A decline and age shift in malaria incidence in rural Mali following implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention and indoor residual spraying

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drissa Coulibaly ◽  
Boureima Guindo ◽  
Amadou Niangaly ◽  
Fayçal Maiga ◽  
Salimata Konate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Age Shift

Abstract BackgroundDeclines in malaria incidence attributed to the implementation of control strategies have been reported in many African countries. The declines are often accompanied by a shift in clinical burden to older children. In Mali, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) was introduced in 2004, and Long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) have been partially distributed free of charge since 2007. In Bandiagara, a study conducted from 2009 to 2013 showed a stable incidence of malaria compared to 1999 despite the use of ACTs and LLINs. Since 2016, seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) has been scaled up across the country. In addition to these strategies, the population of Bandiagara benefited the universal bed net coverage and indoor residual spray (IRS) implementation in 2017 and 2018.This study aimed to measure the incidence of malaria in the context of recent scaling-up of control strategies.MethodsA cohort of 300 children aged 6 months to 15 years was followed from October 2017 to December 2018 in Mali. Monthly cross-sectional surveys were done to measure the prevalence of malaria infection by microscopy and anaemia. The study outcomes included the monthly prevalence of malaria infection and the incidence of symptomatic malaria.ResultsThe incidence of symptomatic malaria was 0.5 episodes/person-year. The average prevalence of malaria parasitaemia was 6.7%. The incidence was higher in the oldest age group than the youngest one (0.6 episodes/person-year in children above 10 years vs 0.29 in 6 months to 5 years age group).ConclusionsThis study showed a reduction of malaria incidence compared to 1999 and 2009-2013. An age shift in the susceptibility to malaria was also observed; older children experienced more clinical malaria than younger ones. These findings suggest to extend malaria control efforts to older children.

scholarly journals A Decline and Age Shift in Malaria Incidence in Rural Mali following Implementation of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention and Indoor Residual Spraying

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 1342-1347
Author(s):  
Drissa Coulibaly ◽  
Boureima Guindo ◽  
Amadou Niangaly ◽  
Fayçal Maiga ◽  
Salimata Konate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate Ratio ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention ◽  
Age Shift

ABSTRACTMany African countries have reported declines in malaria incidence, attributed to the implementation of control strategies. In Mali, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) was introduced in 2004, and long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) have been partially distributed free of charge since 2007. In the Malian town of Bandiagara, a study conducted from 2009 to 2013 showed a stable incidence of malaria compared with 1999, despite the implementation of ACTs and LLINs. Since 2016, seasonal malaria chemoprevention has been scaled up across the country. In addition to these strategies, the population of Bandiagara benefited from indoor residual spray implementation in 2017 and 2018 and continued universal bed net coverage. This study aimed to measure the incidence of malaria in Bandiagara, given this recent scaling up of control strategies. A cohort of 300 children aged 6 months to 15 years was followed up from October 2017 to December 2018. We performed monthly cross-sectional surveys to measure anemia and the prevalence of malaria infection by microscopy. The overall incidence of symptomatic malaria was 0.5 episodes/person-year. Malaria incidence in children up to 5 years old significantly declined since 2012 and since 1999 (incidence rate ratio estimates: 6.7 [95% CI: 4.2–11.4] and 13.5 [95% CI: 8.4–22.7]), respectively. The average prevalence of malaria parasitemia was 6.7%. Malaria incidence was higher in children older than 5 years than in those younger than 5 years, highlighting the need to extend malaria control efforts to these older children.

scholarly journals Lactose malabsorption in junior high school children

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswitha D. Budiarso ◽  
Deny Sofia ◽  
Sri Rezeki S Hadinegoro ◽  
Badriul Hegar
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Lactose Intolerance ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lactose Malabsorption ◽  
Drinking Habit ◽  
Practical Implications

Background The prevalence of lactose malabsorption varieswidely throughout the world. Only people of Caucasian geneticbackground continue to produce high amount of lactase throughoutadulthood. Previous studies in Indonesia revealed that theprevalence of lactose malabsorption was 21-58% in children aged3-11 years.Objective To determine the prevalence of lactose malabsorptionin the older age group and whether a change in milk drinking habitcan affect it.Methods A cross sectional descriptive study was conducted on98 children aged between 12 and 14 years (junior high school) inJakarta. Lactose malabsorption was evaluated with LactometerBreath Hydrogen Test (Hoek Loes, Amsterdam). Milk drinking habitwas recorded, and drinking at least 1 glass of milk everyday since6 months or more before the study was considered as regular milkdrinking.Results This study showed 73% of the children had lactose malabsorption.Regular milk drinking habit was found in 32 (33%) childrenand lactose malabsorption occurred in 26. From 66 childrenwho were irregular milk drinkers, lactose malabsorption was foundin 46 (70%). Lactose intolerance was about the same in both groups.Conclusion There was an increasing prevalence of lactose malabsorptionin older children. Milk drinking habit is a major concernto review the practical implications of lactose malabsorption.

