Unknown Documents of 1734 About Swedish Citizens Taken Into Serfdom

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Serhii I. Degtyarev ◽  
Violetta S. Molchanova
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
District Court ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Handwritten Documents ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire

This work is devoted to the publication and analysis of two previously unknown handwritten documents of 1734. These documents contain information on several persons of Swedish nationality, which were illegally taken out by the Russian nobleman I. Popov during the Northern War from the territory of Sweden. Materials are stored in the State Archives of the Sumy region. They are part of the archival case of Okhtyrka District Court, but they are not thematically connected with it. These documents were once part of a much larger complex of materials. They refer to the request of former Swedish nationals to release them from serfdom from the Belgorod and Kursk landlords Popov and Dolgintsev. The further fate of these people remained unknown. But it is known that they were mistreated by their masters. Russian legislation at the time prohibited such treatment of persons of Swedish nationality. This was discussed in terms of the peace agreement Nishtadskoyi 1721. The two documents revealed illustrate the episodes of the lives of several foreigners who were captured. The analyzed materials give an opportunity to look at a historical phenomenon like a serfdom in the territory of the Russian Empire under a new angle. They allow us to study one of the ways to replenish the serfs. Documents can also be used as a source for the study of some aspects of social history, in biographical studies. The authors noted that the conversion to the property of the enslaved people of other nationalities was a very common practice in the XVII-XIX centuries. This source of replenishment of the dependent population groups were popular in many nations in Europe, Asia and Africa since ancient times. For example, in the Crimean Khanate, Turkey, Italy, Egypt, the nations of the Caucasus and many others. Кeywords: Sweden, Russian Empire, historical source, documents, Russo-Swedish War, Nistadt Treaty, Viborg, Swedish citizens, enslavement, serfdom.

scholarly journals ESTATES IN THE ACTIVITIES OF JUDICIAL INSTITUTIONS AND PENITENTIARY ESTABLISHMENTS IN RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE (1864–1914)

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-24
Author(s):  
Victoria Vengerska ◽  
Oleksandr Zhukovskyi ◽  
Oleksandr Maksymov
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
District Court ◽  
Judicial Reform ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Courts ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
New Institutions

Right-bank Ukraine became part of the Russian Empire after the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1792. The integration of these territories into the new administrative, economic and cultural space caused certain difficulties. In the first half of the 19th century, the region had the highest percentage of peasant serfs and the elements and institutions of the non-existent state (including the courts) still existed and kept functioning. The defeat in the Crimean War of 1853–1856 imposed on the Russian Empire the need for radical reforms in all spheres of life. The wave-like periods of cooperation-confrontation between the Russian authorities and the local nobility brought about regional provisions in virtually all the reforms, launched by the peasant reform of 1861. The judicial reform and the emergence of new institutions and practices had to resolve existing problems, disputes, and punish criminals legally. The social estate (stanovy) character of the society was reflected in the establishment and activities of the volost courts, as the lower courts. The district courts were a completely novel phenomenon in the legal culture; their functioning was ensured by professional lawyers on the basis of new judicial statutes. The purpose of this article is to consider the court practices and functioning of penitentiary establishments in Right-Bank Ukraine (on the example of Volyn province) under implementation of the judicial reform through the prism of social and estate factors, based on the cases of the Zhytomyr District Court and the reports of the heads of local prisons. The methodology of the research includes the tools of social history and the so-called "new imperial history" that have helped to trace the adaptation of new legal practices to the socio-ethnic peculiarities of Right Bank Ukraine. The methods of history of everyday life and history of reading have been employed to consider the under-researched component of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire, namely the libraries and their funds. This component should be attributed to the novelty of the suggested research findings. Conclusions. Estate privileges were maintained in the Russian Empire throughout the "long 19th century". Belonging to a higher social status practically made the Polish nobles equal in the rights with the imperial officials, endowed with power. During court decisions and sentencing, an ethnic criterion was not taken into consideration or had secondary significance. Many years of placing the peasants outside the legal field developed a steady arrogant attitude of the power-holders towards the representatives of this social estate. Though the peasants dominated in the social structure of the Empire population, they remained the most prevalent class. Since the early 20th century, some shifts in perception and attitudes towards peasantry were observed.

scholarly journals Novomoskovsk in the Court Materials of the Last Quarter of the 18th and the First Half of the 19th Centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Olha Posunko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
District Court ◽  
City Hall ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
The City

