scholarly journals Strawberry Growth and Photosynthetic Responses to Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1178-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Deyton ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
John C. Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Treated Plant ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses

Foliar sprays of increasing concentrations (0, 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 mg·liter-1) of paclobutrazol were applied to `Cardinal' strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) 35 days after transplanting. The plants were established in August in cultivated plots for measurement of paclobutrazol effects on first year growth or in a double-row hill system on black polyethylene-covered raised beds for 2nd year measurements. Increasing the paclobutrazol concentration reduced the number of runners, decreased runner length, and limited biomass partitioned into daughter plants. By the end of the first growing season, paclobutrazol had increased lateral crown development but reduced leaf area per treated plant. Root growth was reduced by concentrations >600 mg·liter-1. Treatment with 75 to 300 mg·liter-1 increased total plant dry weight by 33% to 46%. The following spring, plant growth was decreased by ≥ 300 mg·liter-1. Yield was increased by all treatments, except 1200 mg·liter-1. Leaf net photosynthesis increased within 12 days after treatment with paclobutrazol and was higher than in the controls the next summer. Leaf stomata1 conductance also increased the first year and was significantly higher the 2nd year after treatment. The optimum concentration of paclobutrazol for strawberries appears to be between 150 and 300 mg·liter-1.

scholarly journals Row orientation affects the uniformity of light absorption, but hardly affects crop photosynthesis in hedgerow tomato crops

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M van der Meer ◽  
P H B de Visser ◽  
E Heuvelink ◽  
L F M Marcelis
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Light Absorption ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The South ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Tomato Crop ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
North And South ◽  
East West

Abstract Light distribution within canopies is important for plant growth. We aimed to quantify the influence of row orientation on inter- and within-row variation of light absorption and photosynthesis in a hedgerow crop. An experiment with two row orientations of a tomato crop was conducted which was then used to calibrate a functional-structural plant model (FSPM). The FSPM was used to analyze light absorption and photosynthesis for each of the row facing directions in the double row trellis system (e.g. north- and south-facing rows for the east-west row orientation). The measured leaf area decreased by 18% and SLA by 10%, while fruit dry weight increased by 7% for south-facing compared to north-facing rows, but total plant dry weight did not significantly differ. Model simulations showed a 7% higher light absorption for the south-facing rows than north-facing rows, while net photosynthesis was surprisingly -4% lower, due to local light saturation. When in the model leaf area was kept equal between the rows, light absorption for the south-facing rows was 19% and net photosynthesis 8% higher than for north-facing rows. We conclude that although south-facing rows would be expected to have a higher photosynthesis than north-facing rows, plants can adapt their morphology such that differences in light absorption and photosynthesis between north- and south-facing rows are minimal. Rows oriented north-south were more uniform in light absorption and photosynthesis than east-west rows, but the overall crop light absorption and photosynthesis were minimally affected (both 3% lower compared to east-west orientation) .

scholarly journals Budset and Growth of Eastern White Pine Following Application of 6-Benzylaminopurine to Seedlings Fertilized with Different Levels of Nitrogen

1988 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-45
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Robert D. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Pinus Strobus ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
One Year ◽  
Different Levels

Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were potted and solution fed once weekly during 2 growing seasons with 5 levels of N in the irrigation water: 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 ppm. Leaders were treated with 750 ppm 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) in late June of the first year. The higher N levels resulted in greater stem diameter, greater foliage dry weight, longer and heavier needle fascicles, better foliage color, greater budset after application of BA, and more and longer branches on the BA-treated leader the second growing season. BA should be applied to trees with N concentration ≥ 1.5% in one-year-old foliage.

The effect of increasing elevation on leaf cuticle thickness and cuticular transpiration in balsam fir

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (11) ◽  
pp. 2423-2431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan H. DeLucia ◽  
Graeme P. Berlyn
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Elevational Gradient ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tree Line ◽  
Forest Limit ◽  
Cuticle Thickness ◽  
High Elevations

First-year needles and stems of Abies balsamea were collected at the end of the growing season along an elevational gradient on Mt. Moosilauke, NH. Tissue was sampled from the base (732 m), midslope (1143 m), forest limit (1402 m), and tree line (1455 m). Mean cuticle thickness on the adaxial needle surface decreased with increasing elevation from 3.01 to 2.21 μm. A similar decline was observed for the cutinized cell wall at the lower three elevations. Associated with the decline in cuticular thickness was a 59.3% increase in the rate of cuticular water loss per gram dry weight from 732 to 1402 m. The amount of epicuticular wax and other features of leaf anatomy were also examined along the elevational gradient. The high rates of cuticular water loss in these subalpine trees increase the risk of desiccation damage at high elevations and support the concept that they can be a contributing factor in the formation of alpine tree line.