scholarly journals Malaria infection and anemia status in under-five children from Southern Tanzania where seasonal malaria chemoprevention is being implemented

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0260785
Author(s):  
Richard O. Mwaiswelo ◽  
Bruno P. Mmbando ◽  
Frank Chacky ◽  
Fabrizio Molteni ◽  
Ally Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Bed Net ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention

Background Malaria and anemia remain major public health challenges in Tanzania. Household socioeconomic factors are known to influence these conditions. However, it is not clear how these factors influence malaria transmission and anemia in Masasi and Nanyumbu Districts. This study presents findings on malaria and anemia situation in under-five children and its influencing socioeconomic factors in Masasi and Nanyumbu Districts, surveyed as part of an ongoing seasonal malaria chemoprevention operational study. Methods A community-based cross-sectional survey was conducted between August and September 2020. Finger-prick blood samples collected from children aged 3–59 months were used to test for malaria infection using malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT), thick smears for determination of asexual and sexual parasitemia, and thin smear for parasite speciation. Hemoglobin concentration was measured using a HemoCue spectrophotometer. A structured questionnaire was used to collect household socioeconomic information from parents/caregivers of screened children. The prevalence of malaria was the primary outcome. Chi-square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression models were used appropriately. Results Overall mRDT-based malaria prevalence was 15.9% (373/2340), and was significantly higher in Nanyumbu (23.7% (167/705) than Masasi District (12.6% (206/1635), p<0.001. Location (Nanyumbu), no formal education, household number of people, household number of under-fives, not having a bed net, thatched roof, open/partially open eave, sand/soil floor, and low socioeconomic status were major risks for malaria infection. Some 53.9% (1196/2218) children had anemia, and the majority were in Nanyumbu (63.5% (458/705), p<0.001. Location (Nanyumbu), mRDT positive, not owning a bed net, not sleeping under bed net, open/partially open eave, thatched window, sex of the child, and age of the child were major risk factors for anemia. Conclusion Prevalence of malaria and anemia was high and was strongly associated with household socioeconomic factors. Improving household socioeconomic status is expected to reduce the prevalence of the conditions in the area.

scholarly journals Orthodontic status and treatment need of 13 to 15 year-old children in Kwa-Zulu Natal South Africa: An epidemiology study using the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI)

2021 ◽  
Vol 76 (07) ◽  
pp. 414-421
Author(s):  
Kiran Ramson ◽  
Shenuka Singh
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Treatment Need

The prevalence of malocclusion among school going children in KwaZulu-Natal remains poorly defined despite the known physiological and psychological impact of this dental occurrence. The aim and objectives of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion and possible treatment need in 13-15 year-old school going children in Durban, Kwa-Zulu Natal. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional epidemiological study conducted on 270 school-going children aged 13 to 15 years, in the Umlazi and Pinetown school districts. A two-staged clustered and systematic random sampling technique was used to draw the study sample. Data was collected through an intraoral examination of occlusal status and the malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need was assessed through use of the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI). Questionnaires were developed to collect information on the learners’ health status and socio demographic profile. The results indicated that 144 (53.3%) of the 270 learners had DAI scores <25 (no abnormality or minor malocclusion not requiring orthodontic treatment); 26 learners (9.6%) had DAI scores of between 26-30 (definite malocclusion requiring elective orthodontic treatment); 59 learners (21.9%) had DAI scores of between 31-35 (severe malocclusion requiring orthodontic treatment); and 41 learners (15.2%) had DAI scores >36 (very severe or handicapping malocclusion requiring mandatory orthodontic treatment). There was an increase in the proportion of malocclusion in older children. The age group of 15 years old had a mean and standard deviation of 30.02+8.9 when compared to the age group 13 years old (27.76+12.17). The association between gender distribution and severity of malocclusion was found to be statistically significant (p=0.01). The present study primarily indicated a significant prevalence of malocclusion in the identified children. Although 53.3% of children did not require treatment, 37.1% presented with severe and handicapping malocclusion. This suggests a definite and mandatory treatment need for this group of children. The study could provide useful baseline epidemiological data that could inform oral health planning on the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need for 13-15 year-old school going children in the identified geographical area.

scholarly journals PREVENTION AND TREATMENT PRACTICES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MALARIA CONTROL IN MUKONO DISTRICT UGANDA

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. MBONYE ◽  
I. C. BYGBJERG ◽  
P. MAGNUSSEN
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Control ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
Malaria Treatment ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Policy Debate ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mukono District

