scholarly journals Magnitude and factors associated with Availability of Adequately Iodized Salt at Households of Pregnant Mothers in Wonago district, south Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adane Tesfaye
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
South Ethiopia ◽  
Monthly Household Income ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

Abstract Background Salt iodization is the most cost-effective, safe and sustainable strategy to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders. It is especially damaging during pregnancy and in early child hood. Adding iodine to salt provides protection from brain damage due to iodine deficiency for whole populations. However, little was known about the availability of adequately iodized salt in South Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and factors associated with availability of adequately iodized salt at the households of pregnant mothers in Wonago District, South Ethiopia, 2018. Methods Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 14-29, 2018 in Wonago district. Using a stratified two stage random sampling technique, a total of 604 pregnant mothers were included in the study. The level of salt iodine content was determined using the rapid field test kit, considering a value of <15 parts per million (PPM) and ≥15 PPM with the corresponding color chart on the rapid test kit for classification. Multivariable logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with the availability of adequately iodized salt. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with the corresponding 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was calculated to show the strength of association. Result Availability of adequately iodized salt at households of pregnant mothers was 19.9%. House hold head, husband education, average monthly household income and time of salt addition during cooking were independently associated with adequately iodized salt availability. Accordingly, participatory male headed households [AOR=2.1(95%CI 1.08, 3.96)], women with an average monthly household income of ≥ 817 ETB [AOR=7.3(95%CI 3.03, 17.70)] and those who added salt late or after cooking during food preparation [AOR=2.17(1.08, 4.38)] were more likely to utilize adequately iodized salt. Conversely, women whose husband had no formal education were less likely [AOR=0.33(95%CI 0.11, 0.88)] to utilize iodized salt. Conclusion Compared to the recommended standard, use of adequately iodized salt among pregnant women is very low. Paternal conditions and household income level are key predictors of use of adequately iodized salt.

scholarly journals Factors associated with stock out of malaria test kit in Oshana region, Namibia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Magesa ◽  
Kabwebwe Honore Mitonga ◽  
Penehafo Angula
Keyword(s):  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Quantitative Aspect ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Method Approach ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Malaria Test ◽  
Made In

Malaria continues to be a serious communicable disease whose impact on public health in Namibia is massive. Some improvement in reducing the number of malaria cases has been made in the country, but the sporadic availability of malaria diagnostic test kits (mRDT) continues to slow down government efforts to eliminate malaria in the country. Given the nature of current conditions, justification exists for a study to determine the factors associated with stock out of malaria rapid test kit (mRDT) in Namibia. Mixed method approach was employed, whereby in quantitative aspect, the study adopted a descriptive approach to acquire data from a period of five years retrospectively (2012 - 2016). To gain insight into qualitative aspects of the study, key informants at all levels of the supply chain in Oshana region were interviewed. Pharmaceutical knowledge of ordering mRDT is needed to prevent stock out of mRDT. It is a recommendation of this study that training is needed for staffs who are involved in ordering of pharmaceutical items.

scholarly journals Handling and Adequacy of Iodine at Household Level: Community Based Cross-sectional Survey in Dega Damot District, West Gojjam Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aschalew Afework ◽  
Wondemagegn Mulu ◽  
Almayehu Abate ◽  
Abel Lule
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Physical Growth ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
West Gojjam ◽  
West Gojjam Zone

ABSTRACTIntroductionIodine is essential for regulation of physical growth and neural development. Although, fortification of iodine has been practiced decades before and iodized salt is available, handling and cultural food preparation may affect the content of iodine in the dishes. Moreover, Dega Damot is mountainous area that may lose its iodine via erosion. Therefore, this study aimed at determining the handling and adequacy of iodine in the salt in Dega Damot district, West Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia.MethodCommunity based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 24 to November 15, 2017 on 802 households. Stratified multi-stage sampling was employed to select households. A total of 422 and 380 house-holds from low land and high land, respectively took part in the study. For the interview either the husband or the spouse was selected randomly. Data on handling were collected by face-to-face interview using structured questionnaires. The concentration of iodine was determined using Rapid Test Kit. Descriptive statistics were used to describe relevant findings on the handling of iodized salt. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were analyzed to identify associated factors.ResultFrom 802 samples tested, 37 (4.6%) had iodine greater than 15parts per million. The majority (94.5%) of the respondents have been roasting their salt for ‘Dikus’ preparation where as 91.1% of the households stored their salt in open containers. Salts with closed containers (AOR=3.22, CI=1.31-7.89), unroasted salts [AOR=5.23, CI=1.25-22.11], good knowledge on handling [AOR=5.55, CI=1.64-18.77], salts from high land area [AOR=2.11, 9CI=1.02-4.37], were significantly associated with adequacy of iodine Conclusions: Adequate utilization of iodine was very low. Roasting of salt was common. These phenomena may be continued because ‘Dikus’ preparation is cultured in this population. We recommend the supplementation of packed iodized salt in the dishes

scholarly journals Availability of Adequately Iodized Dietary Salt and Associated Factors in a Town of Southeast Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Survey

