Evaluation of Energy Consumption of LPWAN Technologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husam Rajab ◽  
Tibor Cinkler ◽  
Taoufik Bouguera
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Sleep Mode ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption

Abstract The modern technological innovations provide small radios with ability to broadcast over vast areas with minimum energy consumption that will significantly influence the future of the Internet of Things (IoT) communications. The majority of IoT implementations demand sensor nodes run reliably for an extended time. Furthermore, the radio settings can endure a high data rate transmission while optimizing the energy-efficiency. The LoRa/LoRaWAN is one of the primary Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology that has highly enticed much concentration recently from the community. The energy limits is a significant issue in wireless sensor networks since battery lifetime that supplies sensor nodes have a restricted amount of energy and neither expendable nor rechargeable in most cases. A common hypothesis in previous work is that the energy consumed by sensors in sleep mode is negligible. With this hypothesis, the usual approach is to consider subsets of nodes that reach all the iterative targets. These subsets also called coverage sets, are then put in the active mode, considering the others are in the low-power or sleep mode. In this paper, we address this question by proposing an energy consumption model based on LoRa and LoRaWAN, that model optimizes the energy consumption of the sensor node for different tasks for a period of time. The proposed analytical approach permits considering the consumed power of every sensor node element; furthermore, it can be used to analyse different LoRaWAN modes to determine the most desirable sensor node design to reach its energy autonomy.

scholarly journals A Study on the Impact of Nodes Density on the Energy Consumption of LoRa

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (14) ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Aizat Faiz Ramli ◽  
Muhammad Ikram Shabry ◽  
Mohd Azlan Abu ◽  
Hafiz Basarudin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Consumption Ratio ◽  
The Impact

LoRaWAN is one of the leading Low power wide area network (LPWAN) LPWAN technologies that compete for the formation of big scale Internet of Things (IoT). It uses LoRa protocol to achieve long range, low bit rate and low power communication. Large scale LoRaWAN based IoT deployments can consist of battery powered sensor nodes. Therefore, the energy consumption and efficiency of these nodes are crucial factors that can influence the lifetime of the network. However, there is no coherent experimental based research which identifies the factors that influence the LoRa energy efficiency at various nodes density. In this paper, results on measuring the packet delivery ratio, packet loss, data rate and energy consumption ratio ECR to gauge the energy efficiency of LoRa devices at various nodes density are presented. It is shown that the ECR of LoRa is inversely proportional to the nodes density and that the ECR of the network is smaller at higher traffic indicating better network energy efficiency. It is also demonstrated that at high node density, spreading factor SF of 7 and 9 can improve the energy efficiency of the network by 5 and 3 times, respectively, compare to SF 11.

scholarly journals Gateway sink placement for sensor node grid distribution in lora smart city networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 834
Author(s):  
Nur Aishah Bt. Zainal ◽  
Mohamed Hadi Habaebi ◽  
Israth Jahan Chowdhury ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Jamal I. Daoud
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Wireless Communication Network

<span>Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) is a type of wireless communication network designed to allow long range communications at a low bit rate among things (connected objects), such as sensors operated on a battery. It is a new technology that operates in unauthorized spectrum which designed for wireless data communication [1]. It is used in Internet of Thing (IoT) applications and M2M communications. It provides multi-year battery lifetime and is intended for sensors and applications that need to transmit only a few information over long distances a few times per hour from different environments. In order to have an insight of such long range technology, this paper evaluates the performance of LoRa radio links under shadowing effect and realistic smart city utilities node grid distribution. Such environment is synonymous to residential, industrial and modern urban centers. The focus is to include the effect of shadowing on the radio links while attempting to study the optimum sink node numbers and their locations for maximum sensor node connectivity. Results indicate that the usual unrealistic random node distribution does not reflect actual real-life scenario where many of the these sensing nodes follow the utilities infrastructure around the city (e.g., street light posts, water and gas delivery pipes,…etc). The system is evaluated in terms of connectivity and packet loss ratio.</span>

scholarly journals Digital Media Art Communication Based on Wireless Cooperative Routing with Minimum Energy Consumption

