Congestion Control investigation into 5G V2V

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houda CHIHI ◽  
Ridha Boualegue
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Congestion Control ◽  
Data Exchange ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Network Density ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
V2v Communication ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Congestion control is a hot research topic according to the continuous increase of traffic density together with great mobility of cars. In this context, in this survey we present an overview about the different vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication enablers by describing the difference between them performing better driving assistance together with efficient congestion control ensuring driving safety. New radio (NR) 5G is the heuristic enabler which provides scalability and reliability towards vehicular communication. Indeed, NR 5G is the best solution supporing the great increase of network density. 5G technology is expected to allow much advanced services and application with a huge capacity of data exchange. Congestion occurance impacts the quality of service of vehicular network, for this accurate quantification is required. In our analysis we consider channel busy rate CBR as indicator of network density. Channel load control is mondatory to overcome traffic jam which could be highlighted by different metrics. The connectivity between cars is modeled with a game theory framework considering a non cooperative vehicular mobility. Each vehicle adjusts its transmitted power in dynamic way taking into account the traffic density measured by channel busy rate (CBR). Consequently, we follow a theoretical modeling to determine the efficient allocated power ensuring awareness messages exchange without saturating the communication channel under the respect of a fixed threshold. Therefore, channel saturation control is investigated following a theoretical analysis exploiting game theory under the assumption of a non cooperative strategy. Each vehicle acts as a player presenting a specific driving behavior different to the other cars participating into the same scenario. The optimization framework is about determining the optimal allocated power for congestion minimization.

scholarly journals Neuroevolution-Based Adaptive Antenna Array Beamforming Scheme to Improve the V2V Communication Performance at Intersections

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 2956
Author(s):  
Hojin Kang Kim ◽  
Raimundo Becerra ◽  
Sandy Bolufé ◽  
Cesar A. Azurdia-Meza ◽  
Samuel Montejo-Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Adaptive Beamforming ◽  
Ieee 802.11P ◽  
Adaptive Antenna ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Communication Range ◽  
V2v Communication ◽  
Mutation Strategy

The opportunistic exchange of information between vehicles can significantly contribute to reducing the occurrence of accidents and mitigating their damages. However, in urban environments, especially at intersection scenarios, obstacles such as buildings and walls block the line of sight between the transmitter and receiver, reducing the vehicular communication range and thus harming the performance of road safety applications. Furthermore, the sizes of the surrounding vehicles and weather conditions may affect the communication. This makes communications in urban V2V communication scenarios extremely difficult. Since the late notification of vehicles or incidents can lead to the loss of human lives, this paper focuses on improving urban vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications at intersections by using a transmission scheme able of adapting to the surrounding environment. Therefore, we proposed a neuroevolution of augmenting topologies-based adaptive beamforming scheme to control the radiation pattern of an antenna array and thus mitigate the effects generated by shadowing in urban V2V communication at intersection scenarios. This work considered the IEEE 802.11p standard for the physical layer of the vehicular communication link. The results show that our proposal outperformed the isotropic antenna in terms of the communication range and response time, as well as other traditional machine learning approaches, such as genetic algorithms and mutation strategy-based particle swarm optimization.

scholarly journals Effects of Environmental Temperature onCapnodis tenebrionisAdult Phenology

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Peter Bonsignore
Keyword(s):  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Adult Density ◽  
Degree Days ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
Activity Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
New Generation

The phenology ofCapnodis tenebrionisadults was presented with reference to two different climate conditions. In a temperate moderate-warm climate, adult density showed two separate peaks during the year: one in early summer of the overwintering generation and one with beetles emerging in the late summer. In a warmer semiarid climate, the overwintering adults and the new generation overlapped during summer with a continuous increase of adult density. The difference in the average annual temperature between areas during the study period was almost3∘C, and, in the warmer area, the new generation ofC. tenebrionisemerged at least one month earlier. To make a prediction of adult presence, a model utilizing degree-days was developed from data collected over a five-year period. Models obtained from equations (Logistic 4-parameter,y(x)=yo+a/(1+(x/xo)b)) of each year were developed to describe the relationship between degree-day accumulation (with a minimal threshold activity temperature of14.21∘Ccalculated in the laboratory) and the cumulative percentage of adult presence. According to the overall model, the 50% of overwintering beetles occurred at 726 degree-days (Biofix: 1st March) and the emerging beetles occurred at 801 degree-days (Biofix: 1st July). The results show that a change in temperature is an important aspect that highlights the adaptability of this species.

scholarly journals Experimental Consideration of Conditions for Measuring Residual Stresses of Rails Using Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Method

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 5374
Author(s):  
Young-In Hwang ◽  
Yong-Il Kim ◽  
Dae-Cheol Seo ◽  
Mu-Kyung Seo ◽  
Woo-Sang Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Residual Stresses ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Noise Band ◽  
Magnetic Barkhausen Noise ◽  
Continuous Increase ◽  
Fracture Characteristics ◽  
Fatigue And Fracture ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Number Of Passes

Residual stress, a factor affecting the fatigue and fracture characteristics of rails, is formed during the processes of fabrication and heat treatment, and is also generated by vertical loads on wheels due to the weight of vehicles. Moreover, damage to rails tends to accelerate due to the continuous increase in the number of passes and to the high speed of passing vehicles. Because this can have a direct effect on safety accidents, having a technique to evaluate and analyze the residual stresses in rails accurately is very important. In this study, stresses due to tensile loads applied to new rails and residual stresses remaining in used rails were measured by using magnetic Barkhausen noise method. First, a magnetization frequency and noise band suitable for the rails were selected. Moreover, by applying tensile loads to specimens and comparing the difference in magnetization amplitudes for each load, the stresses applied to the rails by using the magnetic Barkhausen noise method were measured, and the analysis of the results was verified. Based on these results, the difference in the results for the loads asymmetrically applied according to the wheel shape was analyzed by measuring for the head parts of used rails.

