CULTURAL METHODS AFFECTING YIELD OF EDIBLE DRY BEANS

The effects of planting date and plant density on total and marketable yield were examined for the edible dry beans `Aurora' and `Fleetwood', erect type I geneotype cultivars, over three years. For `Fleetwood' alone, fertilizer levels and application of a spray-on-soil polymer mulching material were examined for effects on yield. The mulching material was degraded by rain prior to canopy closure but patches were present at harvest. Using continous recording thermometers, temperatures over two week periods following sowing of `Fleetwood', from 23 cm below the surface of mulched and bare soil were converted to soil degree days (SDD). `Fleetwood' generally had higher yields than `Aurora'. Earlier planting improved yields. In one of three years increasing plant density increased yields. Increased fertilization did not affect yield. Application of mulch did not affect yield. However, spray-on-mulch did increase SDD after the earliest planting date. Cultural systems for existing production, or potential production areas, must be developed for the conditions of each location.

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Planting Date and Plant Density Affect Yield of Pungent and Nonpungent Jalapeño Peppers

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.4.520 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (4) ◽

pp. 520-523 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

V.M. Russo

Keyword(s):

Capsicum Annuum ◽

Plant Density ◽

Planting Date ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Higher Plant ◽

Cultural Methods ◽

Plant Densities ◽

The Cost ◽

Transplant Site

There is little known about how cultural methods affect yields of nonpungent jalapeño peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Seedlings of the nonpungent jalapeño peppers `Pace 103', `Pace 105', `Pace 108', `Dulce', and `TAM Sweet2', as well as the pungent jalapeño peppers `Delicias' and `TAM Jalapeño1', used for comparison, were grown in a greenhouse with either one or two seedlings per cell in transplant trays. Transplanting to the field was in mid-April and mid-June of 2000 and 2001. In-row spacing was 0.46 m between transplanting sites. Density was varied by placing either one or two seedlings at a transplant site with resultant plant densities of 24,216 or 48,432 plants/ha. Marketable and cull yields, on a per hectare basis, were determined. In both years there were more fruit produced, and higher yields (25+% greater), at the higher plant density, especially for the mid-April planting. The exception for the mid-April planting date was `TAM Jalapeño1', which was not different at the two densities. If the increased income from higher yield can compensate for the cost of producing two seedlings in each transplant tray cell, then this technique should be employed when these types of peppers are used in early plantings.

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Optimizing Sweetpotato Production for Fresh and Processing Markets through Plant Spacing and Planting-harvest Time

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.24.1.16 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 16-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ramón A. Arancibia ◽

Cody D. Smith ◽

Don R. LaBonte ◽

Jeffrey L. Main ◽

Tara P. Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plant Density ◽

Economic Assessment ◽

Planting Date ◽

Plant Spacing ◽

Net Benefit ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Processing Industry ◽

Yield Increase ◽

Row Width

Consumption of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) has increased in the past decade in part because of its nutritional and health attributes, and because of the availability and convenience of processed products. The sweetpotato processing industry is expanding and supplying more sweetpotato products than ever before. Unlike the medium-sized roots (U.S. no.1) preferred for fresh market, large (jumbo) roots is accepted and in certain cases desired by the processing industry, and overall yield is preferred over strict sizing requirements and aesthetic appeal. Therefore, this study investigated the yield increase and grade proportions in response to plant spacing and extension of the growing period to improve profitability of the production system. Experiments with ‘Beauregard’ and ‘Evangeline’ sweetpotato were conducted in Mississippi and Louisiana during 2010 and 2011. Treatments consisted of a combination of early and late planting date and delay in harvest, in-row plant spacing, and row width. Yield increase was inconsistent with delaying harvest and appears to depend on environmental conditions at harvest late in the season. Marketable yield was consistently greater in early plantings than late plantings. Yield of U.S. no.1 grade was unaffected by delaying harvest regardless of planting date. Delaying harvest in early plantings contributed to increase jumbo-sized roots and marketable yield. The economic assessment of delaying harvest in early plantings indicated a gain in net benefit either when hand harvested for fresh market or field run bulk harvested for processing. Row width and in-row plant spacing had only a marginal effect on yield of canner grade (small-sized roots). The economic assessment of changing plant density indicated no gain in net benefit, which indicates that choice of plant density can depend on other factors.

