scholarly journals TREE TRAINING PROCEDURES FOR HIGH-DENSITY SWEET CHERRY PRODUCTION ON VIGOROUS ROOTSTOCKS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1122d-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Southwick ◽  
James T. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Spur Formation ◽  
Slow Growing

Sweet cherries produce vigorous upright growth from Apr.-Sept. and are slow to bear in California. Our tree training objectives include earlier bearing, easier harvesting, high productivity of good quality fruit. `Bing' cherry on mazzard and mahaleb rootstock were planted in 7 blocks and trained 6 ways. One group was headed 12-18 inches above the bud union and 4 branches were retained at the 1st dormant pruning. Lateral buds were treated with promalin at bud-break to induce lateral shoot formation. Trees were spring-summer pruned to reduce terminal growth. At the second dormant pruning, strong shoots were removed and lateral shoots were treated with promalin to induce spur formation. Trees were treated likewise through the 3rd dormant season and produced a fair crop in the 4th season. Central leader trees were created by tying/weighting limbs, dormant and summer pruning, and retaining less vigorous limbs as well as utilizing promalin. Slow growing trees tended to bear fruit more rapidly. Both training methods yielded fruit in the 4th season while traditional pruning procedures produced few fruit. Data and procedures will be presented to document these practices.

scholarly journals Inhibition of lateral shoot formation by RNA interference and chemically induced mutations to genes expressed in the axillary meristem of Nicotiana tabacum L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaori Hamano ◽  
Seiki Sato ◽  
Masao Arai ◽  
Yuta Negishi ◽  
Takashi Nakamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Induced Mutations ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Lateral Branches ◽  
Primary Lateral

Abstract Background Lateral branches vigorously proliferate in tobacco after the topping of the inflorescence portions of stems for the maturation of the leaves to be harvested. Therefore, tobacco varieties with inhibited lateral shoot formation are highly desired by tobacco farmers. Results Genetic inhibition of lateral shoot formation was attempted in tobacco. Two groups of genes were examined by RNA interference. The first group comprised homologs of the genes mediating lateral shoot formation in other plants, whereas the second group included genes highly expressed in axillary bud primordial stages. Although “primary” lateral shoots that grew after the plants were topped off when flower buds emerged were unaffected, the growth of “secondary” lateral shoots, which were detected on the abaxial side of the primary lateral shoot base, was significantly suppressed in the knock-down lines of NtLs, NtBl1, NtREV, VE7, and VE12. Chemically induced mutations to NtLs, NtBl1, and NtREV similarly inhibited the development of secondary and “tertiary” lateral shoots, but not primary lateral shoots. The mutations to NtLs and NtBl1 were incorporated into an elite variety by backcrossing. The agronomic characteristics of the backcross lines were examined in field trials conducted in commercial tobacco production regions. The lines were generally suitable for tobacco leaf production and may be useful as new tobacco varieties. Conclusion The suppressed expression of NtLs, NtBl1, NtREV, VE7, or VE12 inhibited the development of only the secondary and tertiary lateral shoots in tobacco. The mutant lines may benefit tobacco farmers by minimizing the work required to remove secondary and tertiary lateral shoots that emerge when farmers are harvesting leaves, which is a labor-intensive process.

scholarly journals Interspecific grafting between Gossypium hirsutum, G. barbadense and G. herbaceum lines

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Karaca ◽  
Ayse Gul Ince ◽  
Umesh K. Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Shoot Formation ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Double Cropping ◽  
Cotton Species ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Dna Alterations ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Second Year

Abstract Seedling grafting could provide additional crop improvement strategies for cotton. However, there existed limited studies on interspecific grafting and approaches. Four different grafting approaches were developed and compared between lines representing three of the four cultivated cotton species G. hirsutum, G. barbadense and G. herbaceum. Grafting approaches of this study focused on the cotyledon node and cotyledon leaves retained on scions, rootstocks, without cotyledon node and cotyledon leaves on scions and rootstocks or halved cotyledon node and single cotyledon leaf on scions and rootstocks. Evaluations of the grafting approaches were made by comparing survival and growth rate during the second and fifth weeks after transplantation, respectively. The formation of any lateral shoots at the grafted sites were studied in two of four grafting approaches in the first and the second year during flowering stage. DNA alterations due to grafting were investigated using microsatellite markers. There were no statistically significant differences between grafts and their control in survival rate and locus specific DNA alteration. Growth rate and lateral shoot formation, on the other hand, were different among grafting types and grafts. We concluded that grafting without cotyledon node and cotyledon leaves on rootstocks, and with cotyledon node but without cotyledon leaves on scions were easy to perform and suitable for interspecific cotton grafting. Results suggested that grafting seedlings and allowing time to heal graft wounds prior to spring transplanting or double cropping is suitable for wheat–cotton intercropping to prevent late or early chilling damage associated with seed sowing or conventional transplanting of susceptible seedlings. Furthermore, the rapid and consistent wound healing in seedling grafts along with lateral shoot formation occurring in two of four grafting approaches make them a suitable approach to investigate possible genetic and epigenetic movement between scions and rootstocks, especially across species.

