Natural regeneration of pine after ground fires on the territory of the Leningrad region

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Д.В. Гусев
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Woody Plants ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Southern Taiga ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
Good Recovery ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Positive Effect

Естественное возобновление является важным фактором формирования насаждений, особенно главных лесообразующих пород. Растительное сообщество становится жизнестойким при условии способности восстановить численность популяций заменой погибших экземпляров новыми. Было выяснено в каком количестве происходит естественное возобновление сосны на гарях по сравнению с граничащими участками, не пройденными пожарами, взятые в качестве контроля. Район исследований относится к южной подзоне тайги на территории Ленинградской области в Кировском и Лужском лесничествах. Объектом исследований стали сосновые насаждения, где работы проводились в летний период с 2013 по 2015 год. Всего подобрано 36 участков (включая контроль) размером не более 0,3 га. Учет подроста проводился на учетных площадках. Каждая учетная площадка закладывалась при помощи шеста длиной 178,5 см. Площадь круговых площадок составляла 10 м2, они расположены последовательно друг за другом с непосредственным примыканием. На каждой площадке проводили перечет подроста и делили его по высоте на три категории крупности: мелкий до 0,5 м, средний – 0,6–1,5 м и крупный – более 1,5 м. А также естественное возобновление на участках делили по густоте – на три категории: редкий – до 2 тыс., средней густоты – 2–8 тыс., густой – более 8 тыс. растений на 1 га; по распределению по площади – на три категории в зависимости от встречаемости. Анализ послепожарного возобновления в сосняках показал, что на пробных площадях наблюдается отличное возобновление подроста сосны и обилие на площади, все это связано с уничтожением лесной подстилки, увеличением минерализации почвы что, в конечном счете, положительно влияет на естественное лесовосстановление, о чем свидетельствует появление всходов, а также лучше становится гидрологический режим почвы. Благодаря этому происходит хорошее восстановление. Количество благонадежного подроста составляет от 3,5 до 11,9 тыс. шт./га и его достаточно для естественного восстановления ценопопуляции после пожара. Подтверждена зависимость количество самосева и толщины лесной подстилки. Прогретая после пожара, богатая минеральными веществами почва благоприятна для появления всходов и самосева древесных растений. Natural regeneration is an important factor in the formation of plantations, especially the main forest-forming species. Plant community becomes viable, provided the ability to recover populations, replacement of lost copies new. Find out how much happens in a natural pine regeneration in burned areas compared to adjacent areas not affected by fires, are taken as a control. The study area belongs to the subzone of southern taiga on the territory of Leningrad region, the Kirov and Luga districts. The object of research became pine plantations where the work was carried out in year period from 2013 to 2015. Just picked up 36 stations (including the control) no larger than 0.3 hectares. accounting for the undergrowth was conducted on index sites. Each user platform was laid with a pole length of 178.5 cm the area of the circular pads was 10 m2, they are located successively one after another with a direct connection. At each site conducted the translation of the undergrowth and it was divided in height into three categories of size: small up to 0.5 m, average 0.6 to 1.5 meters and large – more than 1.5 meters. And natural regeneration on plots divided by the density for three categories: rare – up to 2 thousand, medium density – 2 to 8 thousand, thick – more than 8 thousand plants per 1 ha; on the distribution of the area – into three categories depending on the occurrence. Analysis of post-fire regeneration in pine forests showed that the sample areas there is a great renewal of undergrowth of pine and the abundance on the square, all this is due to the destruction of forest litter, increasing salinity of the soil which, ultimately, has a positive effect on natural regeneration, as evidenced by the appearance of seedlings, as well as better hydrological regime of the soil. Which a good recovery. The number of reliable undergrowth is from 3.5 to 11.9 thousand PCs/ha, enough for natural regeneration of seedlings after the fire. Confirmed the dependence of the number of self-seeding and thickness of forest litter. After the fire-warmed, mineral-rich soil is favorable for emergence and self-seeding of woody plants.

