scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Brain Function During the Natural Course in a Dental Pulp Injury Model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiyan Yu ◽  
Miao Li ◽  
Qianqian Wang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Shuang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Natural Course ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Affective Behaviors ◽  
Histological Results ◽  
Distinct Features

Abstract Purpose Toothache, a common disorder afflicting most people, shows distinct features at different clinical stages. This study aimed to depict metabolic changes in brain and investigate the potential mechanism involved in the aberrant affective behaviors during the natural process of toothache. Methods We investigated the spatiotemporal patterns of brain function during the natural course of toothache in a rat model of dental pulp injury (DPI) by using positron emission tomography (PET). Results Glucose metabolism peaked on the 3rd day and gradually decreased in several brain regions after DPI, which was in line with the behavioral and histological results. PET imaging showed visual pathway was involved in the regulation of toothache. Meanwhile, the process of emotional regulation underlying toothache was mediated by N-methyl-D-aspartic receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) in the caudal anterior cingulate cortex (cACC). Conclusion Our results revealed the spatiotemporal neurofunctional patterns during toothache process and preliminarily elucidated the role of NR2B in cACC in the regulation of toothache-related affective behaviors.

Neural Basis of Apathy

2021 ◽  
pp. 174-190
Author(s):  
Ingrid Agartz ◽  
Lynn Mørch-Johnsen
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
White Matter Microstructure ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
And Function

This chapter introduces structural neuroimaging methods and presents results from brain imaging studies of the clinical apathy syndrome in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and stroke, and also in schizophrenia, today considered a neurodevelopmental disease. The main method used has been magnetic resonance imaging, which also holds many innovative possibilities for future development. Scientific studies so far have pointed to structural differences in frontal, striatal, anterior cingulate, and parietal brain regions, and of white matter microstructure and connectivity changes as being involved in the apathy syndrome. No single circuit connected to apathy has so far been identified. Brain structure and function, studied at the systems network level, and integrative multimodal imaging approaches, which combine different high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance diffusion, and positron emission tomography techniques, can be helpful in resolving future questions.

The Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT) of intelligence: Converging neuroimaging evidence

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex E. Jung ◽  
Richard J. Haier
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Temporal Lobectomy ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Imaging Research

Abstract“Is there a biology of intelligence which is characteristic of the normal human nervous system?” Here we review 37 modern neuroimaging studies in an attempt to address this question posed by Halstead (1947) as he and other icons of the last century endeavored to understand how brain and behavior are linked through the expression of intelligence and reason. Reviewing studies from functional (i.e., functional magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography) and structural (i.e., magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, voxel-based morphometry) neuroimaging paradigms, we report a striking consensus suggesting that variations in a distributed network predict individual differences found on intelligence and reasoning tasks. We describe this network as theParieto-Frontal Integration Theory(P-FIT). The P-FIT model includes, by Brodmann areas (BAs): the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (BAs 6, 9, 10, 45, 46, 47), the inferior (BAs 39, 40) and superior (BA 7) parietal lobule, the anterior cingulate (BA 32), and regions within the temporal (BAs 21, 37) and occipital (BAs 18, 19) lobes. White matter regions (i.e., arcuate fasciculus) are also implicated. The P-FIT is examined in light of findings from human lesion studies, including missile wounds, frontal lobotomy/leukotomy, temporal lobectomy, and lesions resulting in damage to the language network (e.g., aphasia), as well as findings from imaging research identifying brain regions under significant genetic control. Overall, we conclude that modern neuroimaging techniques are beginning to articulate a biology of intelligence. We propose that the P-FIT provides a parsimonious account for many of the empirical observations, to date, which relate individual differences in intelligence test scores to variations in brain structure and function. Moreover, the model provides a framework for testing new hypotheses in future experimental designs.

scholarly journals Neuroinflammatory and morphological changes in late-life depression: the NIMROD study

2016 ◽  
Vol 209 (6) ◽  
pp. 525-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Su ◽  
Yetunde O. Faluyi ◽  
Young T. Hong ◽  
Tim D. Fryer ◽  
Elijah Mak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Late Life ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Aetiological Factor ◽  
Late Life Depression ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Cornu Ammonis ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

SummaryWe studied neuroinflammation in individuals with late-life, depression, as a risk factor for dementia, using [11C]PK11195 positron emission tomography (PET). Five older participants with major depression and 13 controls underwent PET and multimodal 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with blood taken to measure C-reactive protein (CRP). We found significantly higher CRP levels in those with late-life depression and raised [11C]PK11195 binding compared with controls in brain regions associated with depression, including subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and significant hippocampal subfield atrophy in cornu ammonis 1 and subiculum. Our findings suggest neuroinflammation requires further investigation in late-life depression, both as a possible aetiological factor and a potential therapeutic target.

