scholarly journals Morphological Changes in Blood Cells as Indicators for Disease Progression in COVID 19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABINAYA SUNDARI A ◽  
KARTHIKEYN T M
Keyword(s):  
Disease Progression ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Peripheral Smear ◽  
Giant Platelets ◽  
Coagulation Parameters ◽  
Clinical Criteria ◽  
Severe Stage ◽  
Wbc Count

Abstract A novel highly pathogenic human corona virus (COVID19) has been recently recognised in Wuhan, China as the cause of corona disease outbreak. It has rapidly spread from China to various countries across the world evolving as a pandemic. In our study we have categorized the covid positive patients into mild, moderate and severe based on the clinical criteria suggested by WHO. The coagulation parameters of the patients were analysed and documented. A peripheral smear was made for every patient and the morphological changes in blood cells were documented. The peripheral smear findings were then correlated with the disease stage and coagulation parameters. There were significant differences in the total WBC count and the differential WBC count between stages 1 &2 and stages 1 & 3 (p<0.005). Leucocytosis, neutrophilia and toxic changes in neutrophils were seen in severe stage of the disease and in covid coagulopathy suggesting these are important indicators of disease severity. Schistocytes an important finding in any other coagulopathy was not present in covid associated coagulopathy. Activated lymphocytes was found to be the most common morphological presentation seen in all covid patients irrespective of the disease stage whereas plasmacytoid lymphocytes was an important finding in severe stage disease. Monocyte cytoplasmic vacuoles, large/giant platelets were other morphological findings observed but these findings did not have any significant correlation with disease stage. Since follow up smears of the same patient were not analysed during disease progression and also post recovery, additional research in this field will provide further insights.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Morphological Changes and Deformability of Suspended Red Blood Cells Prepared Using Whole Blood with Different Hemoglobin Levels of Tibetans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rui Zhong ◽  
Dingding Han ◽  
Xiaodong Wu ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Wanjing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cell Membrane Protein

Background: The hypoxic environment stimulates the human body to increase the levels of hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit and the number of red blood cells. Such enhancements have individual differences, leading to a wide range of HGB in Tibetans’ whole blood (WB). Study Design: WB of male Tibetans was divided into 3 groups according to different HGB (i.e., A: >120 but ≤185 g/L, B: >185 but ≤210 g/L, and C: >210 g/L). Suspended red blood cells (SRBC) processed by collected WB and stored in standard conditions were examined aseptically on days 1, 14, 21, and 35 after storage. The routine biochemical indexes, deformability, cell morphology, and membrane proteins were tested. Results: Mean corpuscular volume, adenosine triphosphate, pH, and deformability were not different in group A vs. those in storage (p > 0.05). The increased rate of irreversible morphology of red blood cells was different among the 3 groups, but there was no difference in the percentage of red blood cells with an irreversible morphology after 35 days of storage. Group C performed better in terms of osmotic fragility and showed a lower rigid index than group A. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE revealed similar cross-linking degrees of cell membrane protein but the band 3 protein of group C seemed to experience weaker clustering than that of group A as detected by Western Blot analysis after 35 days of storage. Conclusions: There was no difference in deformability or morphological changes in the 3 groups over the 35 days of storage. High HGB levels of plateau SRBC did not accelerate the RBC change from a biconcave disc into a spherical shape and it did not cause a reduction in deformability during 35 days of preservation in bank conditions.

Glycophorin A-based exclusion of red blood cells for flow cytometric analysis of platelet glycoprotein expression in citrated whole blood

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Berens ◽  
Johannes Oldenburg ◽  
Bernd Pötzsch ◽  
Jens Müller
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Platelet Glycoprotein ◽  
Glycophorin A ◽  
Giant Platelets ◽  
Platelet Counts

AbstractObjectivesAnalysis of platelet glycoprotein (GP) expression by flow cytometry is applied for diagnostic confirmation of GP-associated thrombocytopathies. While platelet-rich plasma may be used for distinct identification of target events, this strategy is not feasible for small sample volumes or for patients showing low platelet counts and/or giant platelets. However, also the use of whole blood (WB) is hampered by the difficulty to discriminate platelets from red blood cells (RBC) in such patients. To circumvent these limitations, we evaluated the feasibility of a RBC gating-out strategy.MethodsIn addition to platelet GPIb, GPIIa/IIIa, as well as P-selectin (CD62P), citrated whole blood (CWB) samples were stained for RBC-specific glycophorin A (CD235a). CD235a-negative platelet events were further discriminated by forward-/side-scatter characteristics and platelet GP expressions analyzed relative to that of a healthy control sample processed in parallel.ResultsEstablished reference intervals allowed for clear identification of decreased GPIIb/IIIa- or GPIb expression pattern in samples of patients with confirmed Glanzmann thrombasthenia or Bernard–Soulier syndrome, respectively. It could be shown that the analysis of 2,500 platelet events is sufficient for reliable GP expression analysis, rendering the proposed method applicable to samples with low platelet counts.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the feasibility of CD235a-based exclusion of RBC for platelet GP expression analysis in CWB. In contrast to direct staining of platelet-specific antigens for target identification, this indirect gating out approach is generally applicable independent of any underlying platelet GP expression deficiency.