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shuli Song
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Network Lifetime ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Media Art ◽  
Cooperative Routing ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption

Wireless cooperative routing algorithm transmits the data collected in the target area to users, so that users can obtain monitoring information timely and accurately. In the traditional low-power adaptive clustering hierarchical routing protocol, the process of building clusters is random, the resources of nodes are not fully utilized, the node death speed is fast, the network life cycle is short, and the performance is not stable enough. In addition, the route maintenance process is cumbersome and will occupy a lot of bandwidth. In order to solve the problems of real-time transmission of digital media art communication data and network lifetime optimization, a wireless cooperative routing algorithm based on minimum energy consumption is proposed. The facts of transmission strength consumption, node residual strength, and minimal information transmission extension are analyzed, a new weight feature is proposed, and a multipath statistics routing scheme is developed by using the usage of the minimal strength consumption. All digital media art propagation sensor nodes transmit data to sink nodes along multiple transmission paths. Simulation results show that the algorithm can prolong the network lifetime, reduce and balance the node energy consumption, reduce the data transmission delay, reduce the energy consumption of wireless cooperative routing based on the minimum energy consumption by 64.5%, and increase the number of compressed images by 182%.

scholarly journals IoT Enabled Intelligent Sensor Node for Smart City: Pedestrian Counting and Ambient Monitoring

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (15) ◽  
pp. 3374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fowzia Akhter ◽  
Sam Khadivizand ◽  
Hasin Reza Siddiquei ◽  
Md Eshrat E. Alahi ◽  
Subhas Mukhopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Smart City ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Fresnel Lens ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Intelligent Sensor ◽  
Internet Server ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Pedestrian Counting

An Internet of Things (IoT) enabled intelligent sensor node has been designed and developed for smart city applications. The fabricated sensor nodes count the number of pedestrians, their direction of travel along with some ambient parameters. The Field of View (FoV) of Fresnel lens of commercially available passive infrared (PIR) sensors has been specially tuned to monitor the movements of only humans and no other domestic animals such as dogs, cats etc. The ambient parameters include temperature, humidity, pressure, Carbon di Oxide (CO2) and total volatile organic component (TVOC). The monitored data are uploaded to the Internet server through the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) communication system. An intelligent algorithm has been developed to achieve an accuracy of 95% for the pedestrian count. There are a total of 74 sensor nodes that have been installed around Macquarie University and continued working for the last six months.

Architecture Exploration Based on Tasks Partitioning Between Hardware, Software and Locality for a Wireless Vision Sensor Node

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Khursheed Khursheed ◽  
Abdul Waheed Malik ◽  
Naeem Ahmad ◽  
Mattias O’Nils ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Vision Sensor ◽  
Visual Sensor ◽  
Battery Lifetime ◽  
Processing Strategies ◽  
Reconfigurable Platform

Wireless Vision Sensor Networks (WVSNs) is an emerging field which consists of a number of Visual Sensor Nodes (VSNs). Compared to traditional sensor networks, WVSNs operates on two dimensional data, which requires high bandwidth and high energy consumption. In order to minimize the energy consumption, the focus is on finding energy efficient and programmable architectures for the VSN by partitioning the vision tasks among hardware (FPGA), software (Micro-controller) and locality (sensor node or server). The energy consumption, cost and design time of different processing strategies is analyzed for the implementation of VSN. Moreover, the processing energy and communication energy consumption of VSN is investigated in order to maximize the lifetime. Results show that by introducing a reconfigurable platform such as FPGA with small static power consumption and by transmitting the compressed images after pixel based tasks from the VSN results in longer battery lifetime for the VSN.

scholarly journals Analysis of Bidirectional ADR-Enabled Class B LoRaWAN Networks in Industrial Scenarios

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (22) ◽  
pp. 7964
Author(s):  
David Todoli-Ferrandis ◽  
Javier Silvestre-Blanes ◽  
Víctor Sempere-Payá ◽  
Ana Planes-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Data Rate ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Class B

