Instantaneous photosynthetic responses to temperature of deciduous and evergreen Nothofagus species

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kohout ◽  
J. Read
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carbon Gain ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Common Environment ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses

Deciduous species of Nothofagus tend to replace evergreen Nothofagus at the highest altitudes. We investigated whether deciduous Nothofagus species have higher maximum rates of net photosynthesis (Pmax) and specific leaf area (SLA) than evergreen species and whether there is an increasing photosynthetic advantage (e.g. higher Pmax) in deciduous species relative to evergreen species with increasing altitude that might explain their replacement of evergreen species. Net photosynthesis was investigated in (1) five deciduous and five evergreen species of Nothofagus grown in a common environment and (2) two co-occurring species, N. gunnii (Hook.f.) Oerst. (deciduous) and N. cunninghamii (Hook.) Oerst. (evergreen), across a range of altitudes in Tasmania. In the first experiment, the maximum rate of net photosynthesis per leaf mass (Pmax, mass) and SLA were higher in deciduous species, whereas the maximum rate of net photosynthesis per leaf area (Pmax, area) did not differ between leaf habits. However, in the field-based study, both mass- and area-based Pmax were higher in N. gunnii than N. cunninghamii across all sites. The high Pmax, mass of deciduous species may provide a competitive advantage at higher altitudes by maximising carbon gain during the growing season. However, in the study of sympatric populations of N. gunnii and N. cunninghamii there was no evidence of increasing photosynthetic advantage of the deciduous N. gunnii with increasing altitude.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Viburnum Species and Cultivars to Phytophthora ramorum

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy L. Widmer
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Necrotic Area ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Whole Plants

Abstract Phytophthora ramorum causes ramorum blight on Viburnum species, which are commonly grown as ornamentals. This study evaluated 24 different species or cultivars for susceptibility to P. ramorum. Whole plants were inoculated with an NA1 isolate of P. ramorum and placed in dew chambers at 20C (68F). After 5 days, the percentage of necrotic leaves for each plant and the percentage of necrotic area for each leaf were calculated. The percentage of necrotic leaves per plant ranged from 96.1% (V. tinus) to 7.9% (V. opulus ‘Notcutt’) and the percentage of necrotic leaf area ranged from 73.0% (V. × carlcephalum ‘Cayuga’) to 2.4% (V. trilobum ‘Wentworth’). In addition, six species or cultivars were evaluated for their susceptibility to a EU1 isolate of P. ramorum. The isolate had a significant effect on three of the six species or cultivars tested, although one isolate did not always yield the greatest necrosis. Evergreen species and cultivars had a higher percentage of necrotic leaves and higher percentage of necrotic leaf area than semi-evergreen or deciduous species and cultivars. All Viburnum species and cultivars showed some degree of susceptibility to P ramorum.

Seasonal patterns of net photosynthesis of loblolly pine from diverse origins

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 1063-1068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett A. Boltz ◽  
Bruce C. Bongarten ◽  
Robert O. Teskey
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Seasonal Patterns ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Final Size ◽  
Unit Leaf Area ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Unit Leaf

Growth and photosynthesis were examined in seedlings of Pinustaeda L. (loblolly pine) from six widely separated provenances. The seasonal patterns of net photosynthesis were similar for each. Seedling net photosynthesis peaked in late October and net photosynthesis per unit leaf area peaked before midsummer and again in late October. When averaged over the entire season, seedling photosynthesis was greatest for Florida seedlings and least for Arkansas–Oklahoma and Texas seedlings. Seedling photosynthesis was strongly correlated with final size on all sampling dates and when averaged over the entire season. Both leaf area and net photosynthesis per unit leaf area contributed to the differences among provenances. Late season growth and photosynthesis, observed in the Florida provenance, increased provenance differences established early in the growing season.

scholarly journals Strawberry Growth and Photosynthetic Responses to Paclobutrazol

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1178-1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis E. Deyton ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
John C. Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fragaria Ananassa ◽  
Double Row ◽  
Treated Plant ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Photosynthetic Responses