scholarly journals The preservation of somatic embryos of papaya derived from papaya lateral shoots after being stored in cryopreservation to maintain plant genetic information in the future

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 724-729
Author(s):  
DINI HERVANI ◽  
DARDA EFENDI ◽  
M. RAHMAD SUHARTANTO ◽  
BAMBANG S. PURWOKO
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Germplasm Storage ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Future

Hervani D, Efendi D, Suhartanto MR, Purwoko BS. 2018. The preservation of somatic embryos of papaya derived from papaya lateral shoots after being stored in cryopreservation to maintain plant genetic information in the future. Biodiversitas 19: 724729. Germplasm storage of papaya is very important because this plant easily adapts to genetic changes due to environmental conditions and open system pollination, so it is necessary to retain the current genetics resources in order to conserve the genetic information. The storage of the vegetative part of the plant with cryopreservation is expected to retain the plant's genetic information in the future. Cryopreservation is the method for germplasm storage using liquid nitrogen at temperature of -196oC This experiment aimed to obtain the growth ability of papaya lateral shoots to produce somatic embryos after being stored by cryopreservation. The experiment was designed in factorial by Completely Randomized Design with two factors.The first factor was the immersion time duration in PVS2 as cryoprotectant solution with 5 treatments of immersion duration of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 minutes. Second factor was culture medium for cultivated the lateral shoot which was added with plant growth regulators such as BA (benzyl adenine) and NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) at levels of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg l-1, respectively. The results showed that the immersion of lateral shoot in cryoprotectants for 10 and 20 minutes gave the better plantlet survival rate after discharge from liquid nitrogen, while the treatment of culture media had not been significant difference.

scholarly journals The Nature of Shoot Dominance in White Yam Tubers (Dioscorea rotundata Poir)

1969 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-340
Author(s):  
Osi Mozie
Keyword(s):  
Apical Dominance ◽  
Distal Region ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Basal Region ◽  
Middle Region ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Dioscorea Rotundata ◽  
Lateral Buds ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
White Yam

The nature of shoot dominance in white yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) was studied under ambient conditions in the conventional yam storage barn. Whole tubers sprouted only at the proximal ends (i.e. the morphological bases). The single basal shoot formed per sprouting whole tuber inhibited the formation of lateral shoots along the tuber axis. Separating the basal end by sectioning the tuber into three regions namely "head" (i.e. basal or proximal region), middle region and "tail" (i.e. apical or distal region), appeared to stimulate the formation of lateral shoots on the surfaces of the tuber pieces below the basal region. Separating the basal region from the entire tuber by sectioning appeared to remove the stress under which the lateral buds had existed in the intact tuber. This response indicated a strong "basal dominance" of basal shoots in sprouting intact or whole yam tubers. The physiology of shoot dominance in whole yam tubers could be described as "basal dominance" rather than "apical dominance", since in sprouting intact or whole tuber it is the basal shoot (i.e. shoot of the morphological base or proximal end) that inhibits the development of lateral shoots along the tuber axis.

scholarly journals Advancement of `Riesling' Fruit Maturity by Paclobutrazol-induced Reduction of Lateral Shoot Growth

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.G. Reynolds ◽  
D.A. Wardle ◽  
A.C. Cottrell ◽  
A.P. Gaunce
Keyword(s):  
Growth Yield ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Fruit Maturity

Paclobutrazol (PB) was sprayed on hedged `Riesling' (Vitis vinifera L.) vines at one of five concentrations (0, 1000, 2000, 3000, or 4000 mg·liter-1) as single annual applications over 3 years (1987-89). Observations were made on growth, yield, and fruit composition during the years of application and 1 year thereafter (1990) to test carryover effects. PB had no effect on vine vigor, expressed as weight of cane prunings, during the three application years, but reduced vine vigor linearly with concentration in 1990. Yield was reduced by PB in the first 2 years of the trial, while in one season cluster weight and berries per cluster were also reduced. °Brix was increased by PB during all 3 years of application; titratable acidity was reduced and pH increased in the first year of application. PB sprays significantly reduced lateral shoot length, mean leaf size on both main and lateral shoots, and total leaf area on main and lateral shoots. Winter injury to buds, cordons, and trunks was also reduced with increasing PB level. Residues of PB in fruit in the first year of application ranged from 9 μg·kg-1 at the 0-m·gliter-1 level to 638 μg·kg-1 at the 4000-mg·liter-1 level. PB shows promise as a viticultural tool for advancement of fruit maturity, with possible additional benefits such as improved vine winter hardiness. Chemical name used β -[(4-chlorophenyl) methyl]-α -dimethylethyl)-1-H-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol, PB).

scholarly journals Pruning Affects the Development of Correlative Phenomena among Lateral Shoots in Dormant Two-year-old `Royal Gala' Apple Branches

