scholarly journals ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH AS INFLUENCED BY OVERHEAD AND FLOATATION IRRIGATION IN JALAPENO PEPPER TRANSPLANTS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 592c-592
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Ronald R. Heineman
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Growth Compensation ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Basal Roots ◽  
Water Holding

This study was conducted to investigate how irrigation systems alter root elongation, root morphology, shoot growth characteristics and yield of `TAM-M' jalapeno pepper seedlings. Transplants were grown in containerized trays (18 cm3/cell) for 6 weeks in a greenhouse in Spring 1991. Irrigation systems were: a) floatation (FI), b) 4-week floatation plus 2-week overhead (FI+OI); c) alternate floatation and overhead (FI/OI), and d) overhead (OI). The growing media was maintained between 50 and 20% of its water holding capacity. Between 20 and 41 days after seeding (DAS), FI and FI/OI transplants maintained a constant lateral root length increase. In both FI+OI and OI transplants, lateral root elongation response tended to a `plateau' at ≈ 31 DAS. However, between 31 and 41 DAS, OI transplants had a root growth compensation, increasing the number and length (33%) of basal roots. In FI+OI transplants, basal root growth compensation occurred later in the field. At planting, OI transplants had higher shoot/root ratio (S:R=5) and maintained a higher shoot water potential (ψ= -0.58 MPa) than FI transplants (S:R=3; ψ= -0.69 MPa), respectively. Overhead-irrigated transplants had higher early fruit yields than floatation-irrigated transplants, but total yields were unaffected.

scholarly journals Greenhouse Irrigation Systems Affect Growth of `TAM-Mild Jalapeño-1' Pepper Seedlings

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1470-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Ronald R. Heineman
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Root ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
R Ratio ◽  
Length Increase ◽  
Basal Roots ◽  
Lateral Root Length

Two studies were conducted to determine how greenhouse irrigation systems alter root elongation, root morphology, shoot growth, and water status of `TAM-Mild Jalapeño-1' pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings. Transplants were grown in containerized trays for 48 days in a greenhouse. Irrigation systems were 1) flotation (FI), 2) 28 days FI plus 14 days overhead (OI; FI + OI), 3) alternate OI and FI (OI–FI), and 4) OI. FI and OI–FI transplants maintained a uniform lateral root length increase between 20 and 41 days after seeding (DAS). In FI + OI and OI transplants, lateral root elongation tended to plateau at ≈31 DAS; however, by increasing the number and length (33%) of basal roots, OI transplants had a total root growth compensation during the remaining growth period. At 41 DAS, OI transplants had a higher shoot: root ratio (S: R = 5) and maintained a higher shoot water potential (Ψstem = –0.58) than FI transplants (S: R = 3; Ψstem= –0.69 MPa, respectively). In the second study, OI transplants maintained higher Ψstem than FI transplants. The latter had a lower stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rate than OI and FI + OI transplants. FI may be used to lower the S: R ratio and promote hardiness in jalapeño transplants.

Root growth and root growth capacity of white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne M. Johnson-Flanagan ◽  
John N. Owens
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth Capacity ◽  
Root Growth Capacity ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Root growth in the root systems of Styroplug-grown white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings increases in the spring before shoot elongation and again in the fall after bud development is complete. This is followed by root dormancy and quiescence, which are distinguished on the basis of ability to elongate under root growth capacity (RGC) conditions. The number of white long lateral roots produced during RGC tests correlated significantly with the number of white long lateral roots under lathhouse conditions. Increased mitotic activity is required for root elongation. However, mitotic frequencies could not be used to assess RGC because of the confounding effects of independent growth cycles in individual roots. Cell expansion and transformation of insoluble carbohydrates are important controls of root elongation. The relationship between root and shoot growth under RGC conditions may not support the role of shoot elongation in decreasing root elongation. Conversely, this may indicate that RGC tests alter the endogenous controls of root and shoot growth.

scholarly journals Root and Shoot Growth Periodicity of Green Ash, Scarlet Oak, Turkish Hazelnut, and Tree Lilac

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk ◽  
Richard W. Zobel ◽  
Thomas H. Whitlow
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Extension Rate ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Measurement ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth Periodicity

The objectives of this study were to determine root and shoot growth periodicity for established Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. (green ash), Quercus coccinea Muenchh. (scarlet oak), Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut), and Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara `Ivory Silk' (tree lilac) trees and to evaluate three methods of root growth periodicity measurement. Two methods were evaluated using a rhizotron. One method measured the extension rate (RE) ofindividual roots, and the second method measured change in root length (RL) against an observation grid. A third method, using periodic counts of new roots present on minirhizotrons (MR), was also evaluated. RE showed the least variability among individual trees. Shoot growth began before or simultaneously with the beginning of root growth for all species with all root growth measurement methods. All species had concurrent shoot and root growth, and no distinct alternating growth patterns were evident when root growth was measured by RE. Alternating root and shoot growth was evident, however, when root growth was measured by RL and MR. RE measured extension rate of larger diameter lateral roots, RL measured increase in root length of all diameter lateral roots and MR measured new root count of all sizes of lateral and vertical roots. Root growth periodicity patterns differed with the measurement method and the types of roots measured.

