scholarly journals The Role of Socio-Economic Inequality in Physical Immobility Among Older Adults: Did the Scenario Changed from 2004-05 to 2017-18?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobhit Srivast ◽  
Ratna Patel ◽  
Shekhar Chauhan ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Preeti Dhillon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Abstract Background: Despite declining overall growth rate of the population across the world, the number of older adults is rising. To understand the needs and problems faced by older adults, it is imperative to understand the demographic and socio-economic conditions of the individuals. On these lines, physical immobility among older adults is attributed to various risk factors. The living arrangement is found to be one of the critical risk factors along with economic dependency in explaining physical immobility among older adults in India. Therefore, this study is an attempt to explore the role of socio-economic inequality in physical immobility among older adults in India. Methods: This study utilized 60th and 75th rounds of data from the National Sample Survey conducted in 2004-05 and 2017-18, with a sample size of 34,831 and 42,762 older adults aged 60 and above, respectively. Further, the study decomposes the concentration index using regression-based decomposition technique to understand the relative contribution of various socio-economic factors to the physical immobility of older adults.Results: Result found a decline of 0.6 points in the prevalence of physical immobility from 2004-05 to 2017-18. The sharpest increase was observed in Puducherry (9.9%) followed by Chandigarh (7.6%), and decline was witnessed in Nagaland (9.2%) followed by Lakshadweep (6.4%) and Delhi (5.3%). Physical immobility was more concentrated among well-off older adults in 2017-18 as compared to in 2004-05. Living alone, chronic diseases, and rich wealth status contributed significantly to explaining the observed socio-economic inequality in physical immobility.Conclusions: Based on the observations made on the socio-economic inequality in physical immobility among older adults in India, some health interventions are required to cater to the needs of older adults.

The role of meaning in life in community-dwelling older adults with depression and relationship to other risk factors

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Volkert ◽  
Martin Härter ◽  
Maria Christina Dehoust ◽  
Berta Ausín ◽  
Alessandra Canuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

Women Entrepreneurship

2019 ◽  
pp. 99-118
Author(s):  
Prachita A. Patil ◽  
Yogesh M. Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Sample ◽  
The State ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
National Sample Survey Organization ◽  
State Of Mind

According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), not more than 14% of business establishments are run by female entrepreneurs in India, especially in rural areas. Entrepreneurship is not an easy step for women. It was traditionally considered as a man's bastion, but now with the due course of time, women are coming in the limelight to fulfil their aspiration as it is a fruitful opportunity where educated or illiterates can do wonders to achieve their dreams. Entrepreneurship is the state of mind which every woman has in her but has not been capitalized in India in a way it should have been. With the drastic change in modernization, people are more comfortable to accept the leading role of women in society, with some exceptions.

scholarly journals Understanding the predisposing risk factors of young suicide

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 4530
Author(s):  
Rashmi Wardhan ◽  
Padmshree Mudgal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Suicide is an unfortunate multifactorial problem impacting families and communities. Many young lives are lost every year due to suicide. There is an urgent need to understand the multifactorial risk factor mechanisms providing vulnerability to suicidal behavior for early detection of impending incidents, monitoring, and prevention. This review aims to give an insight into the various biochemical and genetic markers along with the associated socio-economic factors and mental disorders which contribute to increased suicide risk. The role of different neurotransmitter-associated pathways such as serotonin, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and norepinephrine pathway, and pathways involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, lipid metabolism, and neuroinflammation in suicide ideation and risk have been explored. Understanding of these predisposing factors and associated pathways could help identify the risk and lead to the development of drugs/ treatment to prevent suicides.

scholarly journals Socio-economic inequality in the prevalence of violence against older adults – Findings from India

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debashree Sinha ◽  
Prem Shankar Mishra ◽  
Shobhit Srivast ◽  
Pradeep Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Wealth Quintile ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Related Inequality

