scholarly journals Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Prevalence, Causal agents, and their Antimicrobial Susceptibility

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ketema Bizuwork ◽  
Haile Alemayehu ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
Wondwossen Amogne ◽  
Tadesse Eguale
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
E Coli

Abstract BackgroundAsymptomatic bacteriuria (ASBU) is an important health problem among pregnant women particularly in low income countries. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of ASBU, to identify causal bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility among pregnant women attending antenatal care centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. MethodsHealth facility based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to May, 2019, where 281 pregnant women with no symptom of urinary tract infection were examined using standard microbiological techniques. Women whose urine sample carried greater than or equal to 105 colony forming unit (CFU) of bacteria per milliliter was considered to have ASBU. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was investigated using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar plates.Results Out of 281 pregnant women examined, 44 (15.7%) had ASBU and none of the factors tested in the current analysis were significantly associated with occurrence of ASBU (p < 0.05). The most frequently isolated bacterial species were Escherichia coli 17(30.2%), Proteus, 13(23.2%) and Entrococcus 11(19.6%). All of the E. coli, Citrobacter and Klebsiela isolates and 84.6% of Proteus species were resistant to ampicillin. All bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one of antimicrobial agents tested. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 15 (88.2%) of E. coli, 10 (76.9%) of Proteus, and 6 (54.6%) of Entrococcus isolates. Resistance to as high as 7 antimicrobials among E. coli and Proteus isolates and 9 antimicrobials among Entercoccus isolates was detected.ConclusionsRoutine screening for ASBU during antenatal visit is likely to result in early treatment and minimize complication to the mother and fetus. Assess sensitivity of isolates to commonly prescribed antimicrobials rather than treating empirically is recommended.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Pregnant Women in Debre Markos, Ethiopia: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Isolates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yihunalem Addis ◽  
Sirak Biset ◽  
Mucheye Gizachew
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
P Value ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Susceptibility Profiles

Abstract In low-income countries, asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) during pregnancy is a major cause for both maternal and foetal health risks. Rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance also needs continuous monitoring of susceptibility profiles of uropathogens. We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study to deterimne prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and associated risk factors of ASB among pregnant women. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected by interview and extracted from women's medical records. Identification of bacteria from urine, and their susceptibility tests were done by using recommended methods. Logistic regression analyses were done by SPSS versions 20. The p-value <0.05 at 95% CI was considered as statistically significant. Of the 172 study participants, 24 (14%) had ASB. Among 24 isolates, 13 (54.2%) were gram-negative, and of these, E. coli (8; 61.5%) was predominant followed by K. pneumoniae (4; 30.8%). Previous UTI and antibiotic use were significantly associated risk factors for ASB. E .coli, S. areus and CoNS were resistant to tetracycline (87.5%), cotrimoxazole (83.3%), and gentamycin (80%), respectively. Prevalence of ASB was lower than many previous reports in the country. Commonly used antibiotic susceptibility profiles of isolates were known. Hence, hard work ought to assume to decline the consequence of ASB and antibiotics resistance.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Prevalence, Causal Agents, and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ketema Bizuwork ◽  
Haile Alemayehu ◽  
Girmay Medhin ◽  
Wondwossen Amogne ◽  
Tadesse Eguale
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASBU) is an important health problem among pregnant women, particularly in low-income countries. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of ASBU and potential risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care centers in Addis Ababa. It also aimed to identify causal bacterial pathogens and to assess their antimicrobial susceptibility. A health facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March to June 2019. Urine samples from a total of 281 pregnant women with no symptoms of urinary tract infection were tested for ASBU. Women whose urine samples carried greater than or equal to 105 colony-forming units (CFU) of bacteria per milliliter of urine when grown on plate count agar were considered positive for ASBU. Bacterial pathogens were isolated from urine samples of women with ASBU using standard microbiological techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was investigated using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method on Muller–Hinton agar plates. Of 281 pregnant women examined, 44 (15.7%) were positive for ASBU. Logistic regression analysis of the putative risk factors tested in the current study showed that none of them were significantly associated with the occurrence of ASBU ( p > 0.05 ). The most frequently isolated bacterial species were Escherichia coli 17 (30.2%), Proteus 13 (23.2%), and Enterococcus 11 (19.6%). All of the E. coli, Citrobacter, and Klebsiella isolates and 84.6% of Proteus were resistant to ampicillin. All bacterial isolates were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials tested. Resistance to three or more antimicrobials was detected in 15 (88.2%) of E. coli, 13 (100%) of Proteus, and 8 (72.7%) of Enterococcus isolates. Resistance to as many as 7 antimicrobials among E. coli, 8 antimicrobials among Proteus, and 7 antimicrobials among Enterococcus isolates was recorded. Detection of ASBU in a substantial number of pregnant women in this study warrants the need for a detailed study on possible risks of developing symptomatic urinary tract infection (UTI) and associated complications. Multidrug resistance to several antimicrobials was observed in the majority of bacterial isolates. Regular assessment of antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogens to commonly prescribed antimicrobials and implementation of prudent use of antimicrobials are recommended.