Foliar sprays of increasing concentrations (0, 75, 150, 300, 600, and 1200 mg·liter-1) of paclobutrazol were applied to `Cardinal' strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) 35 days after transplanting. The plants were established in August in cultivated plots for measurement of paclobutrazol effects on first year growth or in a double-row hill system on black polyethylene-covered raised beds for 2nd year measurements. Increasing the paclobutrazol concentration reduced the number of runners, decreased runner length, and limited biomass partitioned into daughter plants. By the end of the first growing season, paclobutrazol had increased lateral crown development but reduced leaf area per treated plant. Root growth was reduced by concentrations >600 mg·liter-1. Treatment with 75 to 300 mg·liter-1 increased total plant dry weight by 33% to 46%. The following spring, plant growth was decreased by ≥ 300 mg·liter-1. Yield was increased by all treatments, except 1200 mg·liter-1. Leaf net photosynthesis increased within 12 days after treatment with paclobutrazol and was higher than in the controls the next summer. Leaf stomata1 conductance also increased the first year and was significantly higher the 2nd year after treatment. The optimum concentration of paclobutrazol for strawberries appears to be between 150 and 300 mg·liter-1.

scholarly journals Influence of shoot inclination on irradiance and morphophysiological leaf traits along shoots in cerrado trees with distinct leaf deciduousness

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Paulo Souza ◽  
Carlos Henrique B. A. Prado ◽  
Maria A. Damascos ◽  
Ana Lúcia S. Albino
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
The Other ◽  
Leaf Life Span ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Shoot Base

This study investigated the relationship among shoot inclination, irradiance and morphophysiological traits of basal (BL) and distal (DL) leaves in six cerrado trees with distinct leaf deciduousness. Deciduous species showed plagiotropic shoots (44º) and larger leaf area than semideciduous and evergreen species, which showed orthotropic shoots (56º and 63º, respectively). Despite larger leaf area, irradiance at shoot base in deciduous was around 85% in relation to full irradiance, while in semideciduous and evergreen only 23% of irradiance reached on BL. Likewise, maximum net photosynthesis (Pnmax) was similar between BL and DL in deciduous. Contrastingly, semideciduous and evergreen showed significant decreasing of Pnmax in BL. Plagiotropic shoots of deciduous allow similar irradiance along shoots, resulting in similar Pnmax along shoot. On the other hand, orthotropic shoots of semideciduous and evergreen resulted in shading and decreasing of Pnmax on BL. However, considering BL and DL together, there was not significant difference of leaf-life-span or Pnmax among deciduous, semideciduous and evergreen. Therefore, shoot inclination and shading among leaves on same shoot should be significant influencing leaf morphophysiological traits along shoots in cerrado trees. On the other hand, similar leaf-life-span among phenological groups resulted in absence of Pnmax differences when BL and DL were considered together.

scholarly journals Eco-physiological adaptation of dominant tree species at two contrasting karst habitats in southwestern China

F1000Research ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shouren Zhang ◽  
Dayong Fan ◽  
Qian Wu ◽  
Hui Yan ◽  
Xinwu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Evergreen Species ◽  
Total N ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Karst Areas

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eco-physiological adaptation of indigenous woody species to their habitats in karst areas of southwestern China. Two contrasting forest habitats were studied: a degraded habitat in Daxiagu and a well-developed habitat in Tianlongshan, and the eco-physiological characteristics of the trees were measured for three growth seasons. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) of the tree species in Daxiagu were 2-3 times higher than those in Tianlongshan under ambient conditions. However, this habitat effect was not significant when measurements were taken under controlled conditions. Under controlled conditions, Pn, gs, and Tr of the deciduous species were markedly higher than those for the evergreen species. Habitat had no significant effect on water use efficiency (WUE) or photochemical characteristics of PSII. The stomatal sensitivity of woody species in the degraded habitat was much higher than that in the well-developed habitat. Similarly, the leaf total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents expressed on the basis of either dry mass or leaf area were also much higher in Daxiagu than they were in Tianlongshan. The mass-based leaf total N content of deciduous species was much higher than that of evergreen species, while leaf area-based total N and P contents of evergreens were significantly higher than those of deciduous species. The photosynthetic nitrogen- and phosphorus-use efficiencies (PNUE and PPUE) of deciduous species were much higher than those of evergreens. Further, the PPUE of the woody species in Tianlongshan was much higher than that  of the woody species in Daxiagu.The results from three growth seasons imply that the tree species were able to adapt well to their growth habitats. Furthermore, it seems that so-called “temporary drought stress” may not occur, or may not be severe for most woody plants in karst areas of southwestern China.

