scholarly journals Influencing Factors Analysis on Provincial Difference of Rural Energy Efficiency in China Employing Super Efficiency SBM Model and Global Malmquist-Luenberger Index

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Wen ◽  
You Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Rural Energy ◽  
Sbm Model ◽  
Factors Analysis ◽  
Economic Zones ◽  
Regional Imbalance

Abstract Given the current circumstance of increasingly severe resource and environmental deterioration, the progress of Chinese rural energy efficiency has a remarkable impression on Chinese future high-quality development. Energy consumption in rural areas accounts for a considerable proportion, so it is imperative to make a specific and accurate assessment of rural energy efficiency. This paper abandons the traditional method of regional division and separates China into eight economic zones. First of all, this paper applies Super-SBM model to calculate the rural energy efficiency and constructs a Global Malmquist-Luenberger (GML) Index based on 2008–2018 panel data. Subsequently, GML is decomposed into technical efficiency change index (GMLEC) and technological progress change index (GMLTC) to analyze green total-factor productivity (GTFP) in rural areas. Eventually, the GML and its decomposition terms of eight economic zones are explained by practicing a cumulative multiplication method from 2008 to 2018. The consequences of employing panel data of region prove that: (1) There is a severe regional imbalance of Chinese rural energy efficiency. (2) The rural energy efficiency in the northwest and southwest (western region) is higher than the Middle Yangtze River and the Middle Yellow River (central region). (3) GMLTC has a significant impact on GTFP.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Confidence and Preparedness in Paramedics in Metropolitan, Regional, and Rural Australia to Manage Mental-Health-Related Presentations: A Cross-Sectional Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 1882
Author(s):  
Kate Emond ◽  
Melanie Bish ◽  
Michael Savic ◽  
Dan I. Lubman ◽  
Terence McCann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Manage Mental ◽  
Manage Mental Health

Mental-health-related presentations account for a considerable proportion of the paramedic’s workload in prehospital care. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the perceived confidence and preparedness of paramedics in Australian metropolitan and rural areas to manage mental-health-related presentations. Overall, 1140 paramedics were surveyed. Pearson chi-square and Fisher exact tests were used to compare categorical variables by sex and location of practice; continuous variables were compared using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Perceived confidence and preparedness were each modelled in multivariable ordinal regressions. Female paramedics were younger with higher qualifications but were less experienced than their male counterparts. Compared to paramedics working in metropolitan regions, those working in rural and regional areas were generally older with fewer qualifications and were significantly less confident and less prepared to manage mental health presentations (p = 0.001). Compared to male paramedics, females were less confident (p = 0.003), although equally prepared (p = 0.1) to manage mental health presentations. These results suggest that higher qualifications from the tertiary sector may not be adequately preparing paramedics to manage mental health presentations, which signifies a disparity between education provided and workforce preparedness. Further work is required to address the education and training requirements of paramedics in regional and rural areas to increase confidence and preparedness in managing mental health presentations.

Measuring Biomass Energy Flows of a Rural Energy Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 779-780 ◽  
pp. 1388-1393
Author(s):  
Xing Long Xie
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Energy Investment ◽  
Rural Energy ◽  
Geometry Model ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Energy Engineering

Energy consumption in the Chinese rural areas features massive use of low-grade energy commodities and the distempered structure of exorbitant leaning on biomass energy. This has provoked an increasingly exacerbating environment and exerted a depressing effect on agriculturally sustainable development. Pilot energy engineering practices of efficient utilization environment improvement have seen a surge on a vast extent of rural lands. As a typical engineering of energy resources for methane production, the four-dimension-inone-geometry model concerning ecological agriculture has triggered scholarly attention. The aim of this study is to deal with energy flows in this system whereby to put forward measures for its upgrading and ultimately offer policies for rural energy development and use. First, the study depicts the models structure and working process, and the methodology of estimating its energy flows. Next, taking a three member household as an example, the study estimates the quantity in its energy flows, finding that the whole system imports 1,195,102 MJ of energy and generates 35,728MJ, with 47.3% yielded by the breeding system, 32.1% by the anaerobic fermentation system, and 20.6% by the planting system. Comparatively, this model has neither achieved the artificially auxiliary energy-output ratio of 2.4:1, a criterion for high yield, nor reached the national high output standard of 38.1GJ/hm2 in inorganic energy investment and the height of 124.3 GJ/hm2 of farmland energy input in the bio-energy zones of good harvest. On this ground, this study presents countermeasures to further improve the models energy efficiency and strategies related to rural energy development. Those suggestions might apply to other rural areas.

