Implications of Intranasal Polyvalent Vaccination for Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophage and Neutrophil Functions in Calves

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Gomes ◽  
Camila Batista ◽  
Fernando Souza ◽  
Kamila Santos ◽  
Heloisa Bertagnon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Alveolar Macrophage ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophage ◽  
Nonspecific Effects ◽  
Polyvalent Vaccination

Abstract Background: Vaccines undoubtedly represent a promising and much needed approach to combatting infectious diseases, but there is also increasing evidence that they exert nonspecific effects, and these effects may be beneficial but also sometimes detrimental. Thus, here we sought to explore the effect of intranasal vaccination on the functions of pulmonary alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in calves of different ages.Results: Respiratory clinical signs and impaired microbicidal and phagocytic activities were observed for the alveolar neutrophils and vacuolized macrophages in the vaccinated calves compared with those in the unvaccinated calves, particularly at 15 days of age.Conclusions: Our results indicated that the use of some polyvalent attenuated and modified live virus vaccines in early stage of calves’ life, especially those under 15 days of age, should be restricted to farms in which the cattle are at a higher risk of contracting these viral infections, particularly considering the importance of alveolar macrophages and neutrophils against bacterial pathogens in a period of intense pulmonary challenge.

scholarly journals Pathogenetic aspects of rabbits’ experimental infection caused by bovine leukemia virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (100) ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
T. A. Romanishina ◽  
D. V. Feschenko ◽  
G. O. Rinyak ◽  
V. V. Honcharenko ◽  
A. A. Macibora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Serum ◽  
Bovine Leukemia Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Leukemia Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Development Stage ◽  
The Body ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Economic Losses

Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an infectious disease of cattle, causing high economic losses worldwide, especially in the field of dairy farming. There is no common vision on the problem of interspecies transmission of BLV. Therefore, a detailed study of the etiologic relationship between leukemia in cattle and other animal species is relevant. Various laboratory animal models provide insight into the pathogenesis of viral infections. The article presents the research results of two series rabbits’ intravenous infection with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) using the culture antigen FLK-BLV and the blood of rabbits with clinical, hematological and immunological signs of viral tumor growth. Blood from all animals was taken from the ear vein after 14, 21, 30 days, and then monthly for six months: to study the morphological parameters of blood and to determine the titer of antibodies to BLV. Blood serum for the presence of antibodies to BLV was examined using a diagnostic kit for the indication of animals infected with the leukemia virus in an immunodiffusion reaction produced by LLC “SRE Veterinary Medicine”, Kharkiv. It was found that the stage of the BLV provirus in the blood leukogram of infected animals was characterized by pronounced lymphocytosis on the 21st day of the experiment. The highest concentration of antibodies to BLV in the blood serum was found on the 90th day after the administration of the virus-containing material, which disappeared from the blood on the 150–180th day after infection. In experimental rabbits, after five months for thirty days, in the absence of antibodies to leukemia in the blood serum, multiple tumors of a dense consistency began to develop throughout the body. Such clinical signs and changes in the of rabbits’ blood of the experimental group are characteristic of serologically positive cows on the hematological development stage of leukemic process and correlate with the results of domestic and foreign authors. The presence of a large number of lymphoblasts, as well as leukolysis cells, in the histological preparation of lymph nodes, lungs, heart and the accumulation of lymphocytes’ immature forms around the interlobular vessels of the liver, which were found in pathohistological studies of the experimental rabbits’ organs, may indicate the development of the leukemia process on early stage in them. The results obtained indicate the ability of BLV to overcome successfully the interspecies barrier upon parenteral ingestion of heterologous individuals from infected lymphocytes and in the form of a culture antigen.

Clinical Signs, Prevention and Treatment of Viral Infections in Infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Firouzi ◽  
Hamidreza Sherkatolabbasieh ◽  
Shiva Shafizadeh
Keyword(s):  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Maternal Immunity ◽  
Infancy And Childhood ◽  
Prevention And Treatment

: Certain infectious diseases are common in infants than any other age groups and are associated with morbidities in childhood and adulthood, and even mortality in severe cases. Environment, epidemic and maternal immunity are the main causes of these infections. Early diagnosis using molecular methods and treatment is therefore important to prevent future complications. Vaccines are recommended during infancy and childhood to prevent these infections. This review highlights some of the most commonly reported viral infections in children, their clinical signs, prevention and treatment.