SMART INTELLIGENT CONGESTION CONTROL AMBULANCE ASSISTANCE SYSTEM USING WIRELESS COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES

2021 ◽  
pp. 7495-7503
Author(s):  
Dr.M.Mahalakshmi, Dr.M.Saravanan, Mrs. Santhi , P.Dileep, G.Aparna, Dr. SHARAVANAN. S
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Congestion Control ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Emergency Situation ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Communication Techniques ◽  
North And South ◽  
East West

The proposed method aims in designing a system which is capable identifying the emergency situation in ambulance and automatically controls the traffic at the signal point. This feature helps in decreasing the death rate which occurs mostly due to traffic congestion in emergency situation. Traffic density sensor is used to increase the green time when the traffic is heavy. Zigbee is used for establishing wireless communication between system in ambulance and the system at signal point, few control buttons in ambulance are used for indicating emergency situation, and traffic signal indicators are to be controlled depending on emergency situation in the ambulance. In Zigbee transmitter, which is their in the ambulance and placed four buttons i.e. east, west, north and south. The driver presses either of these button depending on the ambulance direction. So, this transmitter sends signal to that Zigbee receiver placed at the traffic junction and the PIC microcontroller takes the action of controlling the LEDs and IR obstacle sensor identify the heavy traffic.

scholarly journals Determination of Curve Speed Zones for Mountainous Freeways

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Yongtao Liu ◽  
Jie Qiao ◽  
Yanting Hu ◽  
Tengyuan Fang ◽  
Ting Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Warning Sign ◽  
Speed Limit ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Traffic Efficiency ◽  
Safety Warning ◽  
The Difference

Different vehicular speed limits may have an impact on the balance between safety and efficiency of travel on mountainous road corners associated with complex road conditions. Placing suitable speed limit warning signs does not merely effectively improve traffic safety but can also improve traffic efficiency. In this study, a global positioning system (GPS) terminal and Metrocount were used to collect vehicle speed data from more than 40 provincial-level curves in 8 provinces over the course of 1 year. Each road data collection time-period lasted approximately 8 hours. A descriptive statistics method was adopted by means of data screening and pretreatment. Additionally, both a velocity difference estimation model was established and a linear model of velocity differential estimation was constructed. Quantitative analysis was carried out on the safe speed, the driver’s expected speed, and the location of the speed limit warning signs. This demonstrated a positive correlation with the initial speed. When the difference in speed was greater than 15 km/h, a safety warning sign was required to limit the design speed to 80 km/h. A safety warning sign was also required when the corner radius was less than 300 m. The location of safety warning signs could be calculated based on the operating speed and taking driving safety and the visual range of drivers into consideration. The results can provide a theoretical reference for setting up appropriate safe speed limiting signs on road corners in mountainous areas.

scholarly journals Multi-Hop Dynamic Map Data Propagation Algorithm for Clustered Vehicular Networks

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1728
Author(s):  
Odilbek Urmonov ◽  
HyungWon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Driving Safety ◽  
Local Dynamic ◽  
Vehicular Communication ◽  
Data Propagation ◽  
Dynamic Map ◽  
Map Data ◽  
Transmission Windows

To ensure the driving safety in vehicular network, it is necessary to construct a local dynamic map (LDM) for an extended range. Using the standard vehicular communication protocols, however, vehicles can construct the LDM for only one-hop range. Constructing large-scale LDM is highly challenging because vehicles randomly change their position. This paper proposes a dynamic map propagation (DMP) method, which builds a large aggregated LDM data using a multi-hop communication. To reduce the data overhead, we introduce an efficient clustering method based on a half-circle of the forwarder’s wireless range. The DMP elects one forwarder per cluster, which constructs LDM and forwards it to a neighbor cluster. The inter-cluster interference is minimized by allocating a different transmit window to each cluster. DMP copes with a dynamic environment by frequently re-electing the forwarders and their associated transmission windows. Simulation results reveal that DMP enhances the forwarders’ reception ratio by 20%, while extending LDM dissemination range by 29% over a previous work.

scholarly journals Dynamic utility: the sixth reciprocity mechanism for the evolution of cooperation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 200891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromu Ito ◽  
Jun Tanimoto
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Dynamic Game ◽  
Evolutionary Games ◽  
Evolution Of Cooperation ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Evolutionary Mechanism ◽  
Static Game ◽  
Chicken Game ◽  
The Difference

Game theory has been extensively applied to elucidate the evolutionary mechanism of cooperative behaviour. Dilemmas in game theory are important elements that disturb the promotion of cooperation. An important question is how to escape from dilemmas. Recently, a dynamic utility function (DUF) that considers an individual's current status (wealth) and that can be applied to game theory was developed. The DUF is different from the famous five reciprocity mechanisms called Nowak's five rules. Under the DUF, cooperation is promoted by poor players in the chicken game, with no changes in the prisoner's dilemma and stag-hunt games. In this paper, by comparing the strengths of the two dilemmas, we show that the DUF is a novel reciprocity mechanism (sixth rule) that differs from Nowak's five rules. We also show the difference in dilemma relaxation between dynamic game theory and (traditional) static game theory when the DUF and one of the five rules are combined. Our results indicate that poor players unequivocally promote cooperation in any dynamic game. Unlike conventional rules that have to be brought into game settings, this sixth rule is universally (canonical form) applicable to any game because all repeated/evolutionary games are dynamic in principle.

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