Study of power transformer loading in rural power supply systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-289
Author(s):  
I. V. Naumov ◽  
D. N. Karamov ◽  
A. N. Tretyakov ◽  
M. A. Yakupova ◽  
E. S. Fedorinovа
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Power Transformer ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Power Transformers ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Load Factors ◽  
Optimal Load ◽  
Supply Systems

The purpose of this study is to study the effect of loading power transformers (PT) in their continuous use on their energy efficiency on a real-life example of existing rural electric networks. It is noted that the vast majority of PT in rural areas have a very low load factor, which leads to an increase in specific losses of electric energy when this is transmitted to various consumers. It is planned to optimize the existing synchronized power supply systems in rural areas by creating new power supply projects in such a way as to integrate existing power sources and ensure the most efficient loading of power transformers for the subsequent transfer of these systems to isolated ones that receive power from distributed generation facilities. As an example, we use data from an electric grid company on loading power transformers in one of the districts of the Irkutsk region. Issues related to the determination of electric energy losses in rural PT at different numerical values of their load factors are considered. A computing device was developed using modern programming tools in the MATLAB system, which has been used to calculate and plot the dependence of power losses in transformers of various capacities on the actual and recommended load factors, as well as the dependence of specific losses during the transit of 1 kVA of power through a power transformer at the actual, recommended and optimal load factors. The analysis of specific losses of electric energy at the actual, recommended and optimal load factors of PT is made. Based on the analysis, the intervals of optimal load factors for different rated power of PT of rural distribution electric networks are proposed. It is noted that to increase the energy efficiency of PT, it is necessary to reduce idling losses by increasing the load of these transformers, which can be achieved by reducing the number of transformers while changing the configuration of 0.38 kV distribution networks.

scholarly journals Impact of regional socioeconomic variation on coordination and cost of ambulatory care: investigation of claims data from Bavaria, Germany

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. e016218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mehring ◽  
Ewan Donnachie ◽  
Antonius Schneider ◽  
Martin Tauscher ◽  
Roman Gerlach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Practitioner ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Hierarchical Models ◽  
Claims Data ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
District Level ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Specialist Care ◽  
Physician Density

ObjectivesA considerable proportion of regional variation in healthcare use and health expenditures is to date still unexplained. The aim was to investigate regional differences in the gatekeeping role of general practitioners and to identify relevant explanatory variables at patient and district level in Bavaria, Germany.DesignRetrospective routine data analysis using claims data held by the Bavarian Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians.ParticipantsAll patients who consulted a specialist in ambulatory practice within the first quarter of 2011 (n=3 616 510).Outcomes measuresOf primary interest is the effect of district-level measures of rurality, physician density and multiple deprivation on (1) the proportion of patients with general practitioner (GP) coordination of specialist care and (2) the mean amount in Euros claimed by specialist physicians.ResultsThe proportion of patients whose use of specialist services was coordinated by a GP was significantly higher in rural areas and in highly deprived regions, as compared with urban and less deprived regions. The hierarchical models revealed that increasing age and the presence of chronic diseases are the strongest predictive factors for coordination by a GP. In contrast, the presence of mental illness, an increasing number of medical condition categories and living in a city are predictors for specialist use without GP coordination. The amount claimed per patient was €10 to €20 higher in urban districts and in regions with lower deprivation. Hierarchical models indicate that this amount is on average higher for patients living in towns and lower for patients in regions with high deprivation.ConclusionThe present study shows that regional deprivation is closely associated with the way in which patients access primary and specialist care. This has clear consequences, both with respect to the role of the general practitioner and the financial costs of care.

scholarly journals Photovoltaic greenhouses: evaluation of shading effect and its influence on agricultural performances

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Castellano
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Photovoltaic Systems ◽  
Scientific Evaluation ◽  
Shading Effect ◽  
Photovoltaic Panels ◽  
Pv Modules ◽  
San Rafael

During the last years, European government remuneration polices promoted the realisation of photovoltaic systems integrated with the structures instead of on ground photovoltaic (PV) plants. In this context, in rural areas, greenhouses covered with PV modules have been developed. In order to interdict the building of greenhouses with an amount of opaque panels on covering not coherent with the plant production, local laws assigned a threshold value, usually between 25% and 50%, of the projection on the soil of the roof. These ranges seem not to be based on scientific evaluation about the agricultural performances required to the building but only on empirical assessments. Purpose of this paper is to contribute to better understand the effect of different configurations of PV panels on the covering of a monospan duo-pitched roof greenhouse in terms of shading effect and energy efficiency during different periods of the year. At this aim, daylighting and insolation analysis were performed by means of the software Autodesk<sup>®</sup> Ecotect<sup>®</sup> Analysis (Autodesk, Inc., San Rafael, CA, USA) on greenhouse model with different covering ratio of polycrystalline photovoltaic panels on the roof.