scholarly journals Asymptomatic Bacteriuria among Pregnant Women Attending Tertiary Care Hospital in Lucknow, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Naimshree Sonkar ◽  
Malay Banerjee ◽  
Suman Gupta ◽  
Absar Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Haemoglobin Level ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli

Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is the presence of actively multiplying bacteria within the urinary tract with absence of any symptoms, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. This research study was done in order to review prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and factors associated with ASB occurring in female patients who are pregnant and being treated at a tertiary care hospital in Lucknow, India. Method and Materials: This is a cross-sectional study done among 216 pregnant women attending a hospital for antenatal check-ups. Clean catch midstream urine samples were collected and examined microscopically, and semi-quantitative culture was done on blood agar and MacConkey agar. Isolates were identified by colony morphology and biochemical tests, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done by using the Kirby-Bauer method. Results: Of the 216 pregnant women, 36 (16.7%) tested positive for ASB. The female gestational period, haemoglobin level, and BMI were significantly associated with ASB. Logistic regression also showed that higher haemoglobin level was less likely to ASB (AOR = 0.42, 95% confidence interval: 0.202–0.88, p = 0.021). The predominant and usual isolates were E. coli (n = 22, 61.1%), followed by Cons (n = 6, 16.7%), and S. aureus (3, 8.3%). All Gram-negative isolates were mostly sensitive to most of the drugs like piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, nitrofurantoin, and meropenem but were 100% resistant to ampicillin. Similarly, Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to ampicillin, vancomycin, linezolid, and nitrofurantoin but 100% resistant to co-trimoxazole. Conclusion: The present study shows the existence of ASB was 16.7% among women who are pregnant. Pregnancy duration, haemoglobin level, and BMI were significantly associated with ASB. The isolates identified more frequently were E. coli (61.16%), Cons (16.7%), and S. aureus (8.3%). All isolates which were Gram-negative were mostly sensitive to most of the drugs but were 100% resistant to ampicillin. Similarly, Gram-positive isolates were sensitive to most of the drugs but 100% resistant to co-trimoxazole.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Retail Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Addis Ababa City: Magnitude of Contamination and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aklilu Feleke Haile ◽  
Silvia Alonso ◽  
Nega Berhe ◽  
Tizeta Bekele Atoma ◽  
Prosper N. Boyaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

Escherichia coli O157:H7 is an important foodborne pathogen but largely under investigated in Africa. The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance of E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A total of 390 retail lettuce samples were collected across the 10 subcities of Addis Ababa. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated and identified following ISO-16654:2001 standard. The isolates were further tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to 13 antimicrobials using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Out of the 390 lettuce samples examined, two (0.51%) carried E. coli O157:H7. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of strains showed resistance to ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (50.0%). One of the two isolates was multidrug resistant to two antimicrobials tested. The results of this study demonstrate the presence of drug-resistant E. coli O157:H7 in lettuce in markets in Addis Ababa. Despite the low prevalence, its presence in a product that is eaten raw highlights potential public health risk in the area associated with this pathogen.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associate risk factors of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy with bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility in a tertiary care hospital

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Udayagiri Venkata Rohini ◽  
Gurram Swetha Reddy ◽  
Jithendra Kandati ◽  
Munilakshmi Ponugoti
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
History Of

Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is defined as the presence of actively multiplying bacteria, which is greater than 105/ ml of urine within the urinary tract excluding the distal urethra, at a time when the patient has no symptoms of UTI. Untreated and undiagnosed ASB is associated with adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. The objective was to determine the profile, prevalence, microbiological isolates with susceptibility, and risk factors of ASB among pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic at a tertiary care hospital, Andhra Pradesh, India.Methods: A prospective cross sectional study with 200 pregnant women was conducted for a period of 3 months from January to March 2016. The mid- stream urine specimen was collected and processed from all the cases and social and baseline obstetric data was collected. The isolates from all the cases of ASB were identified by standard biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method and interpreted as per CLSI guidelines.Results: Prevalence of ASB in our study was 30.5%, mean age of the cases was 27.3± 2.9 years. ASB was most common in 25- 30 year’s age group, during 3rd trimester and among multiparous and multigravidae. Previous history of UTI, pre-eclampsia was having significant association among cases with ASB. Escherichia coli was the predominant isolate in the study followed by K. pneumoniae, CONS (Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci), Staphylococcus aureus, citrobacter and Enterococci.Conclusions: Undiagnosed and untreated asymptomatic bacteriuria is associated with complications during pregnancy. Hence routine screening of antenatal women during all trimesters must be considered in preventing the complications and adverse foetal outcomes particularly with known risk factors like increasing age, multiparity and previous history of UTI.

scholarly journals Overweight/Obesity and Associated Factors Among Second Cycle Primary School Children in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 216495612110178
Author(s):  
Kidus Fitsum ◽  
Gudina Egata ◽  
Melake Demena ◽  
Berhe Gebremichael
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Private School ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Public Health Issue

Background Although overweight/obesity is becoming a public health issue in low income countries, there is a paucity of evidence concerning overweight/obesity in Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of overweight/obesity and associated factors among second cycle primary school children in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods A school based cross-sectional study was conducted among 482 children from May to June, 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire and checklist. Data were entered using EpiData version 3.1 and exported into SPSS version 22.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with overweight/obesity. Level of statistical significance was declared at p ≤ 0.05. Results The overall magnitude of overweight/obesity was 21.2%. The magnitude of overweight was 13.7% while obesity was 7.5%. Vehicle availability, being from private school, not having friend(s), preferring sweet foods, eating breakfast irregularly, watching movies/Television while eating and physical inactivity were the factors significantly associated with overweight/obesity among second cycle primary school children. Conclusions The magnitude of overweight/obesity was high in the study area. Therefore, health and education sectors should promote healthy lifestyle to curb child overweight/obesity.

scholarly journals Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 326
Author(s):  
Frederick Adzitey ◽  
Nurul Huda ◽  
Amir Husni Mohd Shariff
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Raw Meats

Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans.

scholarly journals Species, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Bacterial Isolates from HIV-Infected Patients Suspected to Have Pneumonia in Mekelle Zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gebre Adhanom ◽  
Dawit Gebreegziabiher ◽  
Yemane Weldu ◽  
Araya Gebreyesus Wasihun ◽  
Tadele Araya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Pneumonia ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
P Value ◽  
Northern Ethiopia ◽  
Hiv Patients

Background. Pneumonia is a condition, where bacterial infections are implicated as the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in humans. The actual burden of HIV-infected patients with pneumonia is not well documented in Mekelle region of Ethiopia. This study estimated the prevalence of bacterial pneumonia in HIV patients, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens implicated in pneumonia, and associated risk factors in Mekelle zone, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, during August-December 2016. Methods. Sputum specimens were collected from 252 HIV seropositive individuals with suspected pneumonia. Data on sociodemographics and risk factors were also collected using a structured questionnaire. Blood, Chocolate, and Mac Conkey agar plates (Oxoid, Hampshire, UK) were used to grow the isolates. The isolated colonies were identified based on Gram stain, colony morphology, pigmentation, hemolysis, and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The analysis was performed using SPSS version 22 and p-value < 0.05 with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered statistically significant. Results. Out of the 252 samples, 110 (43.7%) were positive for various bacterial species. The predominant bacterial species were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=26, 23.6 %) followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae (n=17, 15.5 %), Escherichia coli (n=16, 14.5%), Klebsiella spp. (n=15, 13.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (n=9, 8.2%), Enterobacter spp. (n=7, 6.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4, n=3.6%), Proteus spp. (n=4, 3.6%), Citrobacter freundii (n=7, 6.3%), Streptococcus pyogenes (3, 2.7%), and Haemophilus influenzae (n=2, 1.8%). Young age (18-29), recent CD4+ count less than 350 cells/mL, alcohol consumption, and HIV WHO stage II showed significant association with the occurrence of bacterial pneumonia. Resistance to penicillin, co-trimoxazole, and tetracycline was observed in 81.8%, 39.8%, and 24.5% of the isolates, respectively. Conclusions. The problem of pneumonia among HIV patients was significant in the study area. The high prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria isolated from the patient’s samples possesses a health risk in immunocompromised HIV patients. There is a need to strengthen and expand culture and susceptibility procedures for the administration of appropriate therapy to improve patients management and care which may aid in decreasing the mortality.

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