scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SEVERAL GROWING MEDIA FOR USE IN NITROGEN FIXATION RESEARCH

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1166b-1166
Author(s):  
Stephanie Rademan ◽  
Dyremple Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Kidney Bean ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Gm Plants ◽  
Wide Range

A wide range of methodologies, ranging from Leonard jar to growth pouch have been used to investigate the nitrogen fixation process in leguminous crops. The effectiveness of most of these research methods have been questioned. Problems encountered vary from difficulty in root separation to water log conditions. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of different growing media on nodule development and harvestability. Black and Red seed coat kidney bean were surface sterilized and inoculated with the Rhizobium phaseoli strain UMR 1899. Seeds were planted in 8.5 cm diameter sterile clay pots containing the respective growing medium. These growing media were sand, Promix GM, Promix BX, and fritted clay. The black seed coat kidney bean had higher germination rate under all media for all dates recorded. Black kidney bean grown in sand and fritted clay had plant heights significantly greater than ones grown in the other media on the third harvest date. Nodule activities as measured by shoot dry weight and nodule number were significantly higher in both beans grown in fritted clay than in other media. Promix GM plants with dry weight of .45g for the black bean and .32g for the red beans were the lowest. Nodule separation from the growing media was easiest when plants were grown in sand, however, this was not significantly different from that of plants grown in fritted clay.

scholarly journals Valorization of Vineyard By-Products to Obtain Composted Digestate and Biochar Suitable for Nursery Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) Production

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Domenico Ronga ◽  
Enrico Francia ◽  
Giulio Allesina ◽  
Simone Pedrazzi ◽  
Massimo Zaccardelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
By Products

Although compost and biochar received high attention as growing media, little information is available on the potential of vineyard by-products for the production and use of composted solid digestate (CSD) and biochar (BC). In the present study, two experiments are reported on CSD and BC mixed with commercial peat (CP) for grapevine planting material production. Four doses (0, 10%, 20%, 40% vol.) of CSD and BC were assessed in the first and second experiment, respectively. CSD mixed at a dose of 10% recorded the highest values of shoot dry weight (SDW) and a fraction of total dry biomass allocated to shoot (FTS), both cropping bench-graft and bare-rooted vine. On the other hand, CSD mixed at a dose of 40% displayed the highest values of SDW and FTS, cropping two-year-old vine. BC used at a dose of 10% improved SDW, root dry weight, total dry weight, FTS, shoot diameter, and height on bare-rooted vine. The present study shows that CSD and BC, coming from the valorization of vineyard by-products, can be used in the production of innovative growing media suitable for nursery grapevine production. Further studies are needed to assess the combined applications of CSD and BC in the same growing media.

scholarly journals GIBBERELLIC ACID DURING PRIMING OF PURPLE CONEFLOWER [ECHINACEA PURPUREA (L) MOENCH.] SEEDS IMPROVES GERMINATION AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 186c-186
Author(s):  
Janine O. Haynes ◽  
Wallace G. Pill
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Echinacea Purpurea ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Purple Coneflower ◽  
Percentage Points

Purple coneflower seeds following priming (-0.04 MPa, 10 days, 15C, darkness) osmotically in polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) or matrically in expanded no. 5 vermiculite had greater germination rate and synchrony at continuous 20C or 30C than untreated seeds, but germination percentage was unaffected. Inclusion of 5.5 × 10-2 M gibberellic acid (GA3 as ProGibb Plus 2X, Abbott Laboratories, N. Chicago, Ill.) further improved germination rate and synchrony at 20C, but not at 30C. In a greenhouse study (30C day/27C night, July-August natural light), seeds primed in PEG or vermiculite containing G A3 compared to untreated seeds had 6 percentage points higher maximum emergence (ME), 3.3 fewer days to 50% ME, 1.9 fewer days between 10% and 90% ME, 116% greater shoot dry weight, and 125% longer leaves at 16 days after planting in peat-lite. Inclusion of ethephon (0.01 m, as Florel) either alone or with GA3 during priming provided no benefit to seed germination or seedling emergence. Moistened vermiculite substituted for PEG solution as a priming medium for purple coneflower seeds, the priming benefit on seedling emergence and growth being enhanced by 5.5 × 10-2m G A3 inclusion in the priming media.

scholarly journals (62) Salinity and Growing Medium Affected Growth and Morphology of Gaillardia aristata

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1071C-1071
Author(s):  
Genhua Niu ◽  
Denise S. Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Elevated Salinity ◽  
Affected Plant ◽  
Salinity Levels