scholarly journals (M.A. thesis) Migration schedules by age and characterization of migrants in the micro-regions of Goiás and the Federal District, 1975–1979 and 1986–1990

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernesto F. L. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Federal District ◽  
The State ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Migrant Population ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The North ◽  
High Level

Title in Portuguese: Funções de migração por idade e caracterização de migrantes das microrregiões de Goiás e Distrito Federal, 1975-1979 e 1986-1990(Dissertação de Mestrado)(M.A. Thesis)Since the 70’s, the Brazilian Middle-West Region has experienced an important modernization process in agricultural and industrial activities, which has led to an employment retraction and migration flows, especially from rural areas to the major metropolitan cities of the region. In this research the focus of analysis are the State of Goiás and the Federal District, which encompasses Brasília, the capital of Brazil. In order to understand the new population configuration, the region was divided into four sub-areas (micro-region of Goiânia, micro-region of Entorno de Brasília, the Federal District, and a group of 16 micro-regions of Goiás) and the patterns of migration, by age and sex, were estimated for the periods 1975-1979 and 1986-1991. In addition, differences between native and migrant population of each sub-area, according to the participation in the labor force, income, education and type of migration were investigated. The analysis was performed on the basis of the 1980 and 1991 Brazilian Census data.In the intra-state migration, the fluxes between the micro-region of Goiânia and the 16 other micro-regions of Goiás, and between the Federal District and the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília were the most important. In the inter-state migration, the flux from the states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul and the North region to the 16 micro-regions of Goiás, as well as the flux from Northeast, Southeast and South to the Federal District were significant. But there was a decline in the migration to the Federal District, between 1975-1979 and 1986-1991, while, in the same period, the migration to the Entorno of Brasília increased.The chance of the migrant population in the micro-region of Goiânia and in the Federal District to have worked in the last 12 months prior to census interview was lower than that of the native population. However, those who migrated from the Federal District to the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília had higher chance to have worked in the formal sector than those who did not migrate. Migrants who moved from the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília and the 16 other micro-regions of Goiás to the micro-region of Goiânia had lower wages than the non-migrant population. The lowest level of wages was recorded for the migrants to the 16 other micro-regions of Goiás. Migrants living in the Federal District had high level of education, while those migrants living in the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília had low level of education.In 1986-1990, the micro-regions of Goiânia and Entorno de Brasília, as well as the 16 other micro-regions of Goiás, presented a high percentage of returned migrants. In the same period, a major proportion of migrants to the micro-region of Entorno de Brasília had first moved from Southeast or from the Federal District to others regions. In addition, there was a considerable proportion of migrants with low income who had moved from Northeast to the Federal District and then to the micro-region of the Entorno de Brasília.Future research could focus other areas or regions of Brazil, and could also explore the same kind of analysis, on the basis of the incoming 2000 Brazilian Census, which requires the development of new techniques, as it did not collect information on the city of previous residence, but only on the state of residence.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Sustainable Development of Tourism Cities Based on SDGs and Tourism Competitiveness Index: Analysis of 221 Prefecture-Level Cities in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12338
Author(s):  
Junli Gao ◽  
Chaofeng Shao ◽  
Sihan Chen ◽  
Zizhang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Protection Systems ◽  
Competitiveness Index ◽  
Development Paths ◽  
Economic Zones

Based on the Sustainable Development Goals and competitiveness index, an evaluation index system for sustainable development of tourism cities was established. The sustainable development level of 221 outstanding tourism cities in 2018 was evaluated, and their sustainable development paths were designed accordingly. The results show the following: (1) There is a large gap in sustainable development scores. In general, no city has achieved a strong sustainable development model. Natural and cultural resources and protection systems are the shortcomings of the systems. (2) The weights of natural and cultural resources and protection systems are the largest, and the weights of natural and cultural resources endowment, degree of tourism infrastructure construction, and economic support for natural and cultural resources are larger. Nature reserve coverage index, network popularity, and other indicators have greater weight. (3) There is a gap in the sustainable development level of tourism cities in the eight comprehensive economic zones. The economic zones in the eastern and southern coastal areas are better than those in the northwest and the middle reaches of the Yellow River. (4) The driving factors of the eight types of tourism cities distinguished by their characteristics are basically the same, but the obstacles are different.

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