Pain Intensity Processing Within the Human Brain: A Bilateral, Distributed Mechanism

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 1934-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Coghill ◽  
Christine N. Sang ◽  
Jose Ma. Maisog ◽  
Michael J. Iadarola
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Pain Processing ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Positron Emission

Functional imaging studies of human subjects have identified a diverse assortment of brain areas that are engaged in the processing of pain. Although many of these brain areas are highly interconnected and are engaged in multiple processing roles, each area has been typically considered in isolation. Accordingly, little attention has been given to the global functional organization of brain mechanisms mediating pain processing. In the present investigation, we have combined positron emission tomography with psychophysical assessment of graded painful stimuli to better characterize the multiregional organization of supraspinal pain processing mechanisms and to identify a brain mechanism subserving the processing of pain intensity. Multiple regression analysis revealed statistically reliable relationships between perceived pain intensity and activation of a functionally diverse group of brain regions, including those important in sensation, motor control, affect, and attention. Pain intensity–related activation occurred bilaterally in the cerebellum, putamen, thalamus, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and secondary somatosensory cortex, contralaterally in the primary somatosensory cortex and supplementary motor area, and ipsilaterally in the ventral premotor area. These results confirm the existence of a highly distributed, bilateral supraspinal mechanism engaged in the processing of pain intensity. The conservation of pain intensity information across multiple, functionally distinct brain areas contrasts sharply with traditional views that sensory-discriminative processing of pain is confined within the somatosensory cortex and can account for the preservation of conscious awareness of pain intensity after extensive cerebral cortical lesions.

Functional Neuroanatomy of Recall and Recognition: A PET Study of Episodic Memory

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Cabeza ◽  
Shitij Kapur ◽  
Fergus I. M. Craik ◽  
Anthony R. McIntosh ◽  
Sylvain Houle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Inferior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Flow Activation ◽  
Stored Information ◽  
The Right

The purpose of this study was to directly compare the brain regions involved in episodic-memory recall and recognition. Changes in regional cerebral blood flow were measured by positron emission tomography while young healthy test persons were either recognizing or recalling previously studied word pairs. Reading of previously nonstudied pairs served as a reference task for subtractive comparisons. Compared to reading, both recall and recognition were associated with higher blood flow (activation) at identical sites in the right prefrontal cortex (areas 47, 45, and 10) and the anterior cingulate. Compared to recognition, recall was associated with higher activation in the anterior cingulate, globus pallidus, thalamus, and cerebellum, suggesting that these components of the cerebello-frontal pathway play a role in recall processes that they do not in recognition. Compared to recall, recognition was associated with higher activation in the right inferior parietal cortex (areas 39, 40, and 19), suggesting a larger perceptual component in recognition than in recall. Contrary to the expectations based on lesion data, the activations of the frontal regions were indistinguishable in recall and recognition. This finding is consistent with the notion that frontal activations in explicit memory tasks are related to the general episodic retrieval mode or retrieval attempt, rather than to specific mechanisms of ecphory (recovery of stored information).

scholarly journals Neuroimaging reward, craving, learning, and cognitive control in substance use disorders: review and implications for treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 92 (1101) ◽  
pp. 20180942 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody Tanabe ◽  
Michael Regner ◽  
Joseph Sakai ◽  
Diana Martinez ◽  
Joshua Gowin
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Drugs Of Abuse ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Dopamine Neurons ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
And Function

Substance use disorder is a leading causes of preventable disease and mortality. Drugs of abuse cause molecular and cellular changes in specific brain regions and these neuroplastic changes are thought to play a role in the transition to uncontrolled drug use. Neuroimaging has identified neural substrates associated with problematic substance use and may offer clues to reduce its burden on the patient and society. Here, we provide a narrative review of neuroimaging studies that have examined the structures and circuits associated with reward, cues and craving, learning, and cognitive control in substance use disorders. Most studies use advanced MRI or positron emission tomography (PET). Many studies have focused on the dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area, and the regions where these neurons terminate, such as the striatum and prefrontal cortex. Decreases in dopamine receptors and transmission have been found in chronic users of drugs, alcohol, and nicotine. Recent studies also show evidence of differences in structure and function in substance users relative to controls in brain regions involved in salience evaluation, such as the insula and anterior cingulate cortex. Balancing between reward-related bottom-up and cognitive-control-related top-down processes is discussed in the context of neuromodulation as a potential treatment. Finally, some of the challenges for understanding substance use disorder using neuroimaging methods are discussed.

Changes in regional cerebral blood flow during acute electroconvulsive therapy in patients with depression

2007 ◽  
Vol 190 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harumasa Takano ◽  
Nobutaka Motohashi ◽  
Takeshi Uema ◽  
Kenichi Ogawa ◽  
Takashi Ohnishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Medial Frontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Positron Emission

BackgroundAlthough electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is widely used to treat psychiatric disorders such as depression, its precise neural mechanisms remain unknown.AimsTo investigate the time course of changes in cerebral blood flow during acute ECT.MethodCerebral blood flow was quantified serially prior to, during and after acute ECT in six patients with depression under anaesthesia using [15O]H2O positron emission tomography (PET).ResultsCerebral blood flow during ECT increased particularly in the basal ganglia, brain-stem, diencephalon, amygdala, vermis and the frontal, temporal and parietal cortices compared with that before ECT. The flow increased in the thalamus and decreased in the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex soon after ECT compared with that before ECT.ConclusionsThese results suggest a relationship between the centrencephalic system and seizure generalisation. Further, they suggest that some neural mechanisms of action of ECT are mediated via brain regions including the anterior cingulate and medial frontal cortex and thalamus.

scholarly journals Blood metabolite markers of cognitive performance and brain function in aging

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1212-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brittany N Simpson ◽  
Min Kim ◽  
Yi-Fang Chuang ◽  
Lori Beason-Held ◽  
Melissa Kitner-Triolo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Positron Emission

We recently showed that Alzheimer's disease patients have lower plasma concentrations of the phosphatidylcholines (PC16:0/20:5; PC16:0/22:6; and PC18:0/22:6) relative to healthy controls. We now extend these findings by examining associations between plasma concentrations of these PCs with cognition and brain function (measured by regional resting state cerebral blood flow; rCBF) in non-demented older individuals. Within the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging neuroimaging substudy, participants underwent cognitive assessments and brain 15O-water positron emission tomography. Plasma phosphatidylcholines concentrations (PC16:0/20:5, PC16:0/22:6, and PC18:0/22:6), cognition (California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Trail Making Test A&B, the Mini-Mental State Examination, Benton Visual Retention, Card Rotation, and Fluencies—Category and Letter), and rCBF were assessed. Lower plasma phosphatidylcholine concentrations were associated with lower baseline memory performance (CVLT long delay recall task—PC16:0/20:5: −2.17–1.39−0.60 p = 0.001 (β with 95% confidence interval subscripts)) and lower rCBF in several brain regions including those associated with memory performance and higher order cognitive processes. Our findings suggest that lower plasma concentrations of PC16:0/20:5, PC16:0/22:6, and PC18:0/22:6 are associated with poorer memory performance as well as widespread decreases in brain function during aging. Dysregulation of peripheral phosphatidylcholine metabolism may therefore be a common feature of both Alzheimer's disease and age-associated differences in cognition.

Deceiving Others: Distinct Neural Responses of the Prefrontal Cortex and Amygdala in Simple Fabrication and Deception with Social Interactions

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuhito Abe ◽  
Maki Suzuki ◽  
Etsuro Mori ◽  
Masatoshi Itoh ◽  
Toshikatsu Fujii
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Main Effect

Brain mechanisms for telling lies have been investigated recently using neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography. Although the advent of these techniques has gradually enabled clarification of the functional contributions of the prefrontal cortex in deception with respect to executive function, the specific roles of subregions within the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions responsible for emotional regulation or social interactions during deception are still unclear. Assuming that the processes of falsifying truthful responses and deceiving others are differentially associated with the activities of these regions, we conducted a positron emission tomography experiment with 2 (truth, lie) × 2 (honesty, dishonesty) factorial design. The main effect of falsifying the truthful responses revealed increased brain activity of the left dorsolateral and right anterior prefrontal cortices, supporting the interpretation of previous studies that executive functions are related to making untruthful responses. The main effect of deceiving the interrogator showed activations of the ventromedial prefrontal (medial orbitofrontal) cortex and amygdala, adding new evidence that the brain regions assumed to be responsible for emotional processing or social interaction are active during deceptive behavior similar to that in real-life situations. Further analysis revealed that activity of the right anterior prefrontal cortex showed both effects of deception, indicating that this region has a pivotal role in telling lies. Our results provide clear evidence of functionally dissociable roles of the prefrontal subregions and amygdala for human deception.

Limbic and motor circuits involved in symmetry behavior in Tourette's syndrome

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Froukje E. de Vries ◽  
Odile A. van den Heuvel ◽  
Danielle C. Cath ◽  
Henk J. Groenewegen ◽  
Anton J. L. M. van Balkom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Tourette's Syndrome ◽  
Tourette’S Syndrome ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Motor Circuits ◽  
Positron Emission

ObjectiveThe need for symmetry and ordering objects related to a “just right”-feeling is a common symptom in Tourette's syndrome (TS) and resembles symmetry behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder, but its pathophysiology is unknown. We used a symptom provocation paradigm to investigate the neural correlates of symmetry behavior in TS and hypothesized the involvement of frontal-striatal and limbic brain areas.MethodsPictures of asymmetrically and symmetrically arranged objects were presented in randomized blocks (4 blocks of each condition) to 14 patients with TS and 10 matched healthy controls (HC). A H215O positron emission tomography scan was acquired during each stimulus block, resulting in 8 scans per subject. After each scan, state anxiety and symmetry behavior (the urge to rearrange objects) were measured using a visual analogue scale.ResultsDuring the asymmetry condition, TS patients showed increased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, and inferior frontal cortex, whereas HC showed increased rCBF in the visual cortex, primary motor cortex, and dorsal prefrontal cortex. Symmetry ratings during provocation correlated positively with orbitofrontal activation in the TS group and sensorimotor activation in the HC group, and negatively with dorsal prefrontal activity in HC.ConclusionsResults suggest that both motor and limbic circuits are involved in symmetry behavior in TS. Motor activity may relate to an urge to move or perform tics, and limbic activation may indicate that asymmetry stimuli are salient for TS patients. In contrast, symmetry provocation in HC resulted in activation of brain regions implicated in sensorimotor function and cognitive control.

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