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 965-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J.R. Cronjé ◽  
Gerard Jacobs ◽  
Nigel C. Cook
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Cold Room ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Chilling Units ◽  
Distal Extension

Two-year-old apple branches, ≈50 cm long, were selected from a commercial `Royal Gala' orchard in the Ceres (Koue Bokkeveld) region of the Western Cape, South Africa [33 °S, 945 m, 1500 Utah model chilling units (CU)]. In 2000, the branches received either cold storage at 5 to 7 °C or natural chilling in the field. In 2001, the trial was repeated, but only with field chilling. The branches received five dormant pruning treatments: control (not pruned); pruning back to the fourth lateral shoot (heading) before or after chilling; and removal of the second and third lateral shoots (thinning) before or after chilling. After pruning and chilling, the branches were removed from the orchard or cold room every 2 weeks and forced in a growth chamber at 25 °C. The rate of budburst (1/days to budburst) was determined for the terminal buds of the lateral shoots. Lateral shoots on the 2-year-old branches were categorized according to position: the most distal extension shoot, and all other laterals grouped. Removing distal tissue by pruning (heading more than thinning) enhanced the effect of chilling on the terminal buds on the lateral shoots and promoted budburst. Pruning was more effective before than after chilling. Pruning enhanced the growth potential of the terminal buds on proximal shoots on 2-year-old branches.

scholarly journals Study The Influence of Lateral Shoot Removal And Foliar Application of Algamix on Vegetative Growth And Yield of Grapevine (vitis Vinifera L.) Cv. Zark

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
Hussein M. Suliman Nerway
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Important Interaction ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Shoot Removal

A field experiment was carried out in a private orchard located at Dargalle village, Duhok governorate, Kurdistan region, Iraq, during growing season of 2019 to investigate the effect of lateral shoots removal, spraying of three concentrations (0, 4 and 8 ml. L-1 ) of Algamix and their interaction on growth, yield and quality of ' Zark’ grapes. The results indicated that lateral shoot removal and both concentration of Algamix significantly increased leaf area and shoot length, as soon as TSS and total yield per vine. The interaction between the studies factors varied in their effect on the traits, the most important interaction was the interaction of lateral shoot removal + spraying of high concentration of Algamix (8 ml. L-1

scholarly journals Precocious, Dwarfing, and Productive—How Will New Cherry Rootstocks Impact the Sweet Cherry Industry?

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Beneficial Traits ◽  
Cherry Rootstocks

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) can be one of the most profitable tree fruits cultivated in temperate climates. While cherry trees grow naturally to relatively tall heights (≈35 ft [≥10 m]), new size-controlling cherry rootstocks similar to those used in high-density apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards are now a reality. The Gisela (GI.) and Weiroot (W.) series from Germany, the Gran Manier (GM.) series from Belgium, the P-HL series from Czech Republic, `Tabel Edabriz' from France, and others of international origin are at various stages of scientific and field testing in North America, with some now being used for commercial fruit production. These stocks confer several advantageous traits besides vigor control, including precocious fruiting and high productivity. While these beneficial traits are exciting, serious problems also have been documented on occasion, such as small fruit size and tree decline. As many of these rootstocks are interspecific Prunus L. hybrids, might there be significant limitations for fruit quality and orchard longevity? What is known about their tolerance to various soil types and/or climatological stresses? What is known about their susceptibilities to pathogens and pests? Further, with the U.S. and worldwide orchard area planted to fresh-market sweet cherries already expanding to record levels throughout the 1990s and a time-honored agricultural tendency toward overproduction until grower profits are minimized (e.g., recent international apple markets), what might be the future impact of such precocious, productive rootstocks on sweet cherry profitability and sustainable production? This overview addresses these topics, providing some answers and some areas for future scientific investigation and industry discussion.

The effect of refinery effluent on the aquatic macrophytes Scirpus californicus, Typha subulata and Zizaniopsis bonariensis

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 493-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Campagna ◽  
D. da Motta Marques
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Lateral Shoot ◽  
Refinery Effluent ◽  
Lateral Shoots ◽  
Scirpus Californicus ◽  
Density Values ◽  
Morphological Variables ◽  
Water Nutrients

Experimental wetlands were built to follow the implementation and permanence of three species of aquatic macrophytes (Scirpus californicus, Typha subulata and Zizaniopsis bonariensis) under different treatments (water, water + nutrients and water + nutrients + refinery effluent). Morphological variables (number of lateral shoots produced, height of the main lateral shoot and final density values) were used to check the influence of a petrochemical effluent. All the response variables showed significant differences (p=5%) in their development, mainly between the water treatment and water + nutrient + effluent, followed by water with water + nutrients. In the Water treatment, the lowest variable values were found for the three species, possibly due to the lack of nutrients in the medium. Opposite results were found in the other treatments, indicating that the petrochemical effluent was not a limiting factor for the implementation of the species in the systems.

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