Treatment of ebola and other infectious diseases: melatonin “goes viral”

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russel J Reiter ◽  
Qiang Ma ◽  
Ramaswamy Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Safety Profile ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Attractive Potential ◽  
Potential Treatment

This review summarizes published reports on the utility of melatonin as a treatment for virus-mediated diseases. Of special note are the data related to the role of melatonin in influencing Ebola virus disease. This infection and deadly condition has no effective treatment and the published works documenting the ability of melatonin to attenuate the severity of viral infections generally and Ebola infection specifically are considered. The capacity of melatonin to prevent one of the major complications of an Ebola infection, i.e., the hemorrhagic shock syndrome, which often contributes to the high mortality rate, is noteworthy. Considering the high safety profile of melatonin, the fact that it is easily produced, inexpensive and can be self-administered makes it an attractive potential treatment for Ebola virus pathology.  

scholarly journals Investigation of an EHV-1 Outbreak in the United States Caused by a New H752 Genotype

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 747
Author(s):  
Nicola Pusterla ◽  
Samantha Barnum ◽  
Julia Miller ◽  
Sarah Varnell ◽  
Barbara Dallap-Schaer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
High Viral Load ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Genotype I ◽  
Flunixin Meglumine ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Here we report on an EHV-1 outbreak investigation caused by a novel genotype H752 (histidine in amino acid position 752 of the ORF 30 gene). The outbreak involved 31 performance horses. Horses were monitored over a period of 35 days for clinical signs, therapeutic outcome and qPCR results of EHV-1 in blood and nasal secretions. The morbidity of the EHV-1 outbreak was 84% with 26 clinically infected horses displaying fever and less frequently anorexia and distal limb edema. Four horses showed mild transient neurological deficits. Clinically diseased horses experienced high viral load of EHV-1 in blood and/or nasal secretions via qPCR, while subclinically infected horses had detectable EHV-1 mainly in nasal secretions. The majority of infected horses showed a rise in antibody titers to EHV-1 during the outbreak. All 31 horses were treated with valacyclovir, while clinically infected horses further received flunixin meglumine and sodium heparin. This investigation highlights various relevant aspects of an EHV-1 outbreak caused by a new H752 genotype: (i) importance of early detection of EHV-1 infection; (ii) diagnostic challenge to assess H752 genotype; (iii) apparent benefit of valacyclovir use in the early stage of the outbreak; and (iv) weekly testing of blood and nasal secretions by qPCR in order to monitor individual infection status and lift quarantine.

scholarly journals Is the oral microbiome a source to enhance mucosal immunity against infectious diseases?

npj Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Zenobia ◽  
Karla-Luise Herpoldt ◽  
Marcelo Freire
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Outer Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Th17 Response

AbstractMucosal tissues act as a barrier throughout the oral, nasopharyngeal, lung, and intestinal systems, offering first-line protection against potential pathogens. Conventionally, vaccines are applied parenterally to induce serotype-dependent humoral response but fail to drive adequate mucosal immune protection for viral infections such as influenza, HIV, and coronaviruses. Oral mucosa, however, provides a vast immune repertoire against specific microbial pathogens and yet is shaped by an ever-present microbiome community that has co-evolved with the host over thousands of years. Adjuvants targeting mucosal T-cells abundant in oral tissues can promote soluble-IgA (sIgA)-specific protection to confer increased vaccine efficacy. Th17 cells, for example, are at the center of cell-mediated immunity and evidence demonstrates that protection against heterologous pathogen serotypes is achieved with components from the oral microbiome. At the point of entry where pathogens are first encountered, typically the oral or nasal cavity, the mucosal surfaces are layered with bacterial cohabitants that continually shape the host immune profile. Constituents of the oral microbiome including their lipids, outer membrane vesicles, and specific proteins, have been found to modulate the Th17 response in the oral mucosa, playing important roles in vaccine and adjuvant designs. Currently, there are no approved adjuvants for the induction of Th17 protection, and it is critical that this research is included in the preparedness for the current and future pandemics. Here, we discuss the potential of oral commensals, and molecules derived thereof, to induce Th17 activity and provide safer and more predictable options in adjuvant engineering to prevent emerging infectious diseases.

scholarly journals A novel procedure for the rapid isolation of surfactant protein A with retention of its alveolar-macrophage-stimulating properties

1995 ◽  
Vol 309 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
J F van Iwaarden ◽  
F Teding van Berkhout ◽  
J A Whitsett ◽  
R S Oosting ◽  
L M G van Golde
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Macrophage ◽  
Alveolar Macrophages ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Surfactant Protein A ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Alveolar Proteinosis ◽  
Simplex Virus

