scholarly journals Study on the COVID-19 infection status, prevention and control strategies among entry people in Shenzhen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Zhong Wang ◽  
Xuan Zou ◽  
Zi-Qian Xu ◽  
Hai-Rui Wang ◽  
Bi-Xin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Imported Infection ◽  
Entry Time ◽  
The Us ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background The overseas COVID-19 confirmed cases continue to rise for months, while people overseas prefer to return China at present. It is risky to have a large number of imported cases which may cause a relapse of COVID-19 outbreak. In order to prevent imported infection, Shenzhen government has implemented the closed-loop management strategy by taking nucleic acid testing (NAT) for severe acute respiratory syndromes coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and requiring14-days medical observation for individuals with overseas tour history (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan province and other countries) within 14 days. Our study aim to describe the status of COVID-19 infection among entry people in Shenzhen, and evaluate the effect of closed-loop management strategy. Methods We made a descriptive study and risk analyze by the entry time, reported time, local confirmed cases in origin countries. The NAT were completed in Shenzhen center for disease control and prevention (CDC), ten district-level CDCs, as well as fever clinics. Results A total of 86,844 people overseas entered Shenzhen from January 1 to April 18, 2020, there were 39 imported cases and 293 closed contacts. The infection rate of entry people was 4.49‰ (95% CI: 3.26‰ − 6.05‰). 14 imported cases (35.9%) came from the UK, 9 (23.08%) came from the US. Entry people from the US since Mar 9 or from the UK since Mar 13 are the high-risk population. As of July 17, there have been no new confirmed cases in Shenzhen for 153 days, and the number of confirmed case, close contact, and asymptomatic case are 0. So the closed-loop management is effective to prevent imported infection and control domestic relapse. The distribution of entry time and report time for imported cases overseas was similar. So it is important to take closed-loop management at the port. Conclusions The risk of imported infection from the US and UK were higher that other countries and regions in Shenzhen. The closed-loop management is effective to prevent imported infection and control domestic relapse. Every country is closely connected under the background of globalization. In order to control COVID-19 outbreak, we need the collaboration and cooperation at the global, national, and subnational levels to prevent, detect, and respond effectively.

scholarly journals Study on the COVID-19 infection status, prevention and control strategies among entry people in Shenzhen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Zhong Wang ◽  
Xuan Zou ◽  
Zi-Qian Xu ◽  
Hai-Rui Wang ◽  
Bi-Xin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Imported Infection ◽  
Entry Time ◽  
Medical Observation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Taiwan Province

Abstract Background The COVID-19 confirmed cases overseas continue to rise for months, while people overseas prefer to return at present. It is risky to have a large number of infected imported cases which may cause COVID-19 spread to China and even lead to outbreak again. In order to prevent imported infection, Shenzhen implemented the losed-loop management strategy by taking nucleic acid testing (NAT) for severe acute respiratory syndromes coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and medical observation for 14 days among individuals who have epidemic history (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan province and other countries) within 14 days. Our study described the status of COVID-19 infection among entry people in Shenzhen, and also evaluated the effect of closed-loop management strategy.Methods A total of 86,844 people overseas entered Shenzhen from January 1 to April 18, 2020, and there were 39 imported cases. We made a descriptive study by analyzing the entry time, reported time, local confirmed cases in origin countries, and the number of entry people from abroad. The NAT were completed in Shenzhen center for disease control and prevention (CDC), ten district-level CDCs, as well as fever clinics.Results The infection rate of entry people was 4.49‰ (95% CI: 3.26‰ − 6.05‰). Most of the entry people or imported cases have Chinese nationality. The number of entry people and imported cases in Nanshan and Futian districts were larger than others. 15.73% of the entry people came from the US, and 12.67% came from the UK. 14 imported cases (35.9%) came from the UK, 9 (23.08%) came from the US. The imported risks from the US and UK in Shenzhen were higher than other countries or regions. According to the 14-days’ incubation period and the number of entry people, individuals from the US since Mar 9 were the high-risk population. Accordingly, entry people from the UK since Mar 13 were the high-risk population. It is important to evaluate the imported risk by analyzing local confirmed cases status in origin countries or regions and the number of entry people from these countries or regions to Shenzhen. The distribution of entry time and report time for imported cases in Shenzhen were similar. So it is important to prevent and control COVID-19 imported infection by taking NAT and medical observation at port.Conclusions It is effective to implement closed-loop management strategy for individuals who have epidemic history (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan province and other countries) within 14 days. In order to control COVID-19 outbreak, we need the collaboration and cooperation at the global, national, and subnational levels to prevent, detect, and respond effectively.

scholarly journals Study on the COVID-19 infection status, prevention and control strategies among people entering Shenzhen

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuan Zou ◽  
Zi-Qian Xu ◽  
Bi-Xin Wang ◽  
Jian-Fan He ◽  
Jing-Zhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Imported Infection ◽  
Entry Time ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Close Contacts