Low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies are becoming a widespread solution for wireless deployments in many applications, such as smart cities or Industry 4.0. However, there are still challenges to be addressed, such as energy consumption and robustness. To characterize and optimize these types of networks, the authors have developed an optimized use of the adaptative data rate (ADR) mechanism for uplink, proposed its use also for downlink based on the simulator ns-3, and then defined an industrial scenario to test and validate the proposed solution in terms of packet loss and energy.

scholarly journals Energy Conservation In Wsn Using Hyper Sphere Sensor Optimisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3672-3676
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Sensor Optimization ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
Compact Size ◽  
Energy Location ◽  
Almost All

Due to minimum energy consumption and compact size, the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is widely used in almost all areas of research. In WSN, optimum coverage and lifetime of nodes are major challenges. In this paper, a Hyper Sphere Sensor Optimization is proposed to estimate the neighbourhood distance for placing the sensor nods in an optimal way over an effective location. Levy fight in flower pollination utilized for optimal energy location with hyper sphere localization. In first phase based on hyper sphere is used to location identification of sensor nodes. Based on neighbour hood distance energy consumption of sensor network nodes are reduced. The results show that the proposed method is effective than other methods in terms of reducing the reduced energy consumption.

scholarly journals Determination of Optimal Number of Relays Using a New Energy Model for WSN

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 572-579
Author(s):  
Partha Pratim Bhattacharya ◽  
Shilpi Gupta ◽  
Nupur Pal
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Energy Model ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Direct Transmission ◽  
Direct Path ◽  
Minimum Energy Consumption ◽  
New Energy

Wireless Sensor Networks are proving themselves as a boon to the surroundings and its deployment is a prominent area to be considered for minimum energy consumption. In this paper, we have considered deployment of a sensor grid network for 36 and 100 number of sensor nodes. Diagonally opposite nodes are considered to be source and destination. Using a modified energy model, the energy consumption for direct path and that with different number of relays are calculated. The maximum distance up to which direct transmission is possible and the number of required relays for higher transmission distances are then found out.

scholarly journals Measurement Management System Using LoRa, Sensor Node, and Cloud Platform

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
KangJung Lee ◽  
JiHwan Kim ◽  
MinSoo Ha ◽  
KookHwan Cho
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Management System ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Cloud Platform ◽  
Integrated Monitoring ◽  
Public And Private

With the recent Fourth Industrial Revolution, communication and sensor fields are developing remarkably. Among them, LoRa low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) uses low-power Internet-of-things-only technology, which is cheaper than the existing long-term evolution network, and it is a communication technology that provides wider coverage than short-range communication methods (such as Bluetooth, WiFi, and Zigbee). In this study, a measurement management system was developed using LoRa LPWAN communication. It was constructed as a hybrid measurement system using public and private networks for the ground and underground sections, respectively. We developed a sensor node that could process unique signals by selecting sensors suitable for each mechanism and an integrated monitoring program that could store raw data in the Cloud Platform. The results showed that the communication success rate was 90% for the first transmission and reception and 99% for the second transmission and reception. It was confirmed that the measured values at the sensor and when communication was completed after connecting the sensor node were equal.

A QoS Aware Framework to Support Minimum Energy Data Aggregation and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

2011 ◽  
pp. 348-363
Author(s):  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
R.B. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Aggregation ◽  
Sensor Node ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Data ◽  
Communication Costs ◽  
Energy Constrained

In a wireless sensor network (WSN), the sensor nodes obtain data and communicate its data to a centralized node called base station (BS) using intermediate gateway nodes (GN). Because sensors are battery powered, they are highly energy constrained. Data aggregation can be used to combine data of several sensors into a single message, thus reducing sensor communication costs and energy consumption. In this article, the authors propose a QoS aware framework to support minimum energy data aggregation and routing in WSNs. To minimize the energy consumption, a new metric is defined for the evaluation of the path constructed from source to destination. The proposed QoS framework supports the dual goal of load balancing and serving as an admission control mechanism for incoming traffic at a particular sensor node. The results show that the proposed framework supports data aggregation with less energy consumption than earlier strategies.

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