Natural regeneration of jack pine following harvesting and site preparation in the Clay Belt of northwestern Quebec

1999 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 821-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Béland ◽  
Yves Bergeron ◽  
Richard Zarnovican
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seedling Density ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Abundance And Distribution ◽  
Positive Effect

A 36-ha experiment was carried out to assess the possibility of naturally regenerating jack pine stands following harvesting on clay soils of northwestern Quebec. Although differences between treatments were not statistically significant, there was a trend toward a positive effect of one treatment combining on-site delimbing and scarification with the Silva Wadell™ cone scarifier on jack pine seedling density (up to 10 000/ha) and distribution (50% of 1 m2 plots with at least one seedling, corresponding to 94% with 4 m2 plots), two years after harvest. However, scarified microsites contained fewer seedlings than expected and undisturbed humus contained more seedlings than expected. This result, contrary to what is generally reported in the literature may be explained either by the fairly humid conditions, favourable to germination and seedling establishment, occurring on clay sites or by the scarifier spreading the cone-bearing slash outward. Seedling abundance and distribution improved substantially from the first year to the second year following treatment. Although the irregular branch distribution over the cutover area appears to have limited regeneration success, combining on-site delimbing with soil scarification could lead to relatively good stocking of jack pine regeneration that could be enhanced by some fill-planting. This regeneration method could constitute an alternative to planting jack pine on clay. However, vegetation control to remove aspen competition might be necessary. Key words: jackpine, silviculture, natural regeneration, boreal mixed wood

scholarly journals The influence of fencing on seedling establishment during reforestation of oak stands: a comparison of artificial and natural regeneration techniques including costs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnus Löf ◽  
Julien Barrere ◽  
Mattias Engman ◽  
Linda K. Petersson ◽  
Adrian Villalobos
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Recruitment Rate ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Vegetation Control ◽  
Efficient Regeneration ◽  
Temperate Europe ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Establishment Rate ◽  
Block Experiment

AbstractIn temperate Europe, oak-dominated forests are widespread, supporting high biodiversity and providing important ecosystem services. Insufficient natural regeneration has, however, been a concern for over a century. The objective of this study was to gain insights into differences in regeneration success using artificial and natural regeneration techniques for reforestation of oak (Quercus robur L.) stands. We monitored seedlings following planting, direct seeding and natural regeneration over five years in a randomized block experiment in southern Sweden with fenced and non-fenced plots. Fencing had a strong positive effect on height growth, especially for planted seedlings that were taller than the other seedlings and more frequently browsed in non-fenced plots. In contrast, there was little effect of fencing on survival, establishment rate and recruitment rate of seedlings. Due to aboveground damage on seedlings from voles, protection of acorns did not improve establishment rate following direct seeding. Under current circumstances at the site with a sparse shelterwood of old oaks, we conclude that natural regeneration was the most cost-efficient regeneration method. It resulted in the most seedlings at the lowest cost. However, regeneration success was heavily influenced by interference from herbaceous vegetation. With a small additional investment in vegetation control, the results might have been improved for planting and direct seeding.

scholarly journals Föhrenverjüngung: Plastizität und Akklimatisation in einem trockeneren Klima

2018 ◽  
Vol 169 (5) ◽  
pp. 269-278
Author(s):  
Barbara Moser ◽  
Christoph Bachofen ◽  
Thomas Wohlgemuth
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Spring Precipitation ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Rhone Valley

Pine regeneration: plasticity and acclimation in a dryer climate Increasing summer drought might limit the natural regeneration of Scots pine stands at low elevations of the Rhone valley. Common garden experiments at the forest-steppe ecotone have shown that emergence and establishment of Scots pine primarily depend on spring precipitation and, to a minor degree, on summer drought and rising temperatures. Scots pine seedlings acclimated rapidly to drought periods by favouring root to shoot growth. In the second year, the saplings were already adapted to drought so that most of them survived an extended spring and summer drought, as recorded at Sion twelve times during the last 154 years. Only an extreme summer drought – no water from June to September – killed 14.7% of the Scots pine saplings. Surprisingly, they were even able to acclimate to such extreme drought events: after the same extreme summer drought in the third year, mortality dropped below 5%. In general, the Scots pine was very plastic, i.e. seedlings and saplings changed their phenotype depending on environmental conditions. But we also found genetic adaptation: Scots pine originating from regions with pronounced summer drought, including populations from lower elevations in the Rhone valley, produced more biomass than those from moister regions in all treatment combinations. Black pine reacted similarly to the treatments like Scots pine, but it grew faster and more saplings survived the first extreme summer drought. These results show that Scots pine from low elevations of the Rhone valley is one of the most drought-tolerant provenances in Europe. Thanks to its high phenotypic plasticity and the ability of seedlings and saplings to acclimate to drought on a short time scale, natural regeneration of Scot pine at low elevations of the Rhone valley is likely to occur also under future conditions, but maybe less frequent than today.