Instantaneous photosynthetic responses to temperature of deciduous and evergreen Nothofagus species

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kohout ◽  
J. Read
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses

Deciduous species of Nothofagus tend to replace evergreen Nothofagus at the highest altitudes. We investigated whether deciduous Nothofagus species have higher maximum rates of net photosynthesis (Pmax) and specific leaf area (SLA) than evergreen species and whether there is an increasing photosynthetic advantage (e.g. higher Pmax) in deciduous species relative to evergreen species with increasing altitude that might explain their replacement of evergreen species. Net photosynthesis was investigated in (1) five deciduous and five evergreen species of Nothofagus grown in a common environment and (2) two co-occurring species, N. gunnii (Hook.f.) Oerst. (deciduous) and N. cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. (evergreen), across a range of altitudes in Tasmania. In the first experiment, the maximum rate of net photosynthesis per leaf mass (Pmax, mass) and SLA were higher in deciduous species, whereas the maximum rate of net photosynthesis per leaf area (Pmax, area) did not differ between leaf habits. However, in the field-based study, both mass- and area-based Pmax were higher in N. gunnii than N. cunninghamii across all sites. The high Pmax, mass of deciduous species may provide a competitive advantage at higher altitudes by maximising carbon gain during the growing season. However, in the study of sympatric populations of N. gunnii and N. cunninghamii there was no evidence of increasing photosynthetic advantage of the deciduous N. gunnii with increasing altitude.

scholarly journals Fertilization of Container-Grown Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.)

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
L. Eric Hinesley ◽  
Scott A. Smith ◽  
A. M. Wicker
Keyword(s):  
Dry Weight ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Taxodium Distichum ◽  
First Year ◽  
Foliar N ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilization Experiments ◽  
Weekly Application

Abstract Two fertilization experiments were conducted with first-year seedlings of baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.] in containers (substrate = composted pine bark). First, seedlings were subjected to factorial combinations of dolomitic lime, soluble fertilizer (SF), and incorporated controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) (19.0N–2.6P–8.8K; 8- to 9-month release). Lime decreased growth. Incorporated CRF [4.8 kg/m3 (8 lbs/yd3)] yielded more growth than a single weekly application of SF (N = 0.5 g/liter). In the second experiment, most of the potential height growth and total plant dry weight were realized with 2.4 kg/m3 (4 lbs/yd3) and 4.8 kg/m3 (8 lbs/yd3), respectively, of incorporated CRF. At optimal growth, foliar N concentrations were 3.0%.

scholarly journals 427 PB 162 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POTASSIUM AND OTHER MINERAL ELEMENTS IN DROUGHT STRESSED AND NON-DROUGHT STRESSED HIBISCUS SINENSIS L. CV. LEPRECAUN

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 492d-492
Author(s):  
Jonathan N. Egilia ◽  
Fred T. Davies ◽  
Sharon Duray
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
K Concentration

Hibiscus plants, were irrigated with full strength Hoagland's nutrient solution containing either 0,2,5, or 10 mM potasium(K). After 72 days of K treatment, half of the plants at each K level were subjected to a 21-day slowly developing drought stress cycle and the other half were non-drought stressed (ND). Mid-day leaf water potentials at day 21 was-1.5 to-1.6 MPa (DS), and -0.5 MPa (ND). Leaf K concentration increased with increasing K in nutrient solution for both DS and ND plants, but K was higher in DS than ND plants at 2.5 and 10 mM K. Of the macronutrient cations, only (Ca) was inversely correlated with nutrient solution K, in both DS and ND plants. Leaf concentrations of all the micronutrient cations increased with increasing K supply, regardless of drought stress. Potassium hadt significant positive correlation with total plant and leaf dry weight of DS, but not ND plants. Leaf stable carbon isotope composition (δ13 C,an estimate of long term water-use efficiency), was positively correlated with N, Mg and Ca, and negatively correlated with K, iron (Fe), and K:total cation ratio regardless of drought stress. Both net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were negatively correlated with N and Ca, but positively correlated with K, Fe and manganese in ND plants.

scholarly journals Aluminum and Phosphorus Interactions in Mycorrhizal and Nonmycorrhizal Highbush Blueberry Plantlets

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 672a-672
Author(s):  
Wei Qiang Yang ◽  
Barbara L. Goulart ◽  
Kathleen Demchak
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
N Application ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Al Uptake ◽  
Total Plant

Aluminum and P interactions were investigated in mycorrhizal (M) and nonmycorrhizal (NM) highbush blueberry plantlets in a factorial experiment. The toxic effects of Al on highbush blueberry were characterized by decreased shoot, root, and total plant dry weight. Many of the negative effects of Al on plant root, shoot, and total dry-matter production were reversed by foliar P and N application, indicating P or N uptake were limited by high Al concentration. However, Al mediated growth reduction in P-stressed plants suggested that the restriction of P uptake by high Al may not have been the only mechanism for Al toxicity in this experiment. Root Al and P concentration were negatively correlated in NM plantlets but not in M plantlets, suggesting mycorrhizal infection may alter P uptake processes. Al uptake also was affected by M infection, with more Al accumulating in M plantlet roots and leaves. Correlations among foliar ion concentrations were also affected by M fungal infection.