Previous studies have shown that surfactant protein A (SP-A) derived from alveolar-proteinosis patients activates rat alveolar macrophages. However, it is not known if normal rat, dog and human SP-A can also stimulate alveolar macrophages. As alveolar-proteinosis SP-A has a slightly different structure from ordinary SP-A, it would be possible that the ascribed alveolar-macrophage-stimulating properties of SP-A are restricted to alveolar-proteinosis SP-A. To clarify this issue, we isolated SP-A from normal rat and dog pulmonary surfactants, using the same isolation technique commonly used for the isolation of alveolar-proteinosis SP-A, i.e. by butanol precipitation. In contrast with human alveolar-proteinosis SP-A, rat and dog SP-A obtained thus could not activate rat alveolar macrophages to produce oxygen radicals or enhance the phagocytosis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled herpes simplex virus. However, rat, dog and normal human SP-A isolated by a novel method, involving extraction from pulmonary surfactant by using n-octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside and subsequent purification by cation-exchange chromatography, were able to elicit an oxidative burst in rat as well as normal human alveolar macrophages. In addition, dog and rat SP-A obtained thus stimulated the phagocytosis of herpes simplex virus by rat alveolar macrophages. These findings indicate that normal human, rat and dog SP-A have the same alveolar-macrophage-stimulating properties as human alveolar proteinosis SP-A. Dog and rat SP-A isolated by this novel method had the same Ca(2+)-dependent self-aggregation and lipid-aggregation properties as SP-A isolated by butanol precipitation. The new and milder isolation procedure yielded SP-A of high purity, as judged by SDS/PAGE and ELISA.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Seroprevalence of Pestivirus and Respiratory Viral Infections in Spanish Feedlot Lambs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Teresa Navarro ◽  
Aurora Ortín ◽  
Oscar Cabezón ◽  
Marcelo De Las Heras ◽  
Delia Lacasta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Bovine Herpesvirus Type 1 ◽  
Feedlot Lambs ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Bovine Parainfluenza Virus

The presence of respiratory viruses and pestiviruses in sheep has been widely demonstrated, and their ability to cause injury and predispose to respiratory processes have been proven experimentally. A longitudinal observational study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) and pestiviruses in 120 lambs at the beginning and the end of the fattening period. During this time, the animals were clinically monitored, their growth was recorded, and post-mortem examinations were performed in order to identify the presence of pneumonic lesions in the animals. Seroconversion to all viruses tested except BHV-1 was detected at the end of the period. Initially, BPIV-3 antibodies were the most frequently found, while the most common seroconversion through the analysed period occurred to BRSV. Only 10.8% of the lambs showed no detectable levels of antibodies against any of the tested viruses at the end of the survey. In addition, no statistical differences were found in the presentation of respiratory clinical signs, pneumonic lesions nor in the production performance between lambs that seroconverted and those which did not, except in the case of pestiviruses. The seroconversion to pestiviruses was associated with a reduction in the final weight of the lambs.

scholarly journals Retrograde Axonal Transport: a Major Transmission Route of Enterovirus 71 in Mice

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (17) ◽  
pp. 8996-9003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Che-Szu Chen ◽  
Yi-Chuan Yao ◽  
Shin-Chao Lin ◽  
Yi-Ping Lee ◽  
Ya-Fang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Enterovirus 71 ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Transmission Route ◽  
Brain Infection ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Clinical Illness

ABSTRACT Inoculation of enterovirus 71 (EV71) by the oral (p.o.), intramuscular (i.m.), or intracranial route resulted in brain infection, flaccid paralysis, pulmonary dysfunction, and death of 7-day-old mice. The lag time of disease progression indicated that neuroinvasion from the inoculation sites was a prerequisite for the development of the clinical signs. Although EV71 p.o. inoculation led to a persistent viremia and a transient increase in blood-brain barrier permeability at the early stage of the infection, only low levels of virus, which led to neither severe infection nor clinical illness, could be detected in the brain, suggesting that hematogenous transport might not represent a major transmission route. In the spinal cord, following both p.o. and hind limb i.m. inoculation, the virus first appeared and increased rapidly in the lower segments, especially at the anterior horn areas, and then spread to the upper segments and brain in the presence of viremia. A reverse pattern, with the virus being first detected in the upper segment, was observed when the virus was i.m. inoculated in the forelimb. Colchicine, a fast axonal transport inhibitor, but not sciatic nerve transection reduced EV71 neuroinvasion in a dose-dependent manner, indicating a neuronal transmission of the virus.

scholarly journals Osteoarthritis in pet guinea pigs: an update on diagnosis, treatment and management

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
Emma Keeble
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Advanced Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Nutritional Supplements ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Early Age

This article reviews the current literature on osteoarthritis in pet and laboratory guinea pigs. The associated clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis in pet guinea pigs will be discussed, with options for analgesia detailed. This condition is thought to be common in pet guinea pigs, even from an early age in some genetic lines, although osteoarthritis often goes undiagnosed in this species until advanced disease is present, posing a major welfare concern. Increasing awareness of this condition in veterinary practitioners should aid early diagnosis in pets and help improve their quality of life. Prevention may be possible using oral protective nutritional supplements to slow down the progression of this disease at an early stage. Lifestyle changes are also discussed for the management of this condition in pet guinea pigs.

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