Gaillardia aristata Foug. is a hardy, drought-tolerant perennial found throughout much of the United States. Little information exists on the salt tolerance of this plant when grown in various growing media. A study was conducted to characterize the response of G. aristata to three salinity levels (0.8, 2.0, or 4.0 dS/m) and four growing media: 1) 100% perlite; 2) 1 perlite: 1 Sunshine mix No. 4 (v/v); 3) 100% Sunshine mix No. 4; or 4) 1 Sunshine mix No. 4: 1 composted mulch (v/v). The type of medium influenced the dry weight of roots but not shoots, while salinity significantly influenced the dry weight of both shoots and roots. The dry weight of shoots was higher in plants irrigated with tap water (0.8 dS/m) compared to those irrigated with saline solution at 2.0 or 4.0 dS/m except for those grown in 100% Sunshine mix. The ratio of root to shoot dry weight was not influenced by salinity, but was highest in the plants grown in 100% perlite. Both medium and salinity affected plant height. Elevated salinity reduced plant height. Plants were taller when grown in 100% perlite and in 1 Sunshine mix: 1 composted mulch. However, plants had fewer lateral shoots when grown in 100% perlite or 1 Sunshine mix: 1 composted mulch. Some of the flower buds aborted when grown in 100% Sunshine mix or 1 perlite: 1 Sunshine mix compared to none in plants grown in 100% perlite or 1 Sunshine mix: 1 composted mulch. These results indicate that growth and morphology of G. aristata were affected by not only salinity, but also the type of medium.

scholarly journals Substrate moisture and temperature in Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh germination

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2375
Author(s):  
Edlânia Maria de Souza ◽  
Edna Ursulino Alves ◽  
Maria Lúcia Maurício da Silva ◽  
Luciana Rodrigues de Araújo ◽  
Maria Das Mercês Serafim dos Santos Neta
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Cajanus Cajan ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Water Volumes

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh, a member of the Fabaceae, is commonly known as feijão-guandu. It was introduced into Brazil because it readily adapts to local climate conditions and tolerates a wide range of water and mineral nutrient levels. The objective of this study was to determine the substrate temperatures and water volumes that are conducive to feijão-guandu seed germination and seedling vigor. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Analysis of the Centre of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, PB, Brazil. Seed germination was tested using paper towel rolls moistened with volumes of water equivalent to 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 times the dry mass of the substrate. Variable temperatures in the range of 20 °C to 30 °C and constant temperatures of 25 °C, 30 °C, and 35 °C were used. The experimental design was completely randomized. The variables analyzed were water content, percent germination, first germination count, germination rate index, and seedling root and shoot lengths and dry weights. Increasing the volume of water used to moisten the substrate hindered feijão-guandu germination at all temperatures. It was determined that moistening the substrate with water volumes equivalent to 2.8 and 3.5 times the substrate dry weight at 30 °C and 35 °C, respectively, were the ideal conditions for evaluating feijão-guandu seed germination and seedling vigor.

Characterisation of dry and mucoid colonies isolated from Australian rhizobial inoculant strains for Medicago species

2005 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. McInnes ◽  
P. Holford ◽  
J. E. Thies
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Sinorhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sequence Element ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Single Colony ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Fixation Capacity ◽  
Medicago Species ◽  
K Antigen

The presence of dry and mucoid colonies in cultures of rhizobial strains used in the production of commercial Australian inoculants is of concern for quality assurance because of the possibility of altered capacity for nodulation and nitrogen fixation by the different colony types. In this study, single colony isolates obtained from dry and mucoid colonies present in commercial cultures of Sinorhizobium meliloti were investigated to identify stability in culture, genetic identity and changes in exopolysaccharide (EPS) production, nodulation and nitrogen fixation. The 2 strains studied were WSM688 and WSM826 (Australian inoculant strains for annual and perennial medics, respectively), both of which produced only mucoid colonies on agar media when originally isolated from nodules. Dry and mucoid single colony isolates from the ‘mother cultures’ of the 2 strains exhibited stable colony phenotypes during successive subculturing in our laboratory and were shown to be most closely related to S. meliloti using 16S rRNA partial sequencing. All isolates produced at least 1 of 3 exopolysaccharides (succinoglycan, EPS II and K antigen) that are required for successful nodulation of Medicago species by S. meliloti strains, as indicated by nodulation of host legumes. Strain WSM826 isolates probably produce succinoglycan, as shown by similarity to the succinoglycan-producing strain Rm1021 in a calcofluor binding assay. In contrast to published work, there was no evidence that loss of mucoidy in dry colony isolates of either strain was associated with the presence of an insertion sequence element in the expR gene that inhibits EPS II production. For strain WSM688, dry and mucoid isolates were identical by PCR fingerprinting and showed a similar capacity to nodulate and fix nitrogen with the target host legume M. truncatula in glasshouse tests. In contrast, strain WSM826 mucoid isolates produced PCR fingerprints that were different from each other and from the WSM826 dry colony isolates. Dry and mucoid colonies may have arisen from substantial genetic change or through contamination of cultures by other S. meliloti strains. One WSM826 mucoid isolate (826-3) produced significantly lower shoot dry weight when inoculated onto both the target host M. sativa and non-target host M. truncatula, even though the capacity to nodulate both hosts was retained. This suggests that this isolate was affected in its nitrogen fixation capacity. Further research is required to identify the origin and extent of colony variation in commercial S. meliloti cultures.