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Effects of Agronomic Practices on the Severity of Sweet Basil Downy Mildew (Peronospora belbahrii)

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10050907 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 907

Author(s):

Chen Omer ◽

Ziv Nisan ◽

Dalia Rav-David ◽

Yigal Elad

Keyword(s):

Downy Mildew ◽

Plant Density ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Sweet Basil ◽

Agronomic Practices ◽

Cultural Methods ◽

Air Circulation ◽

Polyethylene Mulch ◽

East West

Downy mildew (caused by Peronospora belbahrii) is a severe disease of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) crops around the world. We examined cultural methods for reducing the severity of sweet basil downy mildew (SBDM) under commercial conditions in greenhouses and walk-in tunnels. The effects of the orientation of walk-in tunnels, air circulation in greenhouses, plant density, and soil mulch were tested. SBDM was less severe in the tunnels that were oriented north-south than in those oriented east-west, but the yields in both types of tunnels were similar. Increased air circulation reduced SBDM severity, but did not affect yield. Gray or transparent polyethylene mulch reduced SBDM severity and, in most cases, increased yield relative to bare soil/growth medium. Yellow polyethylene mulch provided a smaller amount of control. The combination of increased air circulation and yellow polyethylene mulch provided synergistic SBDM control, whereas no synergism was observed when we combined increased air circulation with the other two types of mulch. Planting at half the usual density reduced disease severity. The reduced plant density was associated with reduced yield in the greenhouses, but not in the tunnels. All of the tested methods provided an intermediate level of SBDM control that varied among the different experiments.

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Nitrogen Demand of Cut Chrysanthemums in Relation to Shoot Height and Planting Date

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.523c ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 523c-523

Author(s):

Siegfried Zerche

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Plant Density ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

N Uptake ◽

Planting Date ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Shoot Height ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Growing Period

Refined nutrient delivery systems are important for environmentally friendly production of cut flowers in both soil and hydroponic culture. They have to be closely orientated at the actual nutrient demand. To solve current problems, express analysis and nutrient uptake models have been developed in horticulture. However, the necessity of relatively laborious analysis or estimation of model input parameters have prevented their commercial use up to now. For this reason, we studied relationships between easily determinable parameters of plant biomass structure as shoot height, plant density and dry matter production as well as amount of nitrogen removal of hydroponically grown year-round cut chrysanthemums. In four experiments (planting dates 5.11.91; 25.3.92; 4.1.93; 1.7.93) with cultivar `Puma white' and a fixed plant density of 64 m2, shoots were harvested every 14 days from planting until flowering, with dry matter, internal N concentration and shoot height being measured. For each planting date, N uptake (y) was closely (r2 = 0.94; 0.93; 0.84; 0.93, respectively) related to shoot height (x) at the time of cutting and could be characterized by the equation y = a * × b. In the soilless cultivation system, dry matter concentrations of N remained constant over the whole growing period, indicating non-limiting nitrogen supply. In agreement with constant internal N concentrations, N uptake was linearly related (r2 = 0.94 to 0.99) to dry matter accumulation. It is concluded that shoot height is a useful parameter to include in a simple model of N uptake. However, in consideration of fluctuating greenhouse climate conditions needs more sophisticated approaches including processes such as water uptake and photosynthetically active radiation.

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Effects of Plant Density and Thinning on High-Yielding Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Mexíco

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700008085 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 325-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Aguilar M. Immer ◽

R. A. Fischer ◽

Joshue Kohashi S.

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Leaf Area ◽

Seed Weight ◽

Plant Density ◽

Plant Competition ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Positive Relation ◽

Dry Beans ◽

Leaf Area Duration ◽

Pod Number

SUMMARYThe influence of leaf area and inter-plant competition on the growth and yield of a crop of high-yielding dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in central Mexico was studied, using density and thinning treatments. The highest seed yield (4210 kg/ha at 14% moisture) was obtained with the highest density (28·8 plants/m2). Thinning showed that pods/plant was sensitive to inter-plant competition between 36 and 78 days after seeding (first flower at 50 days), but seeds/pod, and especially seed weight, were not sensitive. It is suggested that the close positive relation between yield and leaf area duration derives from the influence of photosynthate supply upon pod number.