Conifer seed predation in harvested and burned dry Douglas-fir forests in southern British Columbia

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1548-1556 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Huggard ◽  
André Arsenault
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Ponderosa ◽  
Seed Predation ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Burned Area ◽  
Clear Cut

Consumption of seeds of Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex P. & C. Laws.) was measured in dry Douglas-fir forest at the Opax Mountain Silvicultural Systems site and a nearby burned area as one component of understanding limited natural regeneration in these sites. Seeds were placed in plots surrounded by a physical barrier to invertebrates, enclosed in mesh impermeable to small mammals, covered by litter, or unprotected in clear-cut, partially harvested, uncut, and burned areas and monitored for three several-day sessions in 2 years. Daily survival rates of unprotected seeds of both species were equally low: 0.63 in uncut forest, 0.45 in partially harvested and clear-cut sites, and 0.03 in the burned area. Experimental reductions of coarse woody debris reduced seed predation moderately in patch cuts but not in uncut forest. Litter cover or selective exclosure of ground-dwelling invertebrates reduced seed losses only slightly, whereas small mammal exclosures eliminated most seed loss. Deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus Wagner) are likely the most important seed predators. High rates of seed predation in dry Douglas-fir forests likely limit natural regeneration in harvested and burned stands.

Natural regeneration after harvest and residue treatment in a mixed conifer forest of northwestern Montana

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-279
Author(s):  
Raymond C Shearer ◽  
Jack A Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Tsuga Heterophylla ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Abies Lasiocarpa ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Larix Occidentalis ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Red Cedar ◽  
Northwestern Montana ◽  
Four Levels

In 1974, two clearcuts, two shelterwoods, and two sets of eight group selections (equally divided between two elevation zones) were harvested on the Coram Experimental Forest in northwestern Montana. Four levels of tree and residue utilization were compared. Moist fuels on approximately half of each area were poorly burned by prescribed fires in September 1975. Natural regeneration on these treatments was compared in 1979, 1987, and 1992. Regeneration of western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) began in 1975 on soil exposed during yarding of logs and continued mostly in 1977 and 1979 on these scarified sites and other burned areas. Competing vegetation curtailed establishment of larch seedlings much past 1979 on these sites. Few Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) regenerated before 1979 but aggressively established through 1992. Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt) regeneration began in 1979 and is increasing slowly throughout the area. Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn.) also slowly regenerate moister areas of the lower elevation units.

scholarly journals OVERVIEW OF DESIGNS OF TREE-PLANTING MACHINE FOR OPEN AREAS AND CLEARED FELLING

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
S. Bubnov ◽  
Sergey Malyukov ◽  
Aleksey Aksenov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Priority Task ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Natural Forest Regeneration

Reforestation is the main, priority task of the modern forest complex. Natural forest regeneration has long been considered a priority. Natural regeneration, as a way of reforestation, has a number of significant drawbacks. Firstly, the natural regeneration of forests in burned areas and deforestation does not occur immediately after deforestation, but over a fairly long time ̶ reforestation period, during which various unfavorable processes ̶ soil erosion, sodding develop on an unforested area. Secondly, natural renewal quite often leads to a change of species, i.e. desired valuable breeds do not grow. As a result, the territory is overgrown with minor soft-leaved species that have low economic value. Mechanized landing, i.e. artificial reforestation, also has a number of disadvantages. Therefore, planting operations carried out under various conditions are the most labor-intensive and responsible operations. The technological process of planting seedlings and seedlings of various tree species with both open and closed root systems is presented. The analysis of existing designs of forest planting machines for open areas, fires and clearings is carried out. Deficiencies were identified that affect the quality of the planting process and reduce the survival rate of planted seedlings and seedlings.

