The prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Haemophilus influenzae in prepubertal girls with vulvovaginitis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Zhou ◽  
Liying Sun ◽  
Xuejun Chen ◽  
Chao Fang ◽  
Jianping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Prepubertal Girls

Abstract Background: To determine the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girls and the antimicrobial resistance of H.influenzae strains isolated from vulval specimens.Methods: Isolates of H.influenzae from vulval swabs of prepubertal girls with vulvovaginitis received at The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine during 2016-2019 were studied. Vulval specimens were inoculated on Haemophilus selective chocolate agar. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the disk diffusion method. A cefinase disk was used to detect β-lactamase. Results: A total of 4142 vulval specimens were received during the 4 years, 649 isolates of H. influenzae were isolated from 642 girls aged 6 months to 13 years, with a median of 5y. There were peaks of isolates from April to July seen in the vulval isolates. In total, the ampicillin resistance rate was 39.1% (250/640); 33.2% strains (211/636) were for β-lactamase-positive isolates, 6.6% strains (42/635) were β-lactamase-negative and ampicillin-resistant (BLNAR) isolates. The resistance rates of H. influenzae isolates to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, meropenem, levofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol were 26.4%, 21.8%, 24.8%, 1.7%, 1.0%, 0.2%, 0%, 47.7%, 10.2%, and 1.1%, respectively. MDR was present in 41 (6.4%) of the 642 H. influenzae isolates, with the most prevalent MDR phenotype of ampicillin-sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-azithromycin resistance. Conclusions: H. influenzae is a common cause of vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girls. Laboratories should ensure that they include media appropriate for the isolation of H. influenzae. It’s worth noting of ampicillin resistance of H. influenzae in clinical management.

scholarly journals Haemophilus influenzae Vulvovaginitis in Prepubertal Girls: A 4-Year Study on a Tertiary Children’s Hospital in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Zhou ◽  
Liying Sun ◽  
Xuejun Chen ◽  
Chao Fang ◽  
Jianping Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Prepubertal Girls

Background: Vulvovaginitis is a common infection in prepubertal girls, which is partly caused by bacterial infection. According to the literature, Haemophilus influenzae is one of the most common bacterial causes of vulvovaginitis in children. However, few studies with large sample sizes have delved into this issue. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of Haemophilus influenzae vulvovaginitis in prepubertal girls and detect the antimicrobial resistance of H. influenzae strains isolated from vulval specimens. Methods: The isolates of H. influenzae from the vulval swabs of prepubertal girls with vulvovaginitis were received from The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, during 2016 - 2019. The vulval specimens were inoculated on Haemophilus selective chocolate agar, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by the disk diffusion method. Moreover, β-lactamase was detected using Cefinase disc. Results: In this study, 4142 vulval specimens were received during four years, of which 649 H. influenzae isolates had been isolated from 642 girls aged 6 months-13 years, with a median of 5 years. The peaks of isolates were observed from April to July in the vulval isolates. In general, the ampicillin resistance rate was 39.1% (250/640), 33.2% of strains (211/636) were β-lactamase-positive isolates, and 6.6% strains (42/635) were β-lactamase-negative ampicillin-resistant" (BLNAR)) isolates. The resistance rates of H. influenzae isolates to amoxycillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin-sulbactam, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, meropenem, levofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol were 26.4%, 21.8%, 24.8%, 1.7%, 1.0%, 0.2%, 0%, 47.7%, 10.2%, and 1.1%, respectively. MDR was noticed in 41 persons (6.4%) out of the 642 H. influenzae isolates, with the most prevalent MDR phenotype of ampicillin-sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim-azithromycin resistance. Conclusions: Clinicians should noticed that H. influenzae is a common bacterial cause of vulvovaginitis in children, and laboratories should routinely cover Haemophilus culture media for vulval specimens. The Ampicillin resistance of H. influenzae should also be considered in clinical management.

scholarly journals Characterization of SCCmec, spa types and Multi Drug Resistant of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates among inpatients and outpatients in a referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Hashemizadeh ◽  
Nahal Hadi ◽  
Samane Mohebi ◽  
Davood Kalantar-Neyestanaki ◽  
Abdollah Bazargani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Spa Typing ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Spa Types