scholarly journals Photosynthesis and growth of spring barley: some effects of drought

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Leach
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Effects Of Drought

SummaryDuring the dry summer of 1976, measurements were made of the photosynthesis, transpiration, respiration, and growth of irrigated (I) and non-irrigated (NI) spring barley growing in large field plots. Using a field enclosure, the photosynthesis of the irrigated barley was measured on 19 separate days during the latter two-thirds of the growing season when the plants were large enough to have measurable gas exchanges. The response of photosynthesis to water stress was determined from 3 days' comparative measurements on the I and NI crops, using both the field enclosure and, on 2 days only, a single-leaf photosynthesis chamber.Water stress in the NI crop caused large decreases in yield: the dry-matter yields of grain and straw were respectively reduced by 19 and 27%; number of grains (but not grain mass) was also reduced. Field enclosure measurements, which were in good agreement both with values for canopy net photosynthesis derived from the leaf chamber measurements and with estimates of dry-matter production derived from plant weighings, indicated that the net CO2 uptake per unit leaf area was little affected by water stress. Results from the plant weighings and mensurations showed that, during the growing season, the main effect of water stress, mediated by the survival of fewer tillers and the premature senescence of leaves, was a reduction of leaf area (by 40%).

scholarly journals Analogy-Based Crop Yield Forecasts Based on Temporal Similarity of Leaf Area Index

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3069
Author(s):  
Yadong Liu ◽  
Junhwan Kim ◽  
David H. Fleisher ◽  
Kwang Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Current Season ◽  
Wide Range

Seasonal forecasts of crop yield are important components for agricultural policy decisions and farmer planning. A wide range of input data are often needed to forecast crop yield in a region where sophisticated approaches such as machine learning and process-based models are used. This requires considerable effort for data preparation in addition to identifying data sources. Here, we propose a simpler approach called the Analogy Based Crop-yield (ABC) forecast scheme to make timely and accurate prediction of regional crop yield using a minimum set of inputs. In the ABC method, a growing season from a prior long-term period, e.g., 10 years, is first identified as analogous to the current season by the use of a similarity index based on the time series leaf area index (LAI) patterns. Crop yield in the given growing season is then forecasted using the weighted yield average reported in the analogous seasons for the area of interest. The ABC approach was used to predict corn and soybean yields in the Midwestern U.S. at the county level for the period of 2017–2019. The MOD15A2H, which is a satellite data product for LAI, was used to compile inputs. The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of crop yield forecasts was <10% for corn and soybean in each growing season when the time series of LAI from the day of year 89 to 209 was used as inputs to the ABC approach. The prediction error for the ABC approach was comparable to results from a deep neural network model that relied on soil and weather data as well as satellite data in a previous study. These results indicate that the ABC approach allowed for crop yield forecast with a lead-time of at least two months before harvest. In particular, the ABC scheme would be useful for regions where crop yield forecasts are limited by availability of reliable environmental data.

scholarly journals Interactive Effects of Nitrogen and Sulfur Nutrition on Growth, Development, and Physiology of Brassica carinata A. Braun and Brassica napus L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7355
Author(s):  
Shivendra Kumar ◽  
Ramdeo Seepaul ◽  
Ian M. Small ◽  
Sheeja George ◽  
George Kelly O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Transport ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Photosynthetic Pigments ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Brassica Carinata ◽  
Internode Length ◽  
Erucic Acid Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Node Number ◽  
S 100