scholarly journals Root Growth of Avocado is More Sensitive to Salinity than Shoot Growth

2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Bernstein ◽  
A. Meiri ◽  
M. Zilberstaine
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Elongation Rate ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Root Growth Inhibition ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Volumetric Growth

In most crop species, growth of the shoot is more sensitive to salt stress than root growth. Avocado [Persea americana Mill.] is very sensitive to NaCl stress. Even low concentrations of salt (15 mm) inhibit tree growth and decrease productivity. Observations in experimental orchards have suggested that root growth in avocado might be more restricted by salinity than shoot growth. In the present study, we evaluated quantitatively the inhibitory effects of salt stress on growth of the avocado root in comparison to the shoot. Seedling plants of the West-Indian rootstock `Degania 117' were grown in complete nutrient solution containing 1, 5, 15, or 25 mm NaCl. The threshold NaCl concentration causing root and shoot growth reduction occurred between 5 and 15 mm. At all concentrations, root growth was much more sensitive to salinity than shoot growth. A concentration of 15 mm NaCl, which did not affect the rate of leaf emergence on the plant and decreased leaf biomass production only 10%, induced a 43% reduction in the rate of root elongation and decreased root volumetric growth rate by 33%. Under 25 mm NaCl, leaf biomass production, leaf initiation rate and leaf elongation rate were reduced 19.5%, 12%, and 5%, respectively, while root volumetric growth and root elongation rate were reduced 65% and 75%, respectively. This strong root growth inhibition is expected to influence the whole plant and therefore root growth under salinity should be considered as an important criterion for rootstocks' tolerance to NaCl.

Napropamide Uptake, Transport, and Metabolism in Corn (Zea mays) and Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)

Weed Science ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 697-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barrett ◽  
Floyd M. Ashton
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Root Tissue ◽  
Tomato Root ◽  
Corn Roots ◽  
Tomato Roots ◽  
Absorption Studies ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Napropamide [2-(α-napthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] inhibited root and shoot growth in corn (Zea maysL. ‘NC+ 59’) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. ‘Niagara VF315’) seedlings. Shoot growth was reduced less than root growth in both species. Corn roots were approximately 10 times more sensitive to napropamide than were tomato roots. Translocation of napropamide from the roots to the shoot of tomato occurred within 0.5 h and followed an apoplastic pattern. Little movement of napropamide from the roots to the shoots occurred in corn. Metabolism of napropamide was not evident in either species during an 8-h exposure. Absorption studies showed that total napropamide levels were 60% higher in corn root tissue than in tomato root tissue. The greater napropamide content in the corn roots was associated with a tightly bound fraction of the total napropamide influx.

Growth of selected Australian plants in soilless media using coir as a substitute for peat

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 879 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Offord ◽  
S. Muir ◽  
J. L. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Coir Fibre ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Australian Standard ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Coconut Mesocarp

Summary. In 2 experiments coir fibre (coconut mesocarp) was compared with peat as a propagation or potting mix component for selected Australian native plants. The first experiment investigated root and shoot growth on cuttings of Pultenaea parviflora grown in mixes of peat : perlite : sand 4:7:3, coir : perlite : sand 4:7:3 or coir:perlite:sand 3:7:3. No differences in rooting or shoot regrowth were detected even though there were some differences in the chemical and physical characteristics of the mixes. Over 2 months, pH of the coir mixes rose from 3.3 and 3.9 to 5.8 and 5.6, respectively, whilst electrical conductivity decreased from 0.253 and 0.127 dS/m to 0.095 and 0.103 dS/m. The physical characteristics (air-filled porosity and water-holding capacity) of the mixes did not change substantially over time. In the second experiment, Brachyscome multifida var. dilatata, Correa ‘Dusky Bells’, Eucalyptus melliodora and Grevillea × gaudichaudii were potted into peat : sand 1:2, coir:sand 1:2 or coir:sand 1:3; whilst Callicoma serratifolia and Lomandra longifolia were potted into peat:sand 1:2, coir:sand 1:2 or coir:sand 1:5. All taxa and potting mix combinations were subjected to a ‘less frequent’ or ‘more frequent’ watering regime. The physical and chemical characteristics of the mixes were all within the Australian standard recommendations (AS 3743-1996) with the exception of pH which was initially slightly higher than recommended in all mixes. Analysis of growth characteristics over 14 months did not reveal any clear overall differences between mixes, indicating that coir was comparable with peat.

scholarly journals Root and shoot growth in safflower as affected by soil compaction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1443-1448
Author(s):  
Caroline Beal Montiel ◽  
Deonir Secco ◽  
Araceli Ciotti Marins ◽  
Luiz Antônio Zanão Junior ◽  
Jeikson Rafael Deggerone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Carthamus Tinctorius ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Soil compaction, induced by no-tillage practices, can negatively impact soil properties important for plant growth. Compacted soils can restrict root growth depth, resulting in reduced crop yield. Although safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) has a deep root system, yield may still be affected by soil compaction. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate safflower root and shoot growth when submitted to soil compaction in an Oxisol soil under controlled (greenhouse) and field conditions. Five soil bