scholarly journals Modelling of Potential Tsunami in Makassar Strait, Indonesia: Submarine Landslide-Induced Tsunami Simulations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gugum Gumbira ◽  
Mardi Wibowo ◽  
Hanah Khoirunnisa ◽  
Shofia Karima ◽  
Widjo Kongko
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Submarine Landslide ◽  
Tsunami Modelling ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Landslide Volume ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Initiation Stage ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
The Waves

Abstract Tsunami modelling of potential landslide-induced tsunami in Makassar Strait is carried out to quantify possible damage to the nearby cities. Two numerical models are used to represent the wave generation and propagation by using NHWAVE and FUNWAVE models, respectively. The simulations consist of a series of scenarios based on distinct size of the landslide volume. Four landslides with volume 5, 8, 70, and 200 km 3 are used as tsunami sources in the initiation stage. The sources are evenly distributed in the Strait addressing different landslide location. Maximum wave heights of 1.5 m are found in the area between Palu and Bangkir from case 1 and around Talok from case 2 simulations. The empirical run-up calculation of 7.5 m is estimated at the land for the presented wave height. The value significantly elevates the case 3 and 4 proportional to the volume values. The waves impact more than half of coastline with maximum value found in the Sulawesi side. Interestingly, wide and narrow shelf next to Kalimantan Island plays an important role in reducing the tsunami hazard level.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL DATA ON THE OVERTOPPING OF SEAWALLS BY WAVES

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
A. Paape
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Past ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Made In

In the past it has been found that serious damage and breaching of seawalls is most frequently caused by overtopping. Hence for the design of seawalls data must be available about the overtopping by waves of the different profiles that might be possible. Naturally the conditions under which damage is caused to the seawall also depend on the type of construction and the materials used, for example: the stability of grass covered dikes can be endangered seriously by water flowing over the inner slope. In many designs the necessary height of a seawall has been defined such that not more than 2% of the waves overtop the crest, under chosen design conditions. This criterion has been determined on the assumption that the overtopping must remain very small. Some overtopping has to be accepted because no maximum value for wave height and wave run-up can be given, unless of course the wave height is limited by fore-shore conditions. Unfortunately this criterion gives no information about the volume and concentration of water overtopping the crest in each instance. Moreover it is of interest to know how this overtopping varies with other conditions, such as changes in the significant wave height. Information about the overtopping by waves was obtained from model investigations on simple plane slopes w^th inclinations varying from 1 : 8 to 1 : 2. The experiments were made in a windflume where wind generated waves as well as regular waves were employed. Using wind generated waves, conditions from nature regarding the distribution of wave heights could be reproduced. It appeared that the overtopping depends on the irregularity of the waves and that the same effects cannot be reproduced using regular paddle generated waves. In this paper a description of the model and the results of these tests are given. Investigations are m progress on composite slopes, including the reproduction of conditions for a seawall which suffered much overtopping but remained practically undamaged during the flood of 1953.

Generation, Propagation, Run-Up and Impact of Landslide Triggered Tsunami: A Literature Review

2014 ◽  
Vol 567 ◽  
pp. 724-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra Sati Hamonangan Harahap ◽  
Vo Nguyen Phu Huan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Submarine Landslide ◽  
Coastal Inundation ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Submarine Slide ◽  
Submarine Slides ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Landslide Tsunami

Submarine landslide is the most serious threat on both local and regional scales. Tsunami phenomenon induced by submarine slide has put us on the challenge in understanding from generation mechanism to propagation and coastal inundation and mitigating the risk from it. Submarine slides can trigger tsunamis with high run-up affecting offshore structures, subsea facilities and human lives along the shoreline. Unfortunately, there are no effective numerical models that could simulate simultaneously all stages of generation, propagation and run-up of tsunamis phenomena. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the landslide tsunami phenomenon.

LARGE SCALE EXPERIMENTS ON EVOLUTION AND RUN-UP OF BREAKING SOLITARY WAVES

2007 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 257-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAO-SHU HWANG ◽  
YU-HSUAN CHANG ◽  
HWUNG-HWENG HWUNG ◽  
YI-SYUAN LI
Keyword(s):  
Solitary Wave ◽  
Wave Height ◽  
Solitary Waves ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Hydraulics Laboratory ◽  
The Waves

The evolution and run-up of breaking solitary waves on plane beaches are investigated in this paper. A series of large-scale experiments were conducted in the SUPER TANK of Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory with three plane beaches of slope 0.05, 0.025 and 0.017 (1:20, 1:40 and 1:60). Solitary waves of which relative wave heights, H/h0, ranged from 0.03 to 0.31 were generated by two types of wave-board displacement trajectory: the ramp-trajectory and the solitary-wave trajectory proposed by Goring (1979). Experimental results show that under the same relative wave height, the waveforms produced by the two generation procedures becomes noticeably different as the waves propagate prior to the breaking point. Meanwhile, under the same relative wave height, the larger the constant water depth is, the larger the dimensionless run-up heights would be. Scale effects associated with the breaking process are discussed.

scholarly journals A numerical study of submarine–landslide–generated tsunami and its propagation in Majene, West Sulawesi

2021 ◽  
Vol 925 (1) ◽  
pp. 012035
Author(s):  
H Khoirunnisa ◽  
S Karima ◽  
G Gumbira ◽  
R A Rachman
Keyword(s):  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Tsunami Wave ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Submarine Landslide ◽  
Submarine Landslides ◽  
Tsunami Propagation ◽  
Tsunami Modelling ◽  
Landslide Volume

Abstract On 14th January 2021, there was a devastating earthquake (Mw 6.2) hit Mamuju and Majene, West Sulawesi, Indonesia at 18.28 UTC. According to National Disaster Management Authority, this event causes 84 casualties and 279 houses were damaged. The Sulawesi Island is situated in a very complex tectonic region, there are several thrusts and faults along the area such as Majene Thrust, Palu-Karo Thrust, Matano Fault, and Tolo Thrust that can lead to tectonic activities. One of the largest earthquakes was a 7.9 Mw in 1997 generated from North Sulawesi Megathrust that caused a catastrophic tsunami. Moreover, there were 9 tsunami events in the Makassar Strait from the year 1800 to 1999. In this research, three different scenarios of the tsunami in Majene were applied to obtain the tsunami elevation. Makassar Strait could be potentially generated tsunami wave from submarine landslides due to its steep bathymetry that will impact the coastline at Sulawesi and Kalimantan, so it is necessary to model the tsunami propagation using submarine landslide as the tsunami generation. The volume of submarine landslide had been used in tsunami submarine landslide modelling as an input. Those are included the height, width and length of the submarine landslide volume. Furthermore, the domain bathymetry was obtained from National Bathymetry (BatNas) with spacing grid of 300 m × 300 m. The submarine landslide coordinate is also needed as a source of tsunami at 2.98°S and 118.94°E. The slide angle and slope angle are also inputted in this modelling with three experimental volumes, namely 1 km3, 0.8 km3, and 0.5 km3. This submarine landslide tsunami modelling used the Non-Hydrostatic WAVE Model (NHWAVE) method to obtain tsunami wave generation. The result from NHWAVE model will be used for initial elevation of tsunami wave propagation using the Fully Nonlinear Boussinesq wave model - Total Variation Diminishing (FUNWAVE - TVD) method. The highest initial tsunami elevation value at each observation point obtained from the NHWAVE model occurred at point 18 (the closest location to the earthquake source), which is around 0.4 –1.2 m. The FUNWAVE simulation result is the tsunami wave propagation for 180 minutes later. In the 180th minute, the tsunami wave was still propagating towards the north of Sulawesi Island to the east of Kalimantan Island.