Abstract Objectives Molecular typing such as spa typing is used to control and prevent Staphylococcus aureus widespread in hospitals and communities. Hence, the aim of this study was to find the most common types of S. aureus strain circulating in Shiraz via spa and SCCmec typing methods. Results Total of 159 S. aureus isolates were collected from two tertiary hospitals in Shiraz. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed by standard disk diffusion method and then genetic analysis of bacteria was performed using SCCmec and spa typing. In this study 31.4% of the isolates were methicillin-resistant S. aureus. The majority of isolates were SSCmec type III. Spa type t030 was the most prominent type among MRSA strains. For the first time in Iran, spa003, t386, t1877, t314, t186, t1816, t304, t325, t345 were reported in this study. It was shown that there is a possibility that these spa types are native to this region. Our findings showed that SCCmec II, III and IV disseminate from hospital to community and vice versa. Thus, effective monitoring of MRSA in hospital and community is necessary.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis in Morocco

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 804-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farida Ohmani ◽  
Khadija Khedid ◽  
Saad Britel ◽  
Aicha Qasmaoui ◽  
Reda Charof ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Enteritidis ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Resistance Rates

Introduction: Salmonella enterica is recognised worldwide as one of the major agents of human gastrointestinal infections. The aim of the present work is to ascertain the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 150 Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis isolates from humans in Morocco during the period from 2000 to 2008. Methodology: Antimicrobial resistance determination was performed by disk diffusion method using seven antibiotics. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined for nalidixic acid-resistant (NAR) isolates using E-test strips. Results: Sixty-one (42%) isolates were resistant to at least one class of antimicrobial agent. The largest numbers of resistant isolates were observed for nalidixic acid with 53 isolates (36%) followed by ampicillin with 7 isolates (5%), tetracycline with 6 isolates (4%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole with 2 isolates (1%).The resistant isolates were grouped in seven different resistance patterns of which two isolates were resistant to three antibiotics. Among the 53 (36%) NAR isolates, 37 (76%) had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: Resistance rates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis from Morocco are generally low but the resistance to nalidixic acid is worryingly common. Continual surveillance of antibiotic resistance is of primary importance.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Outpatient Escherichia coli Urinary Isolates in Dakar, Senegal

2007 ◽  
Vol 1 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marie Sire ◽  
Pierre Nabeth ◽  
Jean-David Perrier-Gros-Claude ◽  
Ibrahim Bahsoun ◽  
Tidiane Siby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
Predominant Pathogen ◽  
Overall Resistance ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Resistance Rates

Background: Data regarding the evolution of antimicrobial resistance are needed to suggest appropriate empirical treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI) in developing countries. To assess the antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli, the predominant pathogen in community-acquired UTI, a prospective multicenter study was carried out in Dakar, Senegal. Methodology: From February 2004 to October 2006, 1010 non-duplicate E. coli strains were collected from four centres. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using disk diffusion method according to the recommendations of the CA-SFM (2004). Results: Most of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin (73.1%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (67.5%), cephalothin (55.8%), and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (68.1%). Extended spectrum beta-lactamase was detected in 38 strains. The overall resistance rates to nalidixic acid, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin were 23.9%, 16.4% and 15.5%, respectively. Most of the strains were susceptible to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and fosfomycin (respective susceptibility rates, 93.8%, 89.9%, and 99.3%). During this period, a significant decrease in sensitivity was observed for cephalothin, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (p

scholarly journals Overview of three-year trends of antimicrobial consumption and resistance in Sicilian hospitals

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Barchitta ◽  
A Quattrocchi ◽  
A Maugeri ◽  
M C La Rosa ◽  
C La Mastra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Antibiotic Consumption ◽  
Defined Daily Dose ◽  
Antimicrobial Consumption ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Resistance Rates

