scholarly journals The Effect of Pedaling At Different Cadence On Attentional Resources

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayu Akaiwa ◽  
Koki Iwata ◽  
Hidekazu Saito ◽  
Eriko Shibata ◽  
Takeshi Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Optimal Condition ◽  
P300 Latency ◽  
Task Control ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Oddball Task ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Optimal Cadence

Abstract Research aim: We investigated the relationship between attentional resources and pedaling cadence using electroencephalography (EEG) to measure P300 amplitudes and latencies. Methods: Twenty-five healthy volunteers performed the oddball task while pedaling on a stationary bike or relaxing (no pedaling). We set them four conditions: 1) performing only the oddball task (control), 2) performing the oddball task while pedaling at optimal cadence (optimal), 3) performing the oddball task while pedaling faster than optimal cadence (fast), and 4) performing the oddball task while pedaling slower than optimal cadence (slow). Results: P300 amplitudes at Cz and Pz electrodes under optimal, fast, and slow conditions were significantly lower than that under control conditions. P300 amplitudes at Pz under fast and slow conditions were significantly lower than that under the optimal condition. No significant changes in P300 latency at any electrode were observed under any condition. Conclusion: Our findings revealed that pedaling at non-optimal cadence results in less attention being paid to external stimuli compared with pedaling at optimal cadence.

The Aristocracy in England and Tuscany, 1000 - 1250

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
English History ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
English Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interpretative Framework

Part I of this book is an in-depth examination of the characteristics of the Tuscan aristocracy across the first two and a half centuries of the second millennium, as studied by Italian historians and others working within the Italian tradition: their origins, interests, strategies for survival and exercise of power; the structure and the several levels of aristocracy and how these interrelated; the internal dynamics and perceptions that governed aristocratic life; and the relationship to non-aristocratic sectors of society. It will look at how aristocratic society changed across this period and how far changes were internally generated as opposed to responses from external stimuli. The relationship between the aristocracy and public authority will also be examined. Part II of the book deals with England. The aim here is not a comparative study but to bring insights drawn from Tuscan history and Tuscan historiography into play in understanding the evolution of English society from around the year 1000 to around 1250. This part of the book draws on the breadth of English historiography but is also guided by the Italian experience. The book challenges the interpretative framework within which much English history of this period tends to be written—that is to say the grand narrative which revolves around Magna Carta and English exceptionalism—and seeks to avoid dangers of teleology, of idealism, and of essentialism. By offering a study of the aristocracy across a wide time-frame and with themes drawn from Italian historiography, I hope to obviate these tendencies and to appreciate the aristocracy firmly within its own contexts.

scholarly journals Cognitive and Executive Disorders in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Comorbid with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Evidence of Mindfulness

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Emotional Processes ◽  
Cognitive Rumination ◽  
Task Oriented ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
Free Domain

The present text carries out a characterization of the anomalous functioning of cognitive and emotional processes governed by the guidelines of a central dysexecutive control, modulated by persistent, negligent, and sometimes insensitive patterns to command lines of detection of external stimuli and required adjustment of focus according to changing keys of a demanding task-oriented context. Rumination as a metacognitive process, once anarchic, is in a domain-free domain capable of usurping memory and attentional resources by retrieving them to the self-referential self, making it a preferred focus of relevance. The ruminative process, slipping into the conscious network normally alert, is incessantly overwritten until it colonizes it, makes it neglect its tasks of observation and surveillance, to instead, abstract it from the outside world and overturn it in a kind of inflated self-absorption or hyper-augmented self-consciousness. The cognitive rumination is postulated as the polymorphic process that serves as a base substrate to explain the logic of appearance and maintenance of both obsessive-compulsive disorder and major depression, these diagnostic entities being the expression of the same polymorphic process. Turned to the future in the TOC and to the past in the TDM. Finally, a review is made of the evidence that the practice of mindfulness has reported in reducing rumination.

scholarly journals Comparison of the CSF dynamics between patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus and healthy volunteers

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018-1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Jacobsson ◽  
Sara Qvarlander ◽  
Anders Eklund ◽  
Jan Malm
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Neurological Status ◽  
Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽  
Diagnostic Process ◽  
Clinical Trial Registration ◽  
Resting Pressure ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dynamic Investigation

OBJECTIVEIntracranial pressure (ICP), outflow resistance (Rout), and amplitude of cardiac-related ICP pulsations (AMPs) are established parameters to describe the CSF hydrodynamic system and are assumed, but not confirmed, to be disturbed in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH). The aim of this study was to compare the CSF hydrodynamic profile between patients with INPH and healthy volunteers.METHODSSixty-two consecutive INPH patients (mean age 74 years) and 40 healthy volunteers (mean age 70 years) were included. Diagnosis was made by two independent neurologists who assessed patients’ history, neurological status, and MRI studies. A CSF dynamic investigation through the lumbar route was performed: ICP and other CSF dynamic variables were blinded to the neurologists during the diagnostic process and were not used for establishing the diagnosis of INPH.RESULTSRout was significantly higher in INPH (Rout 17.1 vs 11.1; p < 0.001), though a substantial number of INPH subjects had normal Rout. There were no differences between INPH patients and controls regarding ICP (mean 11.5 mm Hg). At resting pressure, there was a trend that AMP in INPH was increased (2.4 vs 2.0 mm Hg; p = 0.109). The relationship between AMP and ICP was that they shared the same slope, but the curve was significantly shifted to the left for INPH (reduced P0 [p < 0.05]; i.e., higher AMP for the same ICP).CONCLUSIONSThis study established that the CSF dynamic profile of INPH deviates from that of healthy volunteers and that INPH should thus be regarded as a disease in which intracranial hydrodynamics are part of the pathophysiology.Clinical trial registration no.: NCT01188382 (clinicaltrials.gov)