Abstract Background The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) confirmed cases overseas have continued to rise in the last months, and many people overseas have chosen to return to China. This increases the risk of a large number of imported cases which may cause a relapse of the COVID-19 outbreak. In order to prevent imported infection, the Shenzhen government has implemented a closed-loop management strategy using nucleic acid testing (NAT) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and requiring 14 days of medical observation for individuals with an overseas tour history (Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan province and other countries). Our study aims to describe the status of COVID-19 infection among people entering Shenzhen, and to evaluate the effect of the closed-loop management strategy. Methods We undertook a descriptive study and risk analysis by the entry time, time of reporting, and local confirmed cases in countries of origin. The NAT were completed in Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ten district-level CDCs, and fever clinics. Results A total of 86,844 people from overseas entered Shenzhen from January 1 to April 18, 2020; there were 39 imported COVID cases and 293 close contacts. The infection rate of people entering was 4.49‰ [95% Confidence interval (CI): 3.26‰–6.05‰]. Fourteen imported cases (35.9%) came from the UK, and nine (23.08%) came from the USA. People entering from the USA since March 9 or from the UK since March 13 are the high-risk population. As of July 17, there have been no new confirmed cases in Shenzhen for 153 days, and the numbers of confirmed case, close contacts, and asymptomatic cases are 0. Conclusions The closed-loop management has been effective in preventing imported infection and controlling domestic relapse. The distribution of entry time and report time for imported cases overseas was similar. This shows that it is important to implement closed-loop management at the port of entry.

US and UK Tender Offers, Exchange Offers, and Other Out-of-Court Restructurings

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James McDonald ◽  
Danny Tricot ◽  
Richard Ho
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategy ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Tender Offer ◽  
Tender Offers ◽  
Liability Management ◽  
The Us ◽  
Outstanding Debt ◽  
Practical Guidance ◽  
The Uk

This chapter examines several options available to financially troubled companies in connection with out-of-court restructurings in the US and the UK, and provides practical guidance for each option. Specifically, we discuss tender offers, exchange offers and amendments of outstanding debt securities, including the use of exit consents, and their use in conjunction with prepackaged or prearranged bankruptcies in the US. We also discuss the principal legal framework surrounding bond repurchases, issues relating to such repurchases, and the liability management strategy of combining the consensual nature of the tender offer with an exit consent in the UK.

An Overview of Initial Operational Experience With the Closed-Loop sCO2 Test Facility at Cranfield University

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Anselmi ◽  
Ian Bunce ◽  
Vassilios Pachidis
Keyword(s):  
Closed Loop ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Measurement And Control ◽  
Initial Objective

Abstract An experimental facility is currently operating at Cranfield University in the UK and it is being used to explore supercritical carbon dioxide as a working fluid for future bottoming power cycle applications. The initial objective of this experimental programme is to de-risk and demonstrate the robustness of a closed-loop system, whilst proving the function and performance of individual components and various measurement and control modules. This paper describes the first operational experience gained whilst operating the test facility. More specifically, it summarizes the lessons learned from the commissioning phase and first test campaigns carried out in 2018.

scholarly journals The Influence of ‘Say on Pay’ on Excessive Executive Compensation in the UK and the US

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Yunjie Wu
Keyword(s):  
Executive Compensation ◽  
Corporate Law ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
Say On Pay ◽  
Executive Remuneration ◽  
The Us ◽  
Core Issue ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

Along with the separation of ownership and control in modern companies, the agency problem between shareholders and managers has become a core issue in corporate law. In recent decades, there was a trend of increasing executive compensation in many countries, which led to shareholders’ dissatisfaction and social concerns about the income gap. Since directors did not effectively solve the problem of excessive executive remuneration, many countries introduced the advisory shareholder vote on the remuneration report (‘Say on Pay’). It is a new mechanism that allows shareholders to vote on executive remuneration. After it was first introduced in the UK, many other countries including the US adopted ‘Say on Pay’ to relieve the problem of excessive executive remuneration. However, there is an ongoing debate about whether ‘Say on Pay’ has a meaningful influence on excessive executive compensation. Some believe that shareholder voting results lead directors to create better executive remuneration plans. Others argue that ‘Say on Pay’ contributes little to solving this problem. It is therefore essential to analyse the effects of ‘Say on Pay’ on solving the excessive executive remuneration problem in the UK and the US. This essay will analyse several arguments related to the influence of ‘Say on Pay’ on excessive executive compensation in order to demonstrate the reasons why ‘Say on Pay’ contributes little to solving the excessive executive remuneration problem in the UK and the US.