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Gadisa Fitala Obssie ◽  
Kassahun Ketema ◽  
Yohannes Tekalegn
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
World Health ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Southeast Ethiopia

Background. Iodine deficiency is the world’s major cause of preventable intellectual impairment, and nearly 2 billion people are at risk of iodine deficiency worldwide. Prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders primarily aim at ensuring the intake of adequate iodine to maintain normal thyroid function. In our study area, studies regarding the coverage of adequately iodized salt at household level are meager. Hence, this study aimed to assess the magnitude of adequately iodized dietary salt at a household level in Kore Town, Southeast Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Kore town from August 1 to 30, 2019. A total of 394 households were selected for this study using a simple random sampling technique. The level of salt iodine content was determined using the rapid field test kit. Then, iodine contents of dietary salt were reported as <15 parts per million and ≥15 parts per million. Data regarding sociodemographic factors, knowledge of respondents about iodized salt, and iodized salt handling practices were collected through a face-to-face interview. The binary logistic regression model was used to assess the association between independent factors and the outcome variable. Statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05 . Result. Out of all the households, 223 (56.6%) had adequately iodized salt. Not exposing iodized salt to sunlight (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.1, 5.2), storing the salt at a dry or cold place [(AOR = 4.77, 95% CI: 1.39, 16.45) and (AOR = 8.23, 95% CI: 1.44, 47.19), respectively], and having good knowledge about iodized salt (AOR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.18, 3.01) were significantly associated with the presence of adequately iodized salt at the household level. Conclusion. Availability of adequately iodized salt in the study area was far below the World Health Organization recommendation. Information regarding the importance and proper handling of iodized dietary salt should be communicated to the householders.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Utilization of Iodized Salt and Its Associated Factors at Household Level in Mecha District, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Walleligne Beyene Tariku ◽  
Amare Lisanu Mazengia
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Test Kit

Background. Iodine is one of the essential elements that enables the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones, which is vital for growth and development of the brain and central nervous system. More than two billion individuals worldwide live in iodine-deficient areas. Objectives. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge and utilization of iodized salt at the household level and associated factors in the Mecha district, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 10 to April 10, 2018. Data were collected using a pretested and structured questionnaire by a face-to-face interview technique. The use of iodized salt at the household level was tested with the iodine rapid test kit. Data were checked, coded, and entered to EPi Info version 3.5.1 and were exported to SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) version 20 for analysis. Result. A total of 700 head of households were included in the study, of which 639 (91.3%) were females. The overall prevalence of knowledge was 201 (28.7%). Availability of adequately iodized salt was 443 (63.3%). The proportion of proper utilization of adequately iodized salt at the household level was 180 (25.7%). Occupational status, educational status, and residence were predictors of knowledge on the use of iodized salt. Educational status, packaging, and knowledge of respondents on iodized salt were significant to utilization. Conclusion and Recommendation. Knowledge, availability, and utilization of adequately iodized salt remain very low in the district. Concerned body should improve awareness and availability of adequately iodized salt and how to utilize it properly.

scholarly journals PROPER UTILIZATION OF IODIZED SALT AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG RURAL COMMUNITY OF HETOSA DISTRICT, OROMIA REGIONAL STATE, SOUTH EAST ETHIOPIA

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu Tura Bulli ◽  
MeleseTadese Aredo ◽  
Hailu Fekadu ◽  
Ashenafi Habtamu Regesu
Keyword(s):  
Associated Factors ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
National Goal ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Test Kit

