
Yu.V. Malkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Continuous Transformation ◽  
Scientific Content ◽  
The World ◽  
Innovative Economy ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Transformation Processes

Today, the world scientific community has not yet formed an agreed point of view on the definition of a «green» economy. Many important generalizations in this direction require development. This is necessary for a more detailed understanding of the essence of the construct under study, determination of scientific and practical goals in this area, identification of approaches, construction of classifications. The article deals with the definitive aspect of the concept of «bioeconomy». As a result of generalization of the already formed theoretical and practical approaches, a classification of directions for the development of bioeconomy was obtained. The main tasks of the author’s research are as follows: a) identifying the role and place of bioeconomics in the system of sciences; b) consideration of the priority directions of its development in an innovative economy in the context of continuous transformation processes, globalization, automation. Solving these problems creates a theoretical basis for training specialists focused on the implementation of competencies in the field of bioeconomics. The methodological basis for the analysis of theoretical and practical aspects 53 ТЕОРИЯ И МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ of bioeconomics and the proposed conclusions was the scientific content of the official websites of research Russian and foreign institutions working in this area, using the terms «bioeconomics», «biotechnology», «bioengineering education», «transdisciplinarity».

scholarly journals Analysis Of The EU Anti-dumping Policy In Terms Of The Revealed Comparative Advantages

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurlybek Issabekov ◽  
Adam Mateusz Suchecki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
First Principles ◽  
World Trade Organisation ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
The Eu

Anti-dumping policy is an important instrument of trade policy as far as protecting markets against dishonest practices of foreign suppliers is concerned and it is compliant with international regulations such as e.g. these set by the World Trade Organisation. Generally, dumping concerns exporting commodities at lower prices than a selling price of commodities (so-called normal value). Anti-dumping policy uses appropriate preventive means against dishonest practices in a situation when:- commodity was brought to customs territory of an importing country at dumping prices,- import inflicted damage (or threatens to do it) to importing country’s industry. The first principles of anti-dumping policy were formulated in 1964 at the United Nations Conference and Development UNCTAD. The agreement was signed by 194 countries, including Poland. A similar agreement was also signed by the European Union countries. One of the types of agreements is tariff agreements in which a tool used as a system of cataloguing commodities in international trade is so-called Combined Nomenclature (CN). The system is used in customs proceedings and for registration needs. Anti-dumping proceedings also use HS classification system formulated by the World Customs Organization. The aim of the paper is to determine the proportion of goods covered by anti-dumping proceedings in the value of import conducted by the European Union between 1995–2012. In the empirical research the eight-digit commodity codes CN8 were used as well as HS2 codes that allow grouping imported commodities covered by anti-dumping proceedings by their manufacturing divisions. In that way a determined classification of commodities was used to describe a comparative advantage. To conduct assessment the modified Ballasa index (Bi) and Grupp/Legler index were used. The result of conducted analysis is determination of groups of commodities that are crucial for export of a given country.

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