Numerical Simulation for Typhoon and Wave of Qiongzhou Strait

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanan Xu
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Wave Model ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Qiongzhou Strait ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Significant Wave Heights ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Simulated Wind

Southern China has been subject to some of the deadliest typhoons in history with records going back over a thousand years. Before the large waves associated with a typhoon reach the mainland of China there is a delay between the typhoon reaching landfall and the time of the extreme waves arriving. This paper focuses on an approach to simulate this lag in the waves reaching landfall in the Qiongzhou Strait in southern China. A numerical approach has been adopted to simulate the typhoon and wave processes using a parametric typhoon model and the SWAN wave model. Two typhoon events are simulated (typhoon Kai-Tak in 2012 and typhoon Jebi in 2013) and used to tune the parameters for the numerical models. The simulated wind speeds and significant wave heights of the typhoon are compared with measured data. For the simulation of typhoon Kai-Tak, the correlation coefficient gives an 87% agreement between the simulated and measured values of wave height with a standard deviation of 0.29 m. For typhoon Jebi the fit is less good (66%). However, the simulation results have provided insight into improving the parametric typhoon model.

Preliminary Experimental Study of Landslide Generated Waves in the Reservoir

2014 ◽  
Vol 641-642 ◽  
pp. 321-325
Author(s):  
Kun Jie Ren ◽  
Ji Bin Han ◽  
Guo Bing Huang ◽  
Zhi Bing Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Wave Amplitude ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Wave Generation ◽  
Empirical Equations ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
Landslide Volume ◽  
Slide Angle ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
The Waves

Landslide generated waves in the reservoir were investigated in a three-dimension physical model based on the generalized Froude similarity. The tests included the following several influence factors: still water depth, still water width, landslide volume, landslide fall, slide angle. The waves generated process, as a complex solid-air-water phenomena, is composed of landslide entering water, the first wave generation, air-spray group forming, the second wave generation, wave run-up, wave propagation. Empirical equations base on most of experiments of the first maximum wave amplitude, the second maximum wave amplitude, the maximum wave run-up are described by multiple regressions of following dimensionless quantities: the relative slide Froude number, the relative landslide volume, the relative still water wide.

scholarly journals A MODEL STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF RUN-UP OF WIND-GENERATED WAVES ON SLOPING SEA WALLS

1968 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman B. Webber ◽  
Geoffrey N. Bullock
Keyword(s):  
Wind Wave ◽  
Wave Flume ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Wind Velocities ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Instantaneous Values ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Waves

The behaviour of wind-generated waves on impermeable slopes of 1:2, 1:4 and 1:10 was investigated in a 40 ft long laboratory wind-wave flume. Apparatus for measuring instantaneous values of the run-up was devised. Wind velocities of up to 44 ft/sec were applied, producing wave heights of up to 2.5 in. Distributions were obtained for the wave and run-up characteristics. The empirical results were compared with theoretical statistical relationships. A comparison was made with the run-ups in paddle-wave experiments. The relationship between the waves and their run-ups was further investigated by a comparison of simultaneous recordings, using the methods of spectral analysis.

scholarly journals Contribution of Infragravity Waves to Run-up and Overwash in the Pertuis Breton Embayment (France)

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher H. Lashley ◽  
Xavier Bertin ◽  
Dano Roelvink ◽  
Gaël Arnaud
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Infragravity Waves ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Wave Heights ◽  
Run Up ◽  
Sheltered Area