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the ten threats identified by the WHO in 2019. In order to face this issue and in the framework of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (PNCAR) 2017-2020, the Sicilian Health Authority has implemented a surveillance system of antibiotic consumption in the hospital sector and in the community and of antibiotic resistance in the Sicilian hospitals. The aim of the present work is to report the results of three-year surveillance. Methods From 2015 to 2017, data on antibiotic consumption have been collected from pharmacies of participating hospitals. AMR data on seven bacterial pathogens isolated in blood and cerebrospinal fluid have been collected from hospital laboratories, using routine clinical antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Antibiotic consumption was expressed as Defined Daily Dose (DDD) per 100 patient-days. Antibiotic resistance rates (RRs) were calculated as the number of non-susceptible isolates divided by the total number of isolates multiplied by 100. Results The most commonly consumed antibiotics in participating hospitals were fluoroquinolones in 2015, penicillins in 2016, and beta-lactams in 2017, respectively. RRs of Klebsiella pneumoniae significantly increased for all antimicrobial classes (p < 0.001), but carbapenems. By contrast, RRs of Escherichia coli resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems showed significant decreasing trends (p < 0.001). Conclusions The implementation of the Sicilian surveillance system provides Sicilian reference data to monitor trends and target interventions and policies for reducing the threat of AMR. Recently, using toolkits of the ECDC-EAAD initiative adapted with regional surveillance data, an educational campaign “Obiettivo Antibiotico” - https://www.obiettivoantibiotico.it/ - was designed and launched to raise awareness of prudent use of antibiotics in the general public and in healthcare professionals in Sicily. Key messages Inappropriate antimicrobial consumption observed in Sicilian hospitals contributes to the emergence and selection of AMR. Surveillance system of antimicrobial consumption and AMR can help identify strategies for preventing spread of multi-drug resistant microorganisms.

scholarly journals Prevalence of β-lactamase-encoding genes and molecular typing of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates carrying carbapenemase OXA-24 in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neda Yousefi Nojookambari ◽  
Mehrzad Sadredinamin ◽  
Razieh Dehbanipour ◽  
Zohreh Ghalavand ◽  
Gita Eslami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Microdilution Method ◽  
Broth Microdilution Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Encoding Genes

Abstract Background β-Lactam antibiotics have been broadly used for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections, resulting in development of β-lactam inactivating β-lactamases. Here, we described antibiotic resistance rate, prevalence of β-lactamase-encoding genes, and clonal relationships of A. baumannii strains isolated from children referred to Children’s Medical Center in Tehran, Iran, during 2019–2020. Methods A total of 60 non-replicate A. baumannii isolates were recovered from clinical specimens of pediatric patients. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done by the disc diffusion method. Colistin susceptibility of isolates was performed by the broth microdilution method. β-lactamase-encoding genes were characterized by PCR. The presence of ISAba1 element upstream of the several oxacillinase genes was also checked. Genetic relatedness of isolates was determined by using random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing. Results The antimicrobial susceptibility tests showed that 83.3% of A. baumannii isolates were MDR, and 40% XDR. Both MDR and XDR A. baumannii isolates were susceptible to colistin. The frequency of blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-23-like, blaTEM, blaOXA-24-like, blaPER, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA-58-like, and blaIMP was 100, 93.33, 60, 36.67, 28.33, 8.33, 5, 3.33, and 1.67%, respectively. Coexistence of ISAba1/blaOXA-23-like and ISAba1/blaOXA-51-like was observed in 65% and 85% of isolates, respectively. RAPD analysis revealed 4 common types and 2 single types of A. baumannii isolates. Conclusions The multiple clones harboring blaOXA-23-like, ISAba1-blaOXA-51-like, and ISAba1-blaOXA-23-like were responsible for the spread of A. baumannii isolates in our clinical wards. Dissemination of the well-established clones is worrisome and would become therapeutic challenges due to the possible transferring genetic elements associated with resistance.

scholarly journals Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Members of Enterobacterales Isolated from Blood Cultures in a University Hospital

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Cenk Mirza ◽  
Banu Sancak
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibilities ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
Epidemiological Information

Objective: Members of Enterobacterales can cause various diseases in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the genus/species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Enterobacterales isolated from blood cultures in Central Laboratory of Hacettepe University Hospital. Method: Enterobacterales isolated from blood between July-2014 and April-2018 were included in the study. MALDI-TOF MS was used for the identification of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined with automated system (VITEK 2 Compact for the isolates between 2014 and 2018; BD Phoenix for the isolates in 2018) and disk diffusion method. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing were interpreted according to EUCAST breakpoints. Results: In total, 1765 isolates belonging to the order Enterobacterales were isolated from blood cultures. The most common microorganisms were Escherichia coli (47.6%), Klebsiella (34.1%), Enterobacter (6%), Proteus (4.4%) and Serratia spp. (3.5%), respectively. The remaining isolates included Salmonella, Citrobacter, M. morganii, Pantoea, Raoultella and Providencia spp. The lowest resistance rates among E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. isolates were observed against meropenem and amikacin. However, 21.1% of Klebsiella isolates were resistant to meropenem. The most active antimicrobials against Proteus isolates were piperacillintazobactam and meropenem. Resistance was not observed against piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem among Proteus isolates. The most active antimicrobial against Serratia isolates was trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole with a resistance rate of 0%. Resistance was not noted against ampicillin and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole among Salmonella isolates, whereas 26.1% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All Citrobacter isolates were susceptible to meropenem, amikacin and cefepime. Conclusion: Findings of our study may guide the selection of proper antimicrobials for the treatment of bacteremia caused by Enterobacterales. Furthermore, this study provides important epidemiological information regarding the distribution of members of Enterobacterales causing bacteremia.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor gene profiles of Enterococcus spp. isolated from giant panda oral cavities