Legislatures, Executives, and Political Control of Government

2020 ◽  
pp. 695-720
Author(s):  
Gillian E. Metzger
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Majority Party ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government ◽  
Presidential Regimes ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control

This chapter examines how political control over government is exercised today in the UK, the US, and France, focusing on control of the executive branch by the legislature and control of the administrative executive by the political executive. These three jurisdictions were chosen because they are paradigmatic examples of different political regimes: parliamentarism, separation of powers presidentialism, and semi-presidentialism. In theory, these different institutional structures should affect how political control is understood and wielded. In the traditional Westminster parliamentary model, for example, the government is formed from the leadership of the majority party in Parliament and it is the government that controls policy-making. By contrast, the traditional account of a separation of powers regime posits a separate legislature and executive as institutional rivals. Semi-presidential regimes combine a popularly elected presidential-type executive with a legislatively-dependent cabinet executive.

scholarly journals Clostridium difficile: summary of actions in the European Union

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (31) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Suetens
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Study Group ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
And Control

Since 2006, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) has been addressing the new CDI situation. Considering the worrying evolution of CDI in Northern America, reports of Type 027 CDI outbreaks in Belgium, The Netherlands and the UK in 2005, and the preliminary results of an EU-wide study conducted in 2005 by the ESCMID Study Group for C. difficile (ESGCD), ECDC convened a group of experts consisting of members of ESGCD, epidemiologists from healthcare-associated surveillance networks from the European Union (EU) and from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This ECDC working group recognised the emergence of a new CDI problem in some EU Member States and the potential for spread to other countries and decided to act.

scholarly journals Research on COVID-19 prevention and control strategies, and the effect of home quarantine in Shenzhen, China, 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Qian Xu(Co-first Author) ◽  
Jing-Zhong Wang(Co-first Author)) ◽  
Hai-Rui Wang ◽  
Jian-Fan He ◽  
Bing Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Third Party ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
The Third ◽  
Multistage Sampling ◽  
And Control

Abstract AbstractBackground: To study the prevention and control strategies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to analyze the infection of the home-quarantined individuals with epidemic histories (came from Hubei and any other affected regions), but without symptoms in the three incubations after Wuhan closure in Shenzhen.Methods: The sample size was 2,004 individuals based on multistage sampling during the pre-investigation. Based on the results of the pre-investigation, the formal investigation expanded the sample size to 57,012 individuals. A single throat swab was collected from each individual for nucleic acid testing (NAT) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). NAT was performed by a third-party institution, BGI. We collected information related to demographics, disease history, travel history, and personal protective measures before home quarantine, and monitored close-contact histories using the We Chat questionnaire.Results: The total infection rate of home-quarantined individuals was 0.11% (95% CI: 0.05%–0.24%) out of the total sample size of 59,016. The detection period for seven confirmed cases was primarily concentrated between February 8 and 18, 2020, which was during the second incubation period after Wuhan's closure. The home quarantined individuals with epidemic histories (came from Hubei and any other affected regions) were considered the high risk population during the first two incubations after Wuhan’s closure. No positive cases were detected from February 25 to present (the third incubation after Wuhan’s closure). The number of newly-confirmed cases per day was 0 for 8 days from February 22 to 29 in Shenzhen. Thus, the strategies of prevention and control were effective.Conclusions: The strategies and policies were effective for the prevention and control of COVID-19. Additionally, the strategy of implementing NAT during the first two incubations for home-quarantined individuals with epidemic histories (came from Hubei and any other affected regions), but without symptoms, facilitated early detection, early reporting, early diagnosis, early quarantining, and early treatment. However, our findings do not support NAT for home quarantined persons during the third incubation after Wuhan’s closure to present.

scholarly journals Bribery: Am I a Criminal? Implications of the US Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the UK Bribery Act in the Outsourced FM Environment

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Michael Bown
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Real World ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ◽  
The Us ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Outsourcing Contracts ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the de facto international anti-bribery/anti-corruption (ABAC) standard and how facility managers can unwittingly fall afoul of it. Its conclusions will help FM practitioners in the outsourced multinational environment set up robust ethics trainings and control mechanisms for their teams in emerging markets. While bribery is found in all countries, it is especially problematic in emerging markets, which are increasingly included in FM outsourcing contracts. Three real-world situations are analyzed where misunderstandings of policy intent or implementation, lack of diligence in following standards, or other overriding considerations led to ABAC infractions. The analysis shows that the international FM outsourcing environment is susceptible to ethical difficulties caused by cutting corners during the account transition process. This is due to financial pressures during transition and a tendency to assume that the client knows best. This conclusion is not likely to be intuitive to practicing FM account managers. The paper will not touch on country standards of ethics or ABAC laws in the developing world. Such laws and standards are not always sufficiently enforced, which contributes to the persistence of bribery and corruption. This weakness in local enforcement is one factor that has led to the development of the international standard, which is framed by US and UK law.

On-Line Analytical Instrumentation in the Water Industry — Problems and Practical Solutions

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-97
Author(s):  
R. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Water Industry ◽  
System Technology ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
The Us ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
On Line ◽  
Analytical Instrumentation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
And Control ◽  
Industry Needs

Water industry needs in instrumentation and control have been discussed mainly against a background of developments in the UK, in Europe and the US, although requirements in developing areas, where different, have not been ignored. Limitations of existing instrumentation, control and automation (ICA) systems have been discussed, and so too have potential improvements resulting from recent developments in sensor and system technology including developments in microelectronics and microcomputers. Certain sensor and system developments of particular relevance have been discussed in more detail, and so too have certain organisational and logistical aspects. Finally, some new horizons have been explored.

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