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Developing an agro-climatic zoning model to determine potential production areas for castor bean (Ricinus communis L.)

Industrial Crops and Products ◽

10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.02.044 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 185-191 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Silvia L. Falasca ◽

Ana C. Ulberich ◽

Eliana Ulberich

Keyword(s):

Castor Bean ◽

Ricinus Communis ◽

Potential Production ◽

Ricinus Communis L ◽

Production Areas ◽

Climatic Zoning

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Response of two sunflower hybrids to planting dates and densities

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.51.2003.1.4 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 25-35 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Y. Allam ◽

G. R. El-Nagar ◽

A. H. Galal

Keyword(s):

Seed Yield ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Plant Density ◽

Growth Traits ◽

Sowing Date ◽

Planting Date ◽

Oil Yield ◽

Planting Density ◽

Planting Dates ◽

Head Diameter

This investigation was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Assiut University during the summers of 2000 and 2001 to study the responses of two sunflower hybrids (Vidoc and Euroflora) to planting dates (May 1st, June 1st and July 1st) and planting densities (55,533, 83,300 and 166,600 plants/ha). The results indicated that the two varieties differed highly significantly in all studied traits except oil yield/ha. The highest seed yield (3.64 t/ha) was obtained with the variety Vidoc. In addition, the results revealed that the planting date exerted a highly significant influence on all vegetative growth traits along with yield and its components. Increasing plant density increased the seed and oil yield/ha. By contrast, the stem diameter, head diameter, 100-seed weight and seed yield/plant decreased with increasing plant density. The interaction between varieties and plant density had a highly significant effect on head diameter. The greatest head diameter (20.06 cm) was recorded for the variety Vidoc planted at lower density. Concerning the interaction between planting density and planting date, the highest seed yield (4.47 t/ha) was obtained from dense plants at the early sowing date, and the highest oil % (45.32) at the late planting date and the lowest plant density. The second order interaction exerted a highly significant influence on stem and head diameter in addition to seed yield/plant, where the highest value (78.13 g/plant) was obtained with the variety Vidoc planted on May 1st at the lowest plant density.

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Comparative Potential of Different Botanicals and Synthetic Insecticides and Their Economics Against Leucinodes Orbonalis in Eggplant

Journal of Plant Protection Research ◽

10.2478/v10045-012-0006-7 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 35-39

Author(s):

Sharma Kumar ◽

Haseeb Masarrat ◽

Qamar Muntaha

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Integrated Pest Management ◽

Pest Management ◽

Active Substance ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Seed Kernel ◽

Neem Seed ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Leucinodes Orbonalis ◽

Cultural Methods

Comparative Potential of Different Botanicals and Synthetic Insecticides and Their Economics Against Leucinodes Orbonalis in Eggplant The field experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of two botanicals viz; ozoneem and neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and three chemical insecticides viz; imidacloprid, alphamathrin, chlorpyriphos 50% EC + cypermethrin 5% EC against Leucinodes orbonalis, during the years from 2008 to 2009. Botanicals were tested alone and in combination with cultural practices. On the basis of the pooled means, the results revealed that three sprays of chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin @ 0.01% active substance (a.s.) in 15 days intervals was found to be the most economical, resulting in minimum shoot (2.15%) and fruit (12.95%) infestation respectively, followed by alphamathrin @ 0.01% a.s. with a highest marketable yield of 87.77 q/ha. Maximum marketable yield was received from the treatment with alphamathrin, but due to high costs involved in the use of this chemical, it took second place. Three sprays of NSKE @ 5 ml/lt. recorded a maximum of shoot (3.91%) and fruit (24.49%) infestation, respectively. However, shoot and fruit infestation was brought down and marketable yield increased to some extent, when these treatments were combined with cultural methods. It is therefore, suggested that the combination of chlorpyriphos 50% EC + cypermethrin 5% EC, being the most effective and economically viable insecticide, can be utilized as a valuable chemical component in Integrated Pest Management to manage the L. orbonalis in eggplant crop.

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