Brassica carinata (carinata) has emerged as a potential biofuel source due to its high erucic acid content, making it desirable for various industrial applications. Nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) are required as primary sources of nutrition for growth and development in different oilseed crops and their utilization is interdependent. The purpose of the study was to analyze the interactive effect of N and S nutrition on the growth and other physiological activities of carinata and B. napus (napus). Four treatments, i.e., optimum NS (+N+S, 100% N and 100% S); N limited (−N+S, 0% N, 100% S); S limited (+N−S, 100% N, 0% S), and NS limited (−N−S, 0% N and 0% S) of N and S in full-strength Hoagland solution were imposed in the current study. Effect of different NS treatments was observed on vegetative traits such as number of primary and secondary branches, total leaf area, total biomass production and allocation, and physiological traits such as production of photosynthetic pigments, net photosynthesis, electron transport, and other aspects for both carinata and napus. The traits of stem elongation, number of nodes, node addition rate, internode length, number of primary and secondary branches were 60%, 36%, 50%, 35%, 56%, and 83% lower, respectively, in napus in comparison to carinata. Different NS treatments also positively influenced the production of photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll (Chl) a and b and carotenoids in carinata and napus. The concentration of Chla was 11% higher in napus in comparison to carinata. The rate of net photosynthesis, electron transport, and fluorescence was 12%, 8%, and 5% higher based on overall value, respectively, in napus compared to carinata. On the other hand, the overall value for stomatal conductance decreased by 5% in napus when compared to carinata. Different growth-related traits such as vegetative (plant height, node number, internode length, leaf area, number of primary and secondary branches), reproductive (pod number, pod length, seeds per pod), and photosynthetic capacity in oilseed brassicas are correlated with the final seed and oil yield and chemical composition which are of economic importance for the adoption of the crop. Thus, the analysis of these traits will help to determine the effect of NS interaction on crop productivity of carinata and napus.

Red spruce seedling gas exchange in response to elevated CO2, water stress, and soil fertility treatments

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 954-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Samuelson ◽  
J.R. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Growing Seasons

The interactive influences of ambient (374 μL•L−1) or elevated (713 μL•L−1) CO2, low or high soil fertility, well-watered or water-stressed treatment, and rooting volume on gas exchange and growth were examined in red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) grown from seed through two growing seasons. Leaf gas exchange throughout two growing seasons and growth after two growing seasons in response to elevated CO2 were independent of soil fertility and water-stress treatments, and rooting volume. During the first growing season, no reduction in leaf photosynthesis of seedlings grown in elevated CO2 compared with seedlings grown in ambient CO2 was observed when measured at the same CO2 concentration. During the second growing season, net photosynthesis was up to 21% lower for elevated CO2-grown seedlings than for ambient CO2-grown seedlings when measured at 358 μL•L−1. Thus, photosynthetic acclimation to growth in elevated CO2 occurred gradually and was not a function of root-sink strength or soil-fertility treatment. However, net photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured at an elevated CO2 concentration was still over 2 times greater than the photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured at an ambient CO2 concentration. Growth enhancement by CO2 was maintained, since seedlings grown in elevated CO2 were 40% larger in both size and weight after two growing seasons.

scholarly journals El Niño-Southern Oscillation affects the water relations of tree species in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Palomo-Kumul ◽  
Mirna Valdez-Hernández ◽  
Gerald A. Islebe ◽  
Manuel J. Cach-Pérez ◽  
José Luis Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Deciduous Species ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Seasonally Dry ◽  
Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests ◽  
Dry Tropical Forests

AbstractWe evaluated the effect of ENSO 2015/16 on the water relations of eight tree species in seasonally dry tropical forests of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The functional traits: wood density, relative water content in wood, xylem water potential and specific leaf area were recorded during the rainy season and compared in three consecutive years: 2015 (pre-ENSO conditions), 2016 (ENSO conditions) and 2017 (post-ENSO conditions). We analyzed tree size on the capacity to respond to water deficit, considering young and mature trees, and if this response is distinctive in species with different leaf patterns in seasonally dry tropical forests distributed along a precipitation gradient (700–1200 mm year−1). These traits showed a strong decrease in all species in response to water stress in 2016, mainly in the driest site. Deciduous species had lower wood density, higher predawn water potential and higher specific leaf area than evergreen species. In all cases, mature trees were more tolerant to drought. In the driest site, there was a significant reduction in water status, regardless of their leaf phenology, indicating that seasonally dry tropical forests are highly vulnerable to ENSO. Vulnerability of deciduous species is intensified in the driest areas and in the youngest trees.

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