Wave run-up and dune overwash are typically assessed using empirical models developed for a specific range of often-simplistic conditions. Field experiments are essential in extending these formulae; yet obtaining comprehensive field data under extreme conditions is often challenging. Here, we use XBeach Surfbeat (XB-SB)—a shortwave-averaged but wave-group resolving numerical model—to complement a field campaign, with two main objectives: i) to assess the contribution of infragravity (IG) waves to washover development in a partially-sheltered area, with a highly complex bathymetry; and ii) to evaluate the unconventional nested-modeling approach that was applied. The analysis shows that gravity waves rapidly decrease across the embayment while IG waves are enhanced. Despite its exclusion of gravity-band swash, XB-SB is able to accurately reproduce both the large-scale hydrodynamics—wave heights and mean water levels across the 30 × 10 km embayment; and the local morphodynamics—steep post-storm dune profile and washover deposit. These findings show that the contribution of IG waves to dune overwash along the bay is significant and highlight the need for any method or model to consider IG waves when applied to similar environments. As many phase-averaged numerical models that are typically used for large-scale coastal applications exclude IG waves, XB-SB may prove to be a suitable alternative.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation of the Solitary Waves Propagation and Run-up in Shallow Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Yu. Belokon ◽  
S. Yu. Mikhailichenko ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
Nonlinear Effects ◽  
Coastal Protection ◽  
Initial Amplitude ◽  
Constant Depth ◽  
Slope Steepness ◽  
Shallow Basin ◽  
Run Up ◽  
The Waves

Purpose. The paper is aimed at investigating the propagation of solitons in a shallow basin, assessing the nonlinear effects resulting from the wave run-up on a gentle coast, and at comparing the estimates obtained using different numerical models with the available analytical dependencies. Methods and Results. The results of numerical simulations carried out using two nonlinear models of long waves (the author's model and the Simulating WAves till SHore (SWASH) one) are represented in the paper. The solitary wave profiles were obtained during its propagation in the part of a basin with constant depth conjugated with the inclined bottom. The process of a wave run-up on the coast was simulated using the algorithm of fluid movement along a dry coast. It is shown that when a soliton propagates in the basin part with constant depth, the nonlinearity effects are manifested in deformation of a wave profile. In other words, increase of the wave initial amplitude and the distance traveled by a wave is accompanied by growth of the wave front slope steepness. This, in its turn, leads to increase of a splash when the waves run-up on the coast. The estimates of the run-up heights resulted from different numerical models are in good agreement. Conclusions. The calculated values of the maximum wave run-up on the coast for the non-deformed waves, the length of which is equal to that of the traversed path, are close to the estimates obtained analytically. For the waves with the deformed profile, the front slope steepness of which increases with propagation over long distances, the run-up heights increase with growth of the wave initial amplitude. In such a case, it is desirable to replace the analytical estimates with the numerical ones. The run-up height of the deformed waves can exceed the wave initial amplitude by four or more times. The results obtained in this study can be useful in projecting the coastal protection constructions with the regard for preserving the coastal ecology and economy.

scholarly journals A Computational Approach to Solve a System of Transcendental Equations with Multi-Functions and Multi-Variables

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 920
Author(s):  
Chukwuma Ogbonnaya ◽  
Chamil Abeykoon ◽  
Adel Nasser ◽  
Ali Turan
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Models ◽  
Problem Formulation ◽  
Science And Engineering ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Engineering Problems ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Transcendental Equations ◽  
The Waves ◽  
Modelling Approach

A system of transcendental equations (SoTE) is a set of simultaneous equations containing at least a transcendental function. Solutions involving transcendental equations are often problematic, particularly in the form of a system of equations. This challenge has limited the number of equations, with inter-related multi-functions and multi-variables, often included in the mathematical modelling of physical systems during problem formulation. Here, we presented detailed steps for using a code-based modelling approach for solving SoTEs that may be encountered in science and engineering problems. A SoTE comprising six functions, including Sine-Gordon wave functions, was used to illustrate the steps. Parametric studies were performed to visualize how a change in the variables affected the superposition of the waves as the independent variable varies from x1 = 1:0.0005:100 to x1 = 1:5:100. The application of the proposed approach in modelling and simulation of photovoltaic and thermophotovoltaic systems were also highlighted. Overall, solutions to SoTEs present new opportunities for including more functions and variables in numerical models of systems, which will ultimately lead to a more robust representation of physical systems.

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