Changes in prefrontal cortex near infrared spectroscopy activity as a function of difficulty in a visual P300 paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Rizer ◽  
Jacob S Aday ◽  
Joshua M Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Task Difficulty ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Oddball Task ◽  
The Right ◽  
Visual P300 ◽  
P300 Event Related Potential

The P300 event-related potential is an index of attentional resources related to target detection. Source localization and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has indicated that, among other regions, the prefrontal cortex contributes to the generation of the P300. Similar to fMRI, near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy measures change in blood oxygen levels, but offers several advantages including portability, low expense, and superior temporal resolution. No studies to date have examined the extent to which prefrontal cortex NIR spectroscopy measures are active during the P300 paradigm. To address this knowledge gap, participants completed a two-difficulty visual oddball task in which NIR spectroscopy and P300 data were collected in a counterbalanced order. Confirmatory results indicate that the P300 event-related potential is attenuated as a function of task difficulty. Similarly, NIR spectroscopy measures of oxygenated hemoglobin in the right medial prefrontal cortex are attenuated as a function of task difficulty. The results suggest that prefrontal cortex NIR spectroscopy measures are sensitive to task difficulty in a visual P300 oddball task.

Specific Gravity of Blood and Plasma at 4 and 37 °C

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 615-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond J Trudnowski ◽  
Rodolfo C Rico
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Relative Density ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Human Whole Blood ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Density Of Water

Abstract The specific gravity (relative density) of human whole blood and plasma from 25 healthy volunteers was determined gravimetrically. For whole blood it was found to be 1.0621 (95% confidence interval: 1.0652-1.0590) at 4 °C and 1.0506 (95% confidence interval: 1.0537-1.0475) at 37 °C. Plasma specific gravity was 1.0310 (95% confidence interval: 1.0324-1.0296) at 4 °C and 1.0205 (95% confidence interval: 1.0216-1.0193) at 37 °C. All of these values are referred to the density of water at 4 °C. We show the relationship between these values and those given in the literature for measurements at 25 °C. There was a small increase in whole blood specific gravity with increasing hematocrit, but it was not statistically significant over the 40-56 hematocrit range studied.

scholarly journals In-water observations highlight the effects of provisioning on whale shark behaviour at the world's largest whale shark tourism destination

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 200392
Author(s):  
Christine Legaspi ◽  
Joni Miranda ◽  
Jessica Labaja ◽  
Sally Snow ◽  
Alessandro Ponzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Mixed Effects Models ◽  
Whale Shark ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship

The whale shark is the world's largest fish that forms predictable aggregations across its range, many of which support tourism industries. The largest non-captive provisioned whale shark destination globally is at Oslob, Philippines, where more than 500 000 tourists visit yearly. There, the sharks are provisioned daily, year-round, allowing the human–shark interaction in nearshore waters. We used in-water behavioural observations of whale sharks between 2015 and 2017 to understand the relationship between external stimuli and shark behaviour, whether frequency of visits at the site can act as a predictor of behaviour, and the tourist compliance to the code of conduct. Mixed effects models revealed that the number of previous visits at the site was a strong predictor of whale shark behaviour, and that provisioned sharks were less likely to exhibit avoidance. Compliance was poor, with 93% of surveys having people less than 2 m from the animal, highlighting overcrowding of whale sharks at Oslob. Given the behavioural implications to whale sharks highlighted here and the local community's reliance on the tourism industry, it is imperative to improve management strategies to increase tourist compliance and strive for sustainable tourism practices.

scholarly journals The effects of sensory-processing sensitivity and sense of coherence on depressive symptoms in university students

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 205510291987163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosuke Yano ◽  
Takayoshi Kase ◽  
Kazuo Oishi
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
University Students ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Moderation Effect ◽  
Sensory Processing Sensitivity ◽  
External Stimuli ◽  
The Relationship

Sensory-processing sensitivity differentiates individuals according to responsivity to internal and external stimuli. It has been positively correlated with depressive symptoms. Meanwhile, sense of coherence, an individual’s perception that stressors are comprehensible, manageable, and meaningful for their life, could improve depression. This cross-sectional study investigated the moderation effect of sense of coherence on the relationship between sensory-processing sensitivity and depressive symptoms in university students. Japanese students ( N = 430) participated in a questionnaire survey that assessed levels of sensory-processing sensitivity, sense of coherence, and depressive symptoms. The results showed that a strong sense of coherence moderated the relationship between sensory-processing sensitivity and depressive symptoms in university students.

Weightbearing and Nonweightbearing Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 406-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alon Rabin ◽  
Zvi Kozol
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Ankle Dorsiflexion ◽  
Moderate Correlation ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion has been measured in weightbearing and nonweightbearing conditions. The different measurement conditions may contribute to inconsistent conclusions regarding the role of ankle dorsiflexion in several pathologic conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between ankle dorsiflexion range of motion as measured in weightbearing and nonweightbearing conditions. Methods: We compared ankle dorsiflexion range of motion as measured in a weightbearing versus a nonweightbearing position in 43 healthy volunteers. Measurements were taken separately by two examiners. Results: Weightbearing and nonweightbearing ankle dorsiflexion measurements produced significantly different results (P &lt; .0001). The two measurements correlated moderately (r = 0.6 and r = 0.64 for examiners 1 and 2, respectively; P &lt; .001). Conclusions: Weightbearing and nonweightbearing ankle dorsiflexion measurements produce significantly different results and only a moderate correlation, suggesting that these two measurements should not be used interchangeably as measures of ankle dorsiflexion range of motion. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(5): 406–411, 2012)

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document