scholarly journals Hemoglobin Oxidation in Stored Blood Accelerates Hemolysis and Oxidative Injury to Red Blood Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mustafa ◽  
Tameem Ali Qaid Hadwan
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxidation ◽  
Rbc Indices ◽  
Methemoglobin Formation ◽  
Stored Blood

Abstract Introduction Maintaining blood supply is a challenge in blood banks. Red blood cells (RBCs) stored at 4°C experience issues of biochemical changes due to metabolism of cells, leading to changes collectively referred to as “storage lesions.” Oxidation of the red cell membrane, leading to lysis, contributes to these storage lesions. Methods Blood bags with CPD-SAGM stored at 4°C for 28 days were withdrawn aseptically on days 1, 14, and 28. Hematology analyzer was used to investigate RBC indices. Hemoglobin oxidation was studied through spectrophotometric scan of spectral change. RBC lysis was studied with the help of Drabkin's assay, and morphological changes were observed by light and scan electron microscopy. Results RBCs show progressive changes in morphology echinocytes and spherocytes on day 28. There was 0.85% RBC lysis, an approximately 20% decrease in percentage oxyhemoglobin, and a 14% increase in methemoglobin formation, which shows hemoglobin oxidation on day 28. Conclusions Oxidative damage to RBC, with an increase in storage time was observed in the present study. The observed morphological changes to RBC during the course of increased time shows that there is progressive damage to RBC membrane and a decrease in hemoglobin concentration; percentage RBC lysis is probably due to free hemoglobin and iron.

scholarly journals Visual Features in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Basic Mechanisms to Clinical Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Alejandra Cerquera-Jaramillo ◽  
Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa ◽  
Rodrigo E. González-Reyes ◽  
Carlos Tellez-Conti ◽  
Alejandra de-la-Torre
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
Early Disease Detection ◽  
Advanced Disease Stage ◽  
Functional Components

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It compromises patients’ daily activities owing to progressive cognitive deterioration, which has elevated direct and indirect costs. Although AD has several risk factors, aging is considered the most important. Unfortunately, clinical diagnosis is usually performed at an advanced disease stage when dementia is established, making implementation of successful therapeutic interventions difficult. Current biomarkers tend to be expensive, insufficient, or invasive, raising the need for novel, improved tools aimed at early disease detection. AD is characterized by brain atrophy due to neuronal and synaptic loss, extracellular amyloid plaques composed of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. The visual system and central nervous system share many functional components. Thus, it is plausible that damage induced by Aβ, tau, and neuroinflammation may be observed in visual components such as the retina, even at an early disease stage. This underscores the importance of implementing ophthalmological examinations, less invasive and expensive than other biomarkers, as useful measures to assess disease progression and severity in individuals with or at risk of AD. Here, we review functional and morphological changes of the retina and visual pathway in AD from pathophysiological and clinical perspectives.

scholarly journals New Segmentation and Feature Extraction Algorithm for the Classification of White Blood Cells in Peripheral Smear Images

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eslam Tavakoli ◽  
Ali Ghaffari ◽  
Seyedeh-Zahra Mousavi Kouzehkanan ◽  
Reshad Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Dice Similarity Coefficient ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Peripheral Smear ◽  
Color Features ◽  
Svm Model ◽  
Extraction Algorithm ◽  
Processing Techniques

This article addresses a new method for classification of white blood cells (WBCs) using image processing techniques and machine learning methods. The proposed method consists of three steps: detecting the nucleus and cytoplasm, extracting features, and classification. At first, a new algorithm is designed to segment the nucleus. For the cytoplasm to be detected, only a part of it which is located inside the convex hull of the nucleus is involved in the process. This attitude helps us overcome the difficulties of segmenting the cytoplasm. In the second phase, three shape and four novel color features are devised and extracted. Finally, by using an SVM model, the WBCs are classified. The segmentation algorithm can detect the nucleus with a dice similarity coefficient of 0.9675. The proposed method can categorize WBCs in Raabin-WBC, LISC, and BCCD datasets with accuracies of 94.47 %, 92.21 %, and 94.20 %, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the hyperparameters of the classifier are fixed only with Raabin-WBC dataset, and these parameters are not readjusted for LISC and BCCD datasets. The obtained results demonstrate that the proposed method is robust, fast, and accurate.