RESPONSE OF A HYBRID POPLAR CLONE TO SOIL ACIDIFICATION AND LIMING

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 727-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. TIMMER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Aluminum Toxicity ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Poplar Cuttings

Unrooted hybrid poplar cuttings were grown in a greenhouse at varying soil pH. The soil was a loamy fine sand (pH 5.7) collected from an Ap horizon of a forest tree nursery. The pH was adjusted over a wide range by incorporating different rates of powdered lime or elemental sulfur. Lime additions failed to improve growth significantly over a 20-wk period, and excessive liming to pH 7.6 reduced shoot dry weight by 33%, probably because of decreased availability of micronutrients. Sulfur, acidifying the soil to pH 4.1, depressed growth as much as 76%. This growth inhibition was closely associated with increased Al in both foliage and soil as well as reduced foliar uptake of the other essential nutrients. Maximum height growth of clone DTAC-32 occurred between pH 6.0 and 7.0, which falls within the general guidelines for producing hardwood nursery stock. Key words: Populus, soil pH, aluminum toxicity, micronutrient deficiency

Bidirectional Selection for Nitrogenase Activity and Shoot Dry Weight Among Late Generation Progenies of a Virginia x Spanish Peanut Cross1

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Arrendell ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
G. H. Elkan ◽  
T. J. Schneeweis
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Growth Habit ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection For

Abstract Improvement of the host contribution to nitrogen fixation has been proposed as a method of increasing nitrogen fixation. Significant variability and generally high broad-sense heritability estimates (.60 ± .27 to .82 ± .26 for nitrogenase activity and .53 ± .29 to .85 ± .26 for shoot dry weight) have been reported for F2-derived families from a cross between the Virginia (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar NC 6 and the Spanish (ssp. fastigiata Waldron vulgaris Harz.) breeding line 922, indicating selection for increased nigtogen fixation should be effective in this population. Lines from this population were chosen randomly from F2-derived families selected for high and low nitrogenase activity and high and low shoot dry weight after evaluation at three dates and two locations in each of 2 years (F5 and F6 generations). This study's objectives were to evaluate the N2-fixing ability of the selected lines and to evaluate the association between plant growth habit and N2 fixation. Twenty-four lines in each of the four selection groups and the parents, NC 6 and 922, were evaluated at two sampling dates and two locations. Mean nitrogenase activity of lines selected for increased nitrogenase activity was significantly greater than the mean of the lines selected for low nitrogenase activity. Improved nitrogenase activity was associated with increased fruit weight. The fruit weight mean of the group selected for increased fruit weight. The fruit weight mean of the group selected for increased nitrogenase activity was 39% greater than the mean of the group selected for low nitrogenase activity. Mean shoot dry weight of lines selected for increased shoot dry weight was significantly greater than the mean of the lines selected for low shoot dry weight; however, the fruit weight means of these two groups did not differ. It was hypothesized that selection for increased N2 fixation in a population derived from a cross between Virginia and Spanish types would eliminate genotypes with Spanish growth habit. Groups selected for high nitrogenase activity and for high shoot dry weight had longer and wider leaflets, longer cotyledonary laterals and greater main stem height than did their respective low selection groups. However, these traits chosen to characterize plant growth habit were inadequate in discriminating parental growth habits. Consequently, the data neither substantiated nor refuted the hypothesis.