Novomoskovsk is the city in the Dnipro Ukraine, for which the period of the late 18th and the first half of the 19th century became very significant. This is the beginning of the city in its modern sense, the beginning of many institutions functioning, the time of inclusion in the new administrative-territorial system within the Russian Empire. The specified period due to many objective circumstances is not sufficiently provided with scientific sources, and therefore requires the use of all possible archival materials. This article describes the information capabilities of the forensic documentation of the above-mentioned chronological boundaries for the study of the history of Novomoskovsk and Novomoskovsk district. Attention should be paid to the descriptions of the lost funds of the Novomoskovsk Lower Zemsky court, the Novomoskovsk and Pavlograd Lower Reprisal, Novomoskovsk District Court, and the Novomoskovsk City Hall, which were stored in the State Archives of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. These materials often mention the names of famous landowners in the county: Rodzianko, Alekseev, Gersevanova, Kochubey, Faleeva, Miloradovich, Losev, Mizko, Magdenka. Brief information about them in the names of the cases makes it possible to follow (at least partially) the history of ownership, sales, inheritance of the place; conflict situations they were involved in or their peasants. As a separate example, the case of the Yekaterinoslav Chamber of Civil Cases of 1810–1811 is presented by the inhabitant of Novomoskovsk Anna Skalon. The noble family of French descent, Skalon, is associated with the region, some of the new evidence presents this trial of the dispute over the legacy of her husband, Fyodor Scalon. Particular attention should be paid to the report on the inspection of the cities of Yekaterinoslav province in 1833 by the order of the governor N. Longinov. This document captures the following facts: in 1833, 7 096 peoples lived in Novomoskovsk (slightly less than in the province of Yekaterinoslav); there were 1 429 wooden houses in the city; 65 merchants. The report also contains information about the hospital, the prison of the city; characterizes the work of various institutions; gives an idea of the level of crime in the county. It was concluded that the documents of the judicial institutions of Yekaterinoslav region should be involved in the study of various problems of regional history.

scholarly journals Некоторые полицейские меры со стороны властей Российской империи в отношении уроженцев Царства Польского после Ноябрьского 1830 г. и Январского 1863 г. восстаний

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (XXIV) ◽  
pp. 183-196
Author(s):  
Сергей Лазарян
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hard Labour

The Russian authorities used repressive measures against the Poles, who were active partic-ipants in the November 1830 and January 1863 uprisings. These measures included arrest and ex-pulsion to the inner provinces of the Russian Empire under the supervision of the police without the right to return to their homeland; the inclusion in military garrisons stationed in various parts of the empire; the direction to serve in the troops in the Caucasus, where military operations were conducted against the local highlanders and expulsion to hard labour and settlement in Siberia or in the internal provinces of Russia.The severity of repressive measures was determined by the fact that, in the exiled Poles, they saw a source of hatred spreading towards the tsarist government. The authorities feared the influ-ence of their thoughts on the liberal strata of Russian society, especially on young people. With such measures, they tried to suppress the restless minds. The imperial authorities also feared the reaction of Europe, which threatened Russia with “anathema” and intervention.

EDUCATION AS A CULTURAL ELEMENT FOR MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF THE CAUCASUS AT THE CLOSING STAGE OF THE CAUCASIAN WAR

2015 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
V.A. Shturba
Keyword(s):  
Educational Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Cultural Element ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article analyses the educational policy of the Russian Empire in the territories conquered during the Caucasian War. The review of forms and methods of introducing spiritual and ethic assimilation of local tribes has been presented. The concern of the Russian government about the cultural uniqueness of mountain peoples has been demonstrated. It is realized by means of forming ethnically oriented models.

scholarly journals Ioannites - the course of the chiliastic-eschatological orientation of Orthodox origin

2006 ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Liudmyla M. Shuhayeva
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
Kingdom Of Christ ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century

In the first decades of the XIX century. the territory of the Russian Empire from Western Europe is beginning to penetrate chiliastic ideas. The term "chiliism" refers to the well-known doctrine of the millennial kingdom of Icyca Christ on earth, dating to the first centuries of Christianity. The ideas of chilias became especially popular during the reign of Alexander I, who himself was sympathetic to the mystical-chiliatic teachings. Chilias in the Russian Empire spread in two ways. On the one hand, chiliastic ideas penetrated with the works of German mystics of the late eighteenth - early twentieth centuries. On the other hand, in anticipation of the fast approaching of the millennial kingdom of Christ, the German cultists of the Hiliists moved large parties across southern Russia to the Caucasus, thereby facilitating the spread of their ideas. The religious formations of the Orthodox sectarianism of the chiliastic-eschatological orientation are represented by the Jehovah-Hlinists ("Right Brotherhood"), the Ioannites, and the Malavans.

scholarly journals “Most of Them are Honourable”. Luigi Villari and the Armenians during the 1905-1906 Armenian-Tatar War