scholarly journals Evaluation of anaemia

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 4481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suchita V. Ingale ◽  
Milind P. Ullewar ◽  
Vikas C. Ingale ◽  
Jayshree J. Upadhye
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Complete Blood Count ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
Peripheral Smear ◽  
Pathology Laboratory ◽  
Mild Anemia ◽  
Normocytic Normochromic Anaemia ◽  
Moderate Anemia ◽  
Mild Anaemia

Background: Often, the first test used to diagnose anemia is a complete blood count (CBC). It determines the number, size, volume, and hemoglobin content of red blood cells. Peripheral smear is done for typing of anaemia. Such evaluation is necessary for proper treatment.Methods: A retrospective study was done in 300 anaemic patients at Shakuntala pathology laboratory, Nagpur. Patients were randomly selected including males and females. CBC and peripheral smear were analyzed.Results: Out of total 300 patients evaluated, the prevalence of anaemia was quite significant in females 225 (75%) than males 75 (25%). 66 females (22%) had mild anemia while 129 females (43%) had moderate anemia and 30 females (10%) had severe anaemia 36 males (12%) had mild anaemia, 30 males (10%) had moderate anaemia while 9 males (3%) had severe anaemia. In morphology of red blood cells, normocytic normochromic anaemia was seen in 132 (44%) females and in 45 (15%) of males. Microcytic hypochromic anaemia was seen in 90 (30%) females and 27 (9%) males. Macrocytic anaemia was seen in 3 (1%) females and 3 (1%) males.Conclusions: Prevalence of anaemia is quite high in females than males. Also, the severity of anaemia is more in females than males. So, heath programmes should be directed more towards females since adolescent age.

Anemia: Production Defects Generally Associated with a Normal or Largely Normal Bone Marrow

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy Berliner ◽  
John M Gansner
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Chronic Disease ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Deficiency Anemia ◽  
Normal Bone Marrow ◽  
Peripheral Smear ◽  
Anemia Of Chronic Disease ◽  
Normal Bone ◽  
Anemia Of Inflammation

This review focuses on anemia resulting from production defects generally associated with a normal or largely normal bone marrow. The definition, epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, complications, and prognosis of the following production defects are discussed: Anemia of inflammation (AI; formerly known as anemia of chronic disease), and anemia in kidney disease, as well as anemia secondary to other conditions such as alchohol abuse and starvation. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is discussed elsewhere in this publication.  A figure depicts peripheral smear changes in the size and shape of red blood cells seen in starvation. A table lists the differential diagnoses of hypochromic anemias. This review contains 1 figure; 1 table; 79 references

The Effects of Colchicine on the Progression and Regression of Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis

2008 ◽  
Vol 28 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 53-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devrim Bozkurt ◽  
Selahattin Bicak ◽  
Savas Sipahi ◽  
Huseyin Taskin ◽  
Ender Hur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Isotonic Saline ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Compact Zone ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Wbc Count

Background Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis (EPS) is an infrequent but extremely serious complication of long-term peritoneal dialysis. Fibrosis of the submesothelial compact zone and neoangiogenesis underlie the pathophysiology of EPS. Colchicine is a well-known anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic agent that has been used for some fibrosing clinical states, such as liver fibrosis. Objective To determine the antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of colchicine in an EPS rat model in both progression (P) and regression (R). Methods 48 nonuremic albino Wistar rats were divided into 5 groups: control group, 2 mL isotonic saline intraperitoneally (IP) daily for 3 weeks; CG group, IP injection of 2 mL/200 g chlorhexidine gluconate (CG) (0.1%) and ethanol (15%) dissolved in saline, daily for 3 weeks; resting group, CG (0 – 3 weeks) + peritoneal resting (4 – 6 weeks); C-R group, CG (0 – 3 weeks) + 1 mg/L colchicine (4 – 6 weeks); C-P group, CG (0 – 3 weeks) + 1 mg/L colchicine in drinking water (0 – 3 weeks). At the end, a 1-hour peritoneal equilibration test was performed with 25 mL 3.86% peritoneal dialysis solution. Dialysate-to-plasma ratio of urea (D/P urea), dialysate WBC count, ultrafiltration volume, and morphological changes of parietal peritoneum were examined. Result Exposure to CG for 3 weeks resulted in alterations in peritoneal transport (increased D/P urea, decreased ultrafiltration volume; p < 0.05) and morphology (increased inflammation, neovascularization, fibrosis, and peritoneal thickness; p < 0.05). Resting had some beneficial effects on peritoneal derangements; however, once the peritoneum had been stimulated, resting alone was not enough to reverse these pathological changes. Colchicine had more pronounced effects on membrane integrity via decreased inflammation, cell infiltration, and vascularity compared to the resting group. Conclusion We suggest that colchicine may have therapeutic value in the management of EPS.

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