AbstractIntroductionIodine is considered to be one of the most essential micronutrients for the normal physical and mental development of human beings. However, little is known about households’ use of iodized salt and associated factors.ObjectivesThis study was to assess the proper utilization of iodized salt at the household level and associated factors in Hetosa District, Southeast Ethiopia, 2019.MethodsA Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 20 up to September 15/2019 in rural Hetosa District, Arsi Zone, and east-south Ethiopia. A total of 603 households were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected employing structured and pre-tested questionnaires by face -to -face interview technique. The use of iodized salt at the household level was tested with the iodine rapid test kit. The data were checked, coded and entered into Epi Info Version 7 and export to SPSS version 21 for analysis.ResultA total of 596 participants were included in this study. The availability of adequately iodized salt was 61.1%. The proportion of proper utilization of iodized salt at the household level was 38.4%.Formal Educational (AOR=1.688, 95%CI (1.002, 2.846)),Practice of iodized salt use (AOR= 3.352, 95%CI (2.160, 5.202)), Knowledge on use of iodized salt (AOR=2.320, 95%CI (1.437, 3.745)) and level of iodine content in salt (AOR= 1.668, 95%CI (1.071, 2.597)) were statistically significant to utilization of iodized salt.ConclusionProper utilization of iodized salt remains very low, which was 38.4% in the district and does not meet the national goal. Educational status, level of iodized salt, good knowledge and good practice were significantly associated factors with proper utilization of adequately iodized salt in this study.

scholarly journals Social and hygienic characteristics of children from the iodine deficiency region

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97
Author(s):  
T.V. Sorokman ◽  
M.I. Bachu
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Consumer Market ◽  
Additional Risk ◽  
The Social ◽  
Inorganic Iodine

Background. Determining the social and hygienic patterns of children’s health is an important scientific and methodological task of pediatrics, the solution of which makes it possible to manage health processes. Natural factors that affect health include iodine deficiency in environmental components. Nowadays in 19 countries, including Ukraine, the issue of iodine deficiency remains relevant. The purpose was to analyze social and hygienic factors in schoolchildren from the iodine deficiency region. Materials and methods. A survey of schoolchildren (n = 1,973) and their parents (n = 655) was conducted, we have examined 397 children aged 10–12 years from 7 districts of the Chernivtsi region. The concentration of inorganic iodine in a single urine portion was determined in 197 children, salt samples were tested using a rapid test. Results. In 2017, 56.1 % of parents-respondents did not know about the problem of iodine deficiency, and in 2019 — 28.2 %. Out of 397 salt samples taken from households, the presence of iodine was found in 133 (33.5 %) and 45 (41.3 %) of 109 samples taken from trade establishments. Of 509 samples labeled as iodized salt, only 35 % contained iodine and 65 % did not meet the requirements. The hygienic assessment of the balance of children’s diet revealed significant violations that may contribute to the development of iodine deficiency. Of 1,973 respondents, 15.7 % eat natural products. A disharmonious style of family upbringing dominated, which changes the emotional and mental state of a child. The median ioduria in the examined population is in general 58.1 ± 3.2 μg/l, the frequency of goiter among prepubertal children of Bukovinian region is 17.2 %. Two or more concomitant diseases, asthenic, neurotic and affective disorders were detected in 75.5 % of schoolchildren. Conclusions. Low public awareness, sale of iodized salt on the consumer market, which does not meet hygienic standards for iodine content, low motivation to use iodized salt on the background of iodine deficiency, even mild, are additional risk factors for iodine deficiency in schoolchildren of Chernivtsi region.

scholarly journals A cross sectional study on proper use of iodized salt in communities of rural areas and its relevant factors in Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 1083
Author(s):  
P. Sai Deepika ◽  
B. Thirumala Rao ◽  
A. Vamsi ◽  
K. Valleswary ◽  
M. Chandra Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Andhra Pradesh ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Household Level

Background: The coverage of adequately iodized salt in old Andhra Pradesh was 63.6%, which is below the national average. Despite of high coverage rural households were less likely to consume adequately iodized salt. Objectives were (1) to find out the use of iodized salt and practices among community and knowledge regarding iodine deficiency diseases (2) to test salt at the household level to assess level of iodine.Methods: Community based cross-sectional study conducted from July to December 2016 in RHTC, Maddipadu, Prakasam district. Proportionate households from four villages of this area were interviewed for the purpose of study. Factors related to use of iodized salt in the communities like type of salt using in houses, storage practices, practices during cooking, knowledge regarding iodine deficiency disorders were assessed. The salt was tested for iodine using iodine rapid test MBI kits. The data was collected using pre-tested questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 version.Results: Most of households (68.5%) were between 25-50 years age, 68% wives were illiterate and 48.5% wives involved in labor work. Majority (83.6%) of the families were using iodized packed salt, 75% had adequately iodized salt with ≥15 ppm and 25% with inadequate iodized salt <15ppm. Association between illiterate wives and poor knowledge regarding iodized salt found to be significant (p<0.005).Conclusions: Specific education regarding proper storage, handling, duration and the importance of iodized salt needs to be implemented to increase community awareness and to focus on behavior change communication to bring positive attitude toward utilization of iodized salt.