Abstract Background Violence against older adults is a well-recognised socio-psychological and public health problem worldwide. It is uncared-for, undiagnosed, and untreated problem that is widespread across both developed and developing countries. Therefore, this paper aims to understand the extent of socio-economic status related inequality in violence against older adults. Methods Data for this study came from Building a Knowledge Base on Population Aging in India (BKPAI). Violence against older adults was the outcome variable for this study and defined as older adults who faced any abuse or violence or neglect or disrespect by any person. Bivariate analysis and regression-based decomposition technique is used to understand the relative contribution of various socioeconomic factors to violence among (N = 9541) older adults. Results The most dominant form of violence is verbal (10%) followed by disrespect (5.8%) and economic violence (5.2%). Older adults aged 80 + years [OR: 1.49; CI: 1.14–1.93] and working [OR: 1.26; CI: 1.02–1.56] had higher likelihood to suffer from violence than their counterparts. On the other hand older adults who were currently in union [OR: 0.79; CI: 0.65–0.95], living with children [OR: 0.53; CI: 0.40–0.72] and belonging to richer wealth quintile [OR: 0.35; CI: 0.24–0.51] had lower likelihood to suffer from violence than their counterparts. The decomposition results revealed that poor older adults are more prone to violence (Concentration index: -0.20). Household’s wealth status was responsible for 93.7% of the SES-related inequality whereas living arrangement of older adults explained 13.7% SES-related inequality. Education and working status of older adults made a substantial contribution to the inequalities in reported violence, explaining 3.7% and 3.3% of the total inequality, respectively. Conclusion With no or meagre income of their own, older adults belonging to the poorest wealth quintile have little or no bargaining power to secure a violent free environment for themselves. Therefore, special attention in terms of social and economic support should be given to the economically vulnerable older population.

scholarly journals Independent and synergistic effects of pain, insomnia, and depression on falls among older adults: a longitudinal study

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuxiao Li ◽  
Minhui Liu ◽  
Xiaocao Sun ◽  
Tianxue Hou ◽  
Siyuan Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Wave Period ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Independent Effects

Abstract Background Few studies have examined the relationship between falls and pain, insomnia and depressive symptoms which are common and risk factors in older adults. We aimed to examine the independent and synergistic effects of these risk factors on future falls among older adults. Methods We used data of 2558 community-dwelling older adults from 2011 (Y1) to 2015 (Y5) of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Pain was determined by whether participants reported bothersome pain in the last month. Insomnia was assessed by two questions about how often the participants had trouble falling asleep and maintaining sleep. Depressive symptoms were assessed by Patient Health Questionnaire-2. Generalized estimation equation (GEE) models were used to examine the independent effects of pain, insomnia and depressive symptoms at prior-wave (period y-1) on falls at current wave (period y) adjusting for covariates (age, sex, education, race/ethnicity, living arrangement, BMI, smoking, vigorous activities, number of chronic illnesses and hospitalization). The significance of the three-way interaction of these factors (pain*insomnia*depression) was tested using the aforementioned GEE models to determine their synergistic effects on falls. Results Overall, the participants were mainly 65–79 years old (68%), female (57%) and non-Hispanic White (70%). At Y1, 50.0% of the participants reported pain, 22.6% reported insomnia and 9.9% reported depressive symptoms. The incidence of falls from Y2 to Y5 was 22.4, 26.0, 28.3, and 28.9%, respectively. Participants with pain (Odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.36, 1.23–1.50) and depressive symptoms (OR, 95% CI = 1.43, 1.23–1.67) had high rates of falling adjusting for covariates. After further adjustment for insomnia and depressive symptoms, pain independently predicted falls (OR, 95% CI = 1.36, 1.22–1.51). Depressive symptoms also independently predicted falls after further adjusting for pain and insomnia (OR, 95% CI = 1.40, 1.20–1.63). After adjusting for pain and depression, the independent effects of insomnia were not significant. None of the interaction terms of the three risk factors were significant, suggesting an absence of their synergistic effects. Conclusions Pain and depressive symptoms independently predict falls, but synergistic effects seem absent. Further research is needed to develop effective strategies for reducing falls in older adults, particularly with pain and depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals ´Feet are second class citizens`: exploring the perceptions of Scottish and Portuguese older adults about feet, falls and exercise- a qualitative study

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monserrat Conde ◽  
Gordon J. Hendry ◽  
Jim Woodburn ◽  
Dawn A. Skelton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Falls Prevention ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Falls Risk ◽  
Risk Factors For Falls