2021 ◽  
pp. 257-273
Author(s):  
Aldo Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Popular Language ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First World

Luigi Villari’s book Fire and Sword in the Caucasus, published in London in 1906, is widely quoted by scholars working on the history of Transcaucasia, in particular in respect to the Armenian-Tatar war. Yet neither this text nor its author have been so far studied in detail. The Italian Luigi Villari (1876-1959) is a figure of considerable interest; he was a diplomat, traveler, and journalist. His father, Pasquale Villari (1827-1917), was an accomplished historian and politician who played an important role in nineteenth-century Italy; Villari’s mother was the British writer Linda White (1836-1915). It is remarkable that the author wrote a book an English at a time when this was not a popular language in Italy. He wrote extensively both in English and Italian about different topics, mainly related to history and international politics. It has been shown that, after the First World War, Villari joined Fascism and contributed actively to the regime’s propaganda in Great Britain. The present paper examines Luigi Villari’s book on the Caucasus, especially the author’s attitude towards the Armenians. I shall demonstrate that in his work, he handles negative stereotypes of the Armenians (“one of the most unpopular races of the East”), which were common in the Russian empire at the beginning of the twentieth century, in a rather interesting way.

scholarly journals The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and Its Policy Towards the Terek and Dagestan (the Second Half of 1919 – the beginning of 1920)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1140-1173
Author(s):  
Arsen M. Kambiev
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article examines the little-studied and complex issue of relations between the new Caucasian state entities during the collapse of the Russian Empire and the following Civil War. The Revolution of 1917 led to the appearance on the political map of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia of a number of new state entities that fought for the recognition of their sovereignty. However, the political and military chaos in the region hindered both the internal process of consolidation of the self-proclaimed states, the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic of the North Caucasus in particular, and their entry into the international community. The civil war in Russia and the confrontation between the Red and the White forces instigated even more contradictions. Transcaucasian countries, primarily Azerbaijan and Georgia, support both the insurrectionary movement in the Terek-Dagestan region and the leaders of the overthrown Mountainous Republic who stayed in their territory. However, any attempts to create stable allied military, political and economic relations, undertaken by the leaders of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the Mountainous Republic, were not successful.

scholarly journals German Colonists in the Migration Policy of the Russian Autocracy (Analysis of the Laws of the Russian Empire)

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 810-823
Author(s):  
Olga V. Erokhina ◽  
Olga A. Litzenberger
Keyword(s):  
Birth Rate ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
German States ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century

The article traces the policy of resettlement of German nationals from German states to the southern outskirts of the Russian empire based on the analysis of legislative material. To analyze the laws of the Russian Empire, the authors use historical-comparative and historical-systemic methods. Analysis. Mostly farmers were invited to Russia. They were to contribute to the transfer of improved European agricultural practices to the Russian peasantry. However, the Russian authorities could not predict the possible consequences of inviting foreigners. Therefore, there was no clear mechanism for organizing and regulating this process. Immigrants were offered significant benefits and privileges, so they agreed to move. Over time, the overpopulation of the colonies due to the high birth rate and lack of land contributed to the beginning of migration movements of the Germans in the second quarter of the XIX century in various regions of Russia from the mother colonies. The geography of the colonists began to expand as new laws were passed that eventually regulated their way of life. They created new colonies in the image of their mothers in the Caucasus and the Don, Siberia and Central Asia. The loss of benefits and privileges led not only to an increase in migration processes among them, but also forced them to emigrate to America and even return to Germany.

scholarly journals Unknown pages from Maria Kantakuzino’s biography

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
Victor Tvircun ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The Political ◽  
Biographical Data ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
State Archives ◽  
The Russian Empire

Thе present publication is the first in historiography to highlight the unknown pages from the biography of Maria Andreevna Kantakuzino, wife of Foma (Toma) Kantakuzino, Major General of the Russian Army, an associate of Peter the Great. The research is based on documents discovered by the author in the State archives of the Russian Federation. The hallmark of this article is the fact, that the biographical data of Maria Cantacuzino are disclosed in the context of the political events of the 1st quarter of the 18th century, as well as her personal ties and correspondence with statesmen of the Russian Empire, the author reflects the issue of the financial situation of the countess in Russia. At the same time, the publication sheds light on the previously unknown biographical data of Maria Cantacuzino – the time and conditions of her arrival in Russia, the place of residence, as well as the date of her death. This publication, on the basis of archival documents discovered and introduced into scientific circulation, makes it possible to show the property status and possessions of the Cantacuzino family in Russia in the first half of the 18th century, as well as their fate after the death of the owners.

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