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Rui Zhong ◽  
Ziyao Zhou ◽  
Haifeng Liu ◽  
Zhijun Zhong ◽  
Guangneng Peng
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Giant Panda ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Giant Pandas ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

Abstract Introduction The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and characteristics of antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium isolated from the oral cavities of captive giant pandas in China. Material and Methods The virulence-associated determinant and antimicrobial resistance genes were detected and antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed on 54 strains of each bacterium. Results All isolates showed 100% multidrug resistance. E. faecalis isolates showed a higher percentage of strains resistant to gentamicin (48.1%), vancomycin (55.6%), linezolid (100%), and streptomycin (33.3%) than E. faecium isolates. The resistance genes of Enterococcus spp. were present to highly varying extents according to antibiotic type, their presence breaking down for E. faecalis and E. faecium respectively as aac(6')/aph(2″) 5.56% and 5.56%; aph(3')-Ⅲ 0% and 14.81%; ant(6)-I 0% and 3.7%; ant(4')-Ia 0% and 64.81%; tetL 20.37% and 100%; vanA 92.59% and 46.3%; vanB 0% and 0%; cfr 0% and 90.74%; optrA 96.3% and 3.7%; blaZ 0% and 1.85%; blaTEM 0% and 0%; tetA 20.37% and 0%; tetC 24.07% and 100%; tetM 0% and 0%; ermA 12.96% and 100%; ermB 5.56% and 3.7%; and ermC 0% and 1.85%.Virulence-associated determinants were detected in this research, which typically include efaA, gelE, asa1, ace, cylA, esp and hyl; however, the latter three were not detected. High proportions of the isolates carried the efaA, gelE, asa1, and ace genes. Respectively for E. faecalis and E. faecium their detection was efaA 98.1% and 85.2%; gelE 98.1% and 87%; asa1 92.6% and 87%; and ace 87% and 85.2%. Conclusion This is the first study on the potential disease risk and antimicrobial-resistant characteristics of E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates in giant panda oral cavities. The results of this study show that the antimicrobial resistance rate of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the oral cavity of captive pandas is very high, and thus needs to be monitored.

scholarly journals Microbial Predominance and Antimicrobial Resistance in a Tertiary Hospital: A Six-year Retrospective study from Outpatients and Patients Visiting the Emergency Department

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
CaiFeng Wang ◽  
Wen Li ◽  
Juanjuan Gao ◽  
Dancheng Zhang ◽  
Yali Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

Abstract Objective: To assessing the characteristics of of microbial species and the antimicrobial resistance in a Tertiary Hospital with 49 outpatient clinics and emergency department in Northwestern China, of six years. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted using HIS database of a tertiary hospital between the full-year period of 2013 and 2018. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted by automated systems and/or the Kary-Bauer disc diffusion method. Data were analyzed using the WHONET 5.6 software. The Cochran–Armitage test was used to study the trends over the period. Results: A total of 19,028 specimens were submitted for the laboratory tests of microbiology. Among 49 units, only Emergency Department and Kidney Transplantation Clinic with the number of submission showed a significant increase annually (P<0.001). A total of 3,849 non-repetitive isolates were identified, covering more than 200 species, of which gram-positive cocci accounted for 46.4% and gram-negative bacilli 45.3%. The methicillin-resistant rates of S. aureus and S. epidermidis were 25.1% and 74.6%, respectively. The isolates of 60.9% of E. coli and 33.5% of K. pneumonia contained extended spectrum β lactamases. Moreover, there were no Staphylococci and Enterococci resistant to linezolid, vancomycin and tigecycline. In addition, the percentages of E. coli, K. pneumonia and P. aeruginosa isolates resistant to carbapenems were low (0.0%, 1.1% and 18.7%, respectively). Conclusion: Vancomycin, linezolid and tigecycline are among the most effective treatment for outpatients with gram-positive infection. Carbapenems are among the most effective for gram-negative infection. There is no significant annual increase of common multidrug resistances.

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