Abstract Introduction Foot problems are likely to contribute to falls risk in older adults. Foot and ankle exercises may be beneficial, but uptake may be influenced by cultural factors. Few studies have explored the views of older adults from different cultural backgrounds about foot-specific falls risk factors, and foot and ankle falls prevention exercises. Objectives To explore the views of Scottish and Portuguese community-dwelling older adults who have experienced a fall, about any foot risk factors for falls, and foot and ankle exercises. Methods Cross-cultural qualitative study with (n = 6) focus groups exploring the perceptions of Scottish (n = 10, mean age 76 yrs) and Portuguese older adults (n = 14, mean age 66 years) aged, applying thematic analysis. Results One main theme `evolving awareness about feet and falls prevention´ and three subthemes; (i) Feet are often forgotten, (ii) the important role of footwear, (iii) need to look at my feet and do the exercises were identified. Scottish participants had more experience of falls prevention but there was a lack of knowledge surrounding foot-specific falls risk factors, and the role of ankle and foot exercise in the prevention of falls. Portuguese participants exhibited a fatalistic approach to falls. Conclusions Older adults from both nations had little knowledge of foot-specific falls risk factors, being initially unaware of the functional status of their feet and of the role of exercise in foot care and falls management. There were differences between national groups that should be accounted for when developing culturally adequate interventions.

Women Entrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-56
Author(s):  
Prachita A. Patil ◽  
Yogesh M. Deshpande
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
National Sample ◽  
The State ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
National Sample Survey ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
National Sample Survey Organization ◽  
State Of Mind

According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), not more than 14% of business establishments are run by female entrepreneurs in India, especially in rural areas. Entrepreneurship is not an easy step for women. It was traditionally considered as a man's bastion, but now with the due course of time, women are coming in the limelight to fulfil their aspiration as it is a fruitful opportunity where educated or illiterates can do wonders to achieve their dreams. Entrepreneurship is the state of mind which every woman has in her but has not been capitalized in India in a way it should have been. With the drastic change in modernization, people are more comfortable to accept the leading role of women in society, with some exceptions.

Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Its Subtypes among Chinese Older Adults: Role of Vascular Risk Factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Ma ◽  
Tianfeng Wu ◽  
Jiangang Zhao ◽  
Lu Ji ◽  
Aili Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Vascular Risk ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Vascular Disorders ◽  
Chinese Older Adults ◽  
Amnestic Mci ◽  
Multiple Domains

Background/Aims: The prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its subtypes among Chinese older adults, and the contribution of vascular risk factors (VRF) and vascular disorders to MCI remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of MCI and its different subtypes, and clarify the role of VRF and vascular diseases in the occurrence of MCI. Methods: A random sample of 5,214 nondementia (DSM-IV) individuals aged ≥65 years underwent neuropsychological assessments and clinical examinations. MCI, including amnestic MCI-single domain (aMCI-SD), amnestic MCI-multiple domains (aMCI-MD), nonamnestic MCI-single domain (naMCI-SD), and nonamnestic MCI-multiple domains (naMCI-MD), was defined according to modifications of the Petersen criteria. VRF (smoking, obesity, and diabetes) and vascular disorders (myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, stroke, and hypertension) were assessed based on information through self-report and medical records. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of MCI was 11.33% (95% CI: 8.21-14.43), and that of aMCI-SD, aMCI-MD, naMCI-SD, and naMCI-MD was 4.48% (95% CI: 2.24-6.74), 2.09% (95% CI: 0.80-3.38), 4.22% (95% CI: 1.38-7.08), and 0.53% (95% CI: 0.32-0.75), respectively. The prevalence of MCI is higher in women than in men. Multivariate logistic regression analysis shows that VRF and vascular diseases were significantly related to increase the odds of MCI and its specific subtype. Conclusions: The prevalence of MCI is almost 11% among Chinese older adults. VRF and vascular disorders are associated with MCI, especially naMCI.

scholarly journals Finance, gender, and entrepreneurship: India’s informal sector firms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira N. Gang ◽  
Rajesh Raj Natarajan ◽  
Kunal Sen
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Sample Survey ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Alternative Measures

How does informal economic activity respond to increased financial inclusion? Does it become more entrepreneurial? Does access to new financing options change the gender configuration of informal economic activity and, if so, in what ways and what directions? We take advantage of nationwide data collected in 2010/11 and 2015/16 by India’s National Sample Survey Office on unorganized (informal) enterprises. This period was one of rapid expansion of banking availability aimed particularly at the unbanked, under-banked, and women. We find strong empirical evidence supporting the crucial role of financial access in promoting entrepreneurship among informal sector firms in India. Our results are robust to alternative specifications and alternative measures of financial constraints using an approach combining propensity score matching and difference-in-differences. However, we do not find conclusive evidence that increased financial inclusion leads to a higher likelihood of women becoming entrepreneurs than men in the informal sector.

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