SummaryAvailable data in Uganda indicate a resurgence of malaria morbidity and mortality countrywide. This study assessed the burden of malaria, treatment and prevention practices in order initiate a policy debate on the scaling-up of current interventions. A triangulation of methods using a cross-sectional survey and key informant interviews was used to assess self-reported malaria at a household level in Mukono District, Uganda. A total of 5583 households were surveyed, and a high proportion (2897, 51·9%) reported a person with malaria two weeks prior to the survey. Only 546 households (9·8%) owned and used insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for malaria prevention. Similarly, only a few households (86, 1·5%) used indoor residual spraying. Self-treatment with home-stocked drugs was high, yet there was low awareness of the effectiveness of expired drugs on malaria treatment. Self-reported malaria was associated with socioeconomic, behavioural and environmental factors, but more especially with household ownership of ITNs. These results will contribute to the current debate on identifying new approaches for scaling-up prevention interventions and effective case management, as well as selection of priority interventions for malaria control in Uganda.

scholarly journals Prevalence and trend of malaria with anaemia among under-five children in Jasikan District, Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Domechele ◽  
George Pokoanti Wak ◽  
Francis Bruno Zotor
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
High Prevalence

AbstractBackgroundMalaria still remains a major killer of children under-five, claiming the life of one child every two minutes globally. More than 78% of deaths among children under-five in Africa are as a result of malaria infection. Despite the several interventions to reduce malaria and anaemia, the disease remains a global public concern as more children continue to die. This study assessed the prevalence and trend of malaria and anaemia in children under-five years from 2012 to 2016.MethodsWe conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among children under-five with malaria and anaemia who received care at the hospital in Jasikan town, Ghana from 2012 to 2016. Data were extracted from the children’s ward admission and discharge registers. We computed descriptive statistics to describe the data. STATA version 14 was used to carry out the analyses.ResultsOut of 30082 malaria cases, 835 were with anaemia from 2012 to 2016. This study demonstrated an overall proportion of malaria with anaemia as 0.028 (28 per 1000 malaria cases). Year 2014 recorded the highest proportion (38 per 1,000 malaria cases) of malaria with anaemia cases in the district. Overall, prevalence rate of malaria and anaemia cases separately was found as 61.5% and 4.4% respectively from 2012-2016. Children within 24-35 months’ age group contributed the highest (28.3%) and 0-11 months accounted for the lowest (12.9%) malaria with anaemia cases. Majority of malaria with anaemia cases 531 (63.6%) occurred in the rainy season from June to July.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of malaria with anaemia cases among children under-five from 2012-2016. Age and seasonal variation were found to be predictors of an increase in the prevalence of malaria with anaemia.

scholarly journals Malaria and COVID-19: unmasking their ties

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mogahed Ismail Hassan Hussein ◽  
Ahmed Abdalazim Dafallah Albashir ◽  
Omer Ali Mohamed Ahmed Elawad ◽  
Anmar Homeida
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Indoor Residual Spraying ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractThe incidence and mortality of COVID-19, according to the World Health Organization reports, shows a noticeable difference between North America, Western Europe, and South Asia on one hand and most African countries on the other hand, especially the malaria-endemic countries. Although this observation could be attributed to limited testing capacity, mitigation tools adopted and cultural habits, many theories have been postulated to explain this difference in prevalence and mortality. Because death tends to occur more in elders, both the role of demography, and how the age structure of a population may contribute to the difference in mortality rate between countries were discussed. The variable distribution of the ACEI/D and the ACE2 (C1173T substitution) polymorphisms has been postulated to explain this variable prevalence. Up-to-date data regarding the role of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) in COVID-19 have been summarized. The article also sheds lights on how the similarity of malaria and COVID-19 symptoms can lead to misdiagnosis of one disease for the other or overlooking the possibility of co-infection. As the COVID-19 pandemic threatens the delivery of malaria services, such as the distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), indoor residual spraying, as well as malaria chemoprevention there is an urgent need for rapid and effective responses to avoid malaria outbreaks.

scholarly journals Two-Year Scale-Up of Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention Reduced Malaria Morbidity among Children in the Health District of Koutiala, Mali

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6639
Author(s):  
Hamma Maiga ◽  
Jean Gaudart ◽  
Issaka Sagara ◽  
Modibo Diarra ◽  
Amadou Bamadio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Clinical Malaria ◽  
Health District ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Malaria Morbidity ◽  
Reduced Frequency ◽  
Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention

Background: Previous controlled studies demonstrated seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) reduces malaria morbidity by >80% in children aged 3–59 months. Here, we assessed malaria morbidity after large-scale SMC implementation during a pilot campaign in the health district of Koutiala, Mali. Methods: Starting in August 2012, children received three rounds of SMC with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and amodiaquine (AQ). From July 2013 onward, children received four rounds of SMC. Prevalence of malaria infection, clinical malaria and anemia were assessed during two cross-sectional surveys conducted in August 2012 and June 2014. Investigations involved 20 randomly selected clusters in 2012 against 10 clusters in 2014. Results: Overall, 662 children were included in 2012, and 670 in 2014. Children in 2014 versus those surveyed in 2012 showed reduced proportions of malaria infection (12.4% in 2014 versus 28.7% in 2012 (p = 0.001)), clinical malaria (0.3% versus 4.2%, respectively (p < 0.001)), and anemia (50.1% versus 67.4%, respectively (p = 0.001)). A propensity score approach that accounts for environmental differences showed that SMC conveyed a significant protective effect against malaria infection (IR = 0.01, 95% CI (0.0001; 0.09), clinical malaria (OR = 0.25, 95% CI (0.06; 0.85)), and hemoglobin concentration (β = 1.3, 95% CI (0.69; 1.96)) in 2012 and 2014, respectively. Conclusion: SMC significantly reduced frequency of malaria infection, clinical malaria and anemia two years after SMC scale-up in Koutiala.

scholarly journals Epidemiological trends of malaria in the Western regions of Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 1332-1337
Author(s):  
Omar SO Amer ◽  
Mohamed I Waly ◽  
Izhar W Burhan ◽  
Esam S Al-Malki ◽  
Amor Smida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Plasmodium Malariae ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

Introduction: Saudi Arabia has successfully reduced malaria cases to be constrained largely in the western regions. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological trends of malaria infection in five western regions of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: A retrospective analysis was conducted to investigate the epidemiological trends of malaria infection in the western regions, based on the published registry of the Saudi Ministry of Health, during the period from 2014 to 2017 using the appropriate statistical tools. Results: A total of 8925 confirmed cases of malaria were reported in the western regions during the period from 2014 to 2017 with the mean of 2231 malaria cases per year. The minimum (n = 1097) and maximum (n = 4075) number of cases were reported in 2014 and 2016 respectively. The highest (n = 5919, 66.3%) number of cases were reported from Jazan region, while lowest (n = 86, 1.0%) number of cases were reported from Al-Bahah region. Plasmodium falciparum was the most frequently reported species with 7485 (83.9%) cases, while Plasmodium vivax accounted 1386 (15.5%) cases. Plasmodium malariae and mixed infections were insignificant and accounted 0.5% (n = 48) and 0.1% (n = 6) cases respectively. In relation to malaria infection and age group, malaria was predominant in > 15 age group. The highest number of malaria cases in almost all years was observed from January until March and the lowest number was reported from May until July. Conclusions: Plasmodium falciparum was the most dominant species in this survey and Jazan was the most affected region.

scholarly journals A cross-sectional study of the prevalence, density and risk factors associated with malaria transmission in urban communities of Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oluwaseun Awosolu ◽  
Zary Shariman Yahaya ◽  
Farah Haziqah Meor Termizi ◽  
Iyabo Adepeju Simon-Oke ◽  
Comfort Fakunle
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Parasite Density ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background Malaria is a serious global public health challenge which causes great morbidity and mortality worldwide particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was designed to determine the prevalence, parasite density and risk factors associated with malaria infection transmission among residents of two urban communities of Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. Methods A cross-sectional hospital-based study was carried out on 300 participants. Blood samples were obtained. Thick and thin blood films were prepared and viewed using the standard parasitological technique of microscopy. Moreover, data on sociodemographic and environmental variables were obtained using standard questionnaire. Results Of the 300 participants examined, a total of 165 (55.0%) were found positive for Plasmodium falciparum with a mean (S.D) parasite density of 1814.70 (1829.117) parasite/µL of blood. The prevalence and parasite density of malaria infection was statistically significant (P < 0.05) in relation to age group. Obviously, malaria infection decreases as age increasing with ≤ 5 years having the highest prevalence and mean parasite density. Similarly, in relation to gender, males significantly (P < 0.05) had higher prevalence (60.2%) and mean (S.D) parasite density of malaria infection [2157.73 (1659.570) parasite/µL of blood] compared to females. Additionally, those without formal education had the highest prevalence (73.0%) and mean (S.D) parasite density of infection [2626.96 (2442.195) parasite/µL of blood]. The binary logistic regression analysis showed that age group 6–10 (COR 0.066, 95% CI: 0.007–0.635), presence of streams (COR 0.225, 95% CI: 0.103–0.492), distance from streams within ≤ 1 Km (COR 0.283, 95% CI: 0.122–0.654) and travel to rural area (COR 4.689, 95% CI: 2.430–9.049) were the major risk factors. Conclusions Malaria infection is apparently endemic in the study area and greatly influenced by rural-urban movement. Multifaceted and integrated control strategy should be adopted. Health education on mosquito prevention and use of chemoprophylaxis before and during travel to rural areas are important.

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