scholarly journals Effect of soil scarification on natural regeneration of mature scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stands in Greece

2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 732-742 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
Soil Scarification ◽  
Pine Stands ◽  
Scots Pine Forest ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Scots Pine Stands

<div> <p>The natural regeneration of Scots pine stands at the Sarakatsana location in the Pieria Mountains improved considerably after the removal of the dense ground vegetation followed mechanical soil scarification. The experimental design consisted of replications on scarified and non-scarified soil. The results four years after the experiment was set up showed that regeneration reached 59 seedlings m-2 in scarified and 7 seedlings m-2 in non-scarified soil. Soil scarification seems to have had a positive effect on the emergence and survival of naturally regenerated Scots pine. The negligible number of dead seedlings in the first two measurements could be due to the favourable site and/or good climatic conditions. Although the mother stand appears to be in a critical condition due to age and increased necrosis as a result of fungal attacks, there is still considerable potential for regeneration in terms of fructification and seed production. The study findings indicate that there can be new growth of Scots pine forest with the shelterwood method of natural regeneration in combination with soil scarification.</p> </div> <p>&nbsp;</p>

Natural Regeneration of Ground Storey Vegetation in a Semi-Arid Woodland Following Mechanical Disturbance and Burning. 2. Response of Individual Species.

1995 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 59 ◽  
Author(s):  
PJ Walker ◽  
TB Koen ◽  
R Gittins
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
Burned Areas ◽  
Mechanical Disturbance ◽  
Semi Arid

A study was made over a period of 12 years of the natural regeneration of vegetation along a corridor cleared for the construction of a natural gas pipeline in a semi-arid woodland in central-western New South Wales. Total cover, proportion of grasses, and species composition were assessed on the infilled trench and areas from which topsoil had been bladed, as well as on adjacent undisturbed areas or areas burned by a wildfire. All areas were grazed continuously by sheep under normal station management. The effects of mechanical disturbance and of burning on individual species were measured in terms of species dominance and occurrence. Some insight was also gained in to the successional process on bared sites and in to the effects of the timing of seasonal rainfall on species composition. Of the 75 major species recorded, 15 were found to have greater occurrence on trenched sites, 46 decreased in occurrence and 14 showed no clear trend. Perennial grasses and small annual plants were the main decreasers, whilst Medicago spp., Erodium crinitum, Hordeum leporinum and certain 'weedy' annuals were the main increasers. Some of the early colonisers lasted only a few years or even less in any quantity, thereafter to be replaced by other increasers. Burning had little effect on the long-term occurrence of Stipa variabilis, Wahlenbergia spp., Helipterum spp., Calotis cuneifolia and some minor species. Eragrostis lacunaria appeared to decrease, while several annual plants were more common on burned areas.

Natural reforestation effect on soil organic carbon and СО2 flux dynamics in southern taiga ecosystems with Albeluvisols

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Vasenev ◽  
Tatyana Komarova ◽  
Solomon Melese
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Southern Taiga ◽  
Maximum Intensity ◽  
Taiga Zone ◽  
Southern Taiga Zone