Variation amongst Canadian six-row spring barley cultivars for germination and emergence characteristics in controlled environments and in the field

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Briggs ◽  
G. J. Dunn
Keyword(s):  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Seedling Vigour ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Emergence Rate ◽  
Controlled Environments

Information is lacking concerning the extent of variability in Canadian six-row barley cultivars for differences in potential field germination vigour and other germination characteristics, and the extent to which these traits can be predicted from laboratory tests. This study was conducted to evaluate the extent to which a genetically diverse range of Western Canadian six-row barley cultivars differ in germination resistance and early seedling vigour or emergence rate under controlled environments and in the field, over a range of temperature stress conditions. Vigour was assessed by measuring germination rate, emergence rate, and dry weight accumulation in young seedlings, in the growth cabinet and in the field. Cultivars studied were selected to represent a wide range of genetic diversity typical of Canadian breeding programs of the early 1980s. Growth cabinet assays were conducted at six temperatures from 2.5 to 20 °C. Field trials were conducted using the same cultivars seeded at three dates per site in 2 yr, to assess cultivar emergence rates and seedling dry weight accumulation over a range of seedbed temperatures, using two seed sources from cultivar increases each grown in different years.Cultivars differed significantly for germination resistance in the growth cabinet, and the performance of cultivars was relatively consistent across assay temperatures and for the two different seed sources. Differences among cultivars in growth for seedling dry weight were also consistent across temperatures, but cultivar performance for seedling dry weight accumulation was not significantly correlated with germination resistance in the cabinet test. In field trials, days to emergence were highly and significantly correlated with germination resistance determined in the growth cabinet. Germination resistance was less strongly correlated with dry weight accumulation in the field at 5 wk. Across cultivars, seedling dry weight estimates in the field were significantly correlated with seedling dry weights assayed in the growth cabinet. Results from this study confirm that genetic variation in potential germination rate and seedling vigour in the field can be identified in six-row barley using the germination resistance assay in the growth cabinet. Germination resistance identified more cultivar differences than were found for the seedling dry weight accumulation tests, which were characterized by high coefficients of variation and low correlation between growth cabinet and field. Key words: Temperature, field seedling vigour, barley cultivars, prediction tests

scholarly journals Elucidating the Potential of Native Rhizobial Isolates to Improve Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Growth of Common Bean and Soybean in Smallholder Farming Systems of Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Wandera Ouma ◽  
Anne Mercy Asango ◽  
John Maingi ◽  
Ezekiel Mugendi Njeru
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Smallholder Farming Systems ◽  
Commercial Inoculant ◽  
Biological Nitrogen

Identification of effective indigenous rhizobia isolates would lead to development of efficient and affordable rhizobia inoculants. These can promote nitrogen fixation in smallholder farming systems of Kenya. To realize this purpose, two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions using two common bean cultivars; Mwezi moja (bush type) and Mwitemania (climbing type) along with soybean cultivar SB 8. In the first experiment, the common bean cultivars were treated with rhizobia inoculants including a consortium of native isolates, commercial isolate (CIAT 899), a mixture of native isolates and CIAT 899, and a control with no inoculation. After 30 days, the crop was assessed for nodulation, shoot and root dry weights, and morphological features. In the second experiment, soybean was inoculated with a consortium of native isolates, commercial inoculant (USDA 110), and a mixture of commercial and native isolates. Remarkably, the native isolates significantly (p<0.001) increased nodulation and shoot dry weight across the two common bean varieties compared to the commercial inoculant, CIAT 899. Mixing of the native rhizobia species and commercial inoculant did not show any further increase in nodulation and shoot performance in both crops. Further field studies will ascertain the effectiveness and efficiency of the tested indigenous isolates.

Heritability in the early nodulation of F3 and F4 soybean lines

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. L. Pazdernik ◽  
P. H. Graham ◽  
J. H. Orf
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Nodule Development ◽  
Plant Introductions ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Two Populations

We have previously identified differences among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines in early nodulation and N2 fixation, and related early nodule development and overall plant performance under N-limited field conditions. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to estimate heritabilities for nodule fresh weight (NFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), and root dry weight (RDW) determined 17 d after inoculation (DAI); 2) to examine genetic variation for total nodule soluble protein (TSOLP) at 17 DAI, and SDW and shoot N derived from fixation (SNdfa) at the R5 growth stage; and 3) to assess relationships between early nodulation and subsequent R5 shoot mass and SNdfa. The two populations used were derived from the Minnesota-adapted cultivars Kasota and Parker, and two plant introductions PI 437966 and PI 384469B. Genetic variances within populations were significant for most traits measured at 17 DAI, and at the R5 growth stage. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.79–0.82 for NFW, 0.51–0.56 for SDW, and 0.38–0.40 for RDW, with SDW also correlated with seed size at 17 DAI (r = 0.88**). Additional correlation analyses showed SNdfa correlated with NFW (r = 0.33**) and TSOLP (r = 0.46**). The results of this study suggest that gains from selection are possible for NFW and SDW at early stages of plant development. Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., nodulation, nitrogen fixation, heritabilitynot available

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