scholarly journals Influence of Plant Age on Cold Hardiness of Three Container-Grown Herbaceous Perennials

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
S.L. Kingsley-Richards ◽  
L.P. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Visual Rating Scale ◽  
One Year ◽  
Vegetative Cuttings

Abstract Overwintering container-grown perennial plants is often necessary during their production. Rooted vegetative cuttings potted at the beginning of the growing season and rooted vegetative cuttings potted at the beginning of the previous growing season, were exposed to−2,−5,−8,−11, and−14C (28, 23, 18, 12, 7F) in January then returned to a greenhouse kept at 3 to 5C (37 to 41F). In June, plants were assessed using a visual rating scale (1 = dead, 3–5 = increasing salable quality) and dry weight of foliage regrowth. For Geranium × cantabrigiense ‘Karmina’, studied for one year, age did not affect either rating or dry weight. For Sedum ‘Matrona’, studied for two years, age had no effect on dry weight but ratings were higher for two-year-old plants than one-year-old plants in the first year and higher for one-year-old plants than two-year-old plants in the second year. For Leucanthemum × superbum ‘Becky’, studied for two years, age affected both rating and dry weight, which were higher for one-year-old plants. Of the cultivars studied, overwintering one-year-old, container-grown plants resulted in more growth and higher quality than overwintered two-year-old plants.

Interior spruce seedlings compared with emblings produced from somatic embryogenesis. I. Nursery development, fall acclimation, and over-winter storage

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 1376-1384 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.C. Grossnickle ◽  
J.E. Major ◽  
R.S. Folk
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Terminal Bud ◽  
Interior Spruce

Interior spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss × Piceaengelmannii Parry) seedlings and emblings (plants produced via somatic embryogenesis tissue culture) were grown as container 1 + 0 plants. Seedling and embling morphological development was monitored during the growing season. Needle freezing tolerance, days to terminal bud break (DBB1), root growth capacity (RGC), and shoot dry weight fraction (DWF) were monitored during the fall and in frozen storage. Emblings had slower height, diameter, and root growth rates during the initial 2.5 months in the nursery. Thereafter, seedlings and emblings had equal height growth rate, while emblings had greater diameter and root growth rates. At the end of the growing season, seedlings and emblings, respectively, had 23.8 and 14.2 cm shoot height, 4.0 and 3.4 mm diameter, and 0.81 and 0.80 g root dry weight. During the fall, DBB1 of both seedlings and emblings decreased, with emblings having a more rapid decrease. Both seedlings and emblings showed a similar increase in freezing tolerance. Emblings had a greater increase in DWF. During the fall, RGC decreased then increased, with seedlings displaying a greater increase than emblings. While in frozen storage, seedlings and emblings maintained a low DBB1, and a high RGC and DWF. Freezing tolerance decreased while in frozen storage, with the loss more pronounced among seedlings. A degree growth stage model describes the first year cycle of development for seedlings and emblings. Results indicate that seedlings and emblings have slightly different patterns of first year growth and fall acclimation. However, both seedlings and emblings were at the end of rest when lifted for frozen storage.

White mulch and a south facing position favour strawberry growth and quality in high latitude tunnel cultivation

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. T. Karhu ◽  
R. Puranen ◽  
A. Aflatuni
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Double Row ◽  
North East ◽  
Northern Latitudes ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Second Year

Polyethylene mulches with black or white surface were compared in seven strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) genotypes in a 2-yr experiment. The plants were covered by an unheated walk-in tunnel at the beginning of the first harvest season. The effects of a south-west versus north-east position of plants within the double-row beds were also studied. Soil temperatures were higher under black mulch, especially mid-day temperatures on the bed surface in the southward position. White mulch favoured root and crown growth in the first year, and the southwest position increased plant growth in both years. With black mulch, lower carbohydrate reserves were observed after transplanting, and a decreased chlorophyll content of leaves was detected in the second year. Mulch colour did not affect yield quantity. The first-year harvest was advanced with black mulch, but in the second year, the harvest season was earliest on the south side of beds with white mulch. Black mulch decreased fruit size in the first year and the concentration of fruit soluble solids in both years. The results suggest that in northern latitudes white mulch improves strawberry plant growth and fruit quality over that obtained using black mulch, but enhanced yield is not to be expected when a double-row tunnel cultivation system is used. Key words: Fragaria × ananassa, mulch, plasticulture, polyethylene, strawberry, tunnel

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