scholarly journals Prevalence and factors associated with antenatal care service access among Indigenous women in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244640
Author(s):  
Shahinoor Akter ◽  
Jane Louise Rich ◽  
Kate Davies ◽  
Kerry Jill Inder
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Care Service ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Service Access ◽  
Chittagong Hill Tracts ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Monthly Household Income

Background Prevalence of accessing antenatal care (ANC) services among Indigenous women in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) is unknown. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of accessing ANC services by Indigenous women in the CHT and identify factors associated with knowledge of, and attendance at, ANC services. Methods Using a cross-sectional design three Indigenous groups in Khagrachari district, CHT, Bangladesh were surveyed between September 2017 and February 2018. Indigenous women within 36 months of delivery were asked about attending ANC services and the number who attended was used to estimate prevalence. Socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics were used to determine factors associated with knowledge and attendance using multivariable logistic regression techniques adjusted for clustering by village; results are presented as odds ratios (OR), adjusted OR, and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Of 494 indigenous women who met the inclusion criteria in two upazilas, 438 participated (89% response rate) in the study, 75% were aged 16–29 years. Sixty-nine percent were aware of ANC services and the prevalence of attending ANC services was 53% (n = 232, 95%CI 0.48–0.58). Half (52%; n = 121) attended private facilities. Independent factors associated with knowledge about ANC were age ≥30 years (OR 2.2, 95%CI 1.1–4.6), monthly household income greater than 20,000 Bangladeshi Taka (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.4–8.6); knowledge of pregnancy-related complications (OR 3.6, 95%CI 1.6–8.1), knowledge about nearest health facilities (OR 4.3, 95%CI 2.1–8.8); and attending secondary school or above (OR 4.8, 95%CI 2.1–11). Independent factors associated with attending ANC services were having prior knowledge of ANC benefits (OR 7.7, 95%CI 3.6–16), Indigenous women residing in Khagrachhari Sadar subdistrict (OR 6.5, 95%CI 1.7–25); and monthly household income of 20,000 Bangladeshi Taka or above (OR 2.8, 95%CI 1.1–7.4). Conclusion Approximately half of Indigenous women from Chittagong Hill Tracts Bangladesh attended ANC services at least once. Better awareness and education may improve ANC attendance for Indigenous women. Cultural factors influencing attendance need to be explored.

scholarly journals Income disparity in school readiness and the mediating role of perinatal maternal mental health: a longitudinal birth cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. Law ◽  
R. Aishworiya ◽  
S. Cai ◽  
A.-A. Bouvette-Turcot ◽  
B. F. P. Broekman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
School Readiness ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Growth Curve ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Maternal Mental Health ◽  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Readiness Skills ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

Abstract Aims There is compelling evidence for gradient effects of household income on school readiness. Potential mechanisms are described, yet the growth curve trajectory of maternal mental health in a child's early life has not been thoroughly investigated. We aimed to examine the relationships between household incomes, maternal mental health trajectories from antenatal to the postnatal period, and school readiness. Methods Prospective data from 505 mother–child dyads in a birth cohort in Singapore were used, including household income, repeated measures of maternal mental health from pregnancy to 2-years postpartum, and a range of child behavioural, socio-emotional and cognitive outcomes from 2 to 6 years of age. Antenatal mental health and its trajectory were tested as mediators in the latent growth curve models. Results Household income was a robust predictor of antenatal maternal mental health and all child outcomes. Between children from the bottom and top household income quartiles, four dimensions of school readiness skills differed by a range of 0.52 (95% Cl: 0.23, 0.67) to 1.21 s.d. (95% CI: 1.02, 1.40). Thirty-eight percent of pregnant mothers in this cohort were found to have perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms in the subclinical and clinical ranges. Poorer school readiness skills were found in children of these mothers when compared to those of mothers with little or no symptoms. After adjustment of unmeasured confounding on the indirect effect, antenatal maternal mental health provided a robust mediating path between household income and multiple school readiness outcomes (χ2 126.05, df 63, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.031, CFI = 0.980, SRMR = 0.034). Conclusions Pregnant mothers with mental health symptoms, particularly those from economically-challenged households, are potential targets for intervention to level the playing field of their children.

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