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Introduction.&lt;/strong&gt; Natural reforestation is the widespread trend in the modern land-use changes in the southern taiga zone at the European territory of Russia after 1990s. Its total area is more than 10 million ha. At the same time forest natural regeneration is mutual usual process in the long-term land-use changes in this part of Russia with complex history of its development during millennium. It plays crucial role in soil successions, their fertility and environmental function dynamics including bio productivity support and carbon sequestration, which is given special attention against the background of global climate change challenges in the twenty-first century. This paper presents the results of a round-the-year monitoring of soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission in comparable sites of the fallow lands chrono sequences in conditions of a representative area of the Central Forest Reserve with background wood-sorrel spruce forests which are typical for the southern taiga zone of Central Russia.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objects and methods. &lt;/strong&gt;The dominant soil type is sandy-loam Albeluvisols (by WRB, or Orthopodzolic soil by Russia Taxonomy, or Alfisols by Soil Taxonomy, or Podzoluvisols by FAO). The studies have been done in the representative 5 sites at different age of natural reforestation: (1) Fallow meadow grassland &amp;#8211; &amp;#8220;0-moment&amp;#8221;; (2) Forest-fallow birch domination stage of 10-15 year; (3) Birch domination stage of 20-30 year with young spruce participation; (4) Birch-forest stage of 50-60 year with spruce participation; (5) Spruce-forest after fallow stage of more than 100 year with birch participation. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes seasonal and diurnal dynamics measuring were carried out in situ using a mobile gas analyzer Li-820 and soil exposure chambers with parallel measurements of air temperature, soil temperature and moisture. Also, biomass, soil organic carbon and bulk density were analyzed in their topsoil and subsoil horizons with C stock calculation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results and discussion.&lt;/strong&gt; Analysis of the successional dynamics of the topsoil organic carbon stock showed the maximum rate of their increasing in the first stages of natural reforestation by a thick undergrowth of birch (more than 30 g m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#8729;year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) that agrees well with the maximum intensity of the woody biomass growth in case of dominant birch forest up to 50-60 years (more than 100 g m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#8729;year&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;). Research revealed the maximum intensity of soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission (up to 11-12 g C-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#8729;day&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt;) in the meadow fallow land and its gradual decreasing in process of reforestation down to values close to background ecosystems in 4-5 g C-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#8729;day&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;in the last investigated succession study with wood-sorrel spruce older than 100 years, which is in good correlation with the gradual humus accumulation in topsoil due to reduced mineralization of organic compounds from dying vegetation. The seasonal and daily dynamics of soil CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions are determined by soil temperature (K&lt;sub&gt;TS&lt;/sub&gt; 0.77 - 0.99), air temperature (K&lt;sub&gt;TA&lt;/sub&gt; 0.42 - 0.99), and soil moisture in spring and fall (K&lt;sub&gt;WS&lt;/sub&gt; -0.55 - -0.98).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions. &lt;/strong&gt;Investigation of forest natural regeneration impacts on the level of soil organic carbon accumulation and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes in the representative southern taiga ecosystems is important element of their soil environmental monitoring and management.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Appropriate Removal of Forest Litter is Beneficial to Pinus tabuliformis Carr. Regeneration in a Pine and Oak Mixed Forest in the Qinling Mountains, China

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Xueying Huo ◽  
Dexiang Wang ◽  
Deye Bing ◽  
Yuanze Li ◽  
Haibin Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Pine Forest ◽  
Qinling Mountains ◽  
Mixed Forests ◽  
Pinus Tabuliformis ◽  
Plant Ash

Research Highlights: Natural regeneration is important in pine–oak mixed forests (Pinus armandii Franch., Pinus tabuliformis Carr., and Quercus aliena Bl. var. acuteserrata Maxim.ex Wenz.), but allelopathy as a limiting factor has not been studied. Our research provides insights into allelopathy in pine–oak mixed forest litter. Background and Objectives: Allelopathy among tree species occupying the same ecological niche in mixed forests may adversely affect regeneration. We studied allelopathy in pine and oak forest litter to determine the effect on regeneration, whether it is offset by adding activated carbon or plant ash, and what allelopathic substances are present. Materials and Methods: We used laboratory seed culture and field seeding to determine pine and oak litter regeneration effects on P. tabuliformis and P. armandii in the Qinling Mountains, China. In the laboratory, we irrigated seeds with three different litter concentrations. A fourth treatment incorporated activated carbon. The field study established small quadrats in mixed forest to study how removing or retaining litter and spreading plant ash affected sown seeds. High performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to compare differences in chemical substances in extracts with and without activated carbon. Results: Litter extracts significantly affected germination rates in both species. Seedling morphological and physiological indexes showed that litter extracts negatively affected growth in both species, but activated carbon alleviated this inhibitory effect on P. armandii. Forest stand and litter did not affect P. armandii seed germination. Pinus tabuliformis germination rates were significantly higher in plots with removed litter than when litter was retained or plant ash spread, and lower in oak than pine forest. Allelopathic substances detected in pine forest were trioctyl trimellitate, amyloid β-Peptide 10–20, and triisobutyl phosphate, potentially affecting P. armandii seed germination and growth. Conclusions: Appropriate removal of litter in mixed forests can improve the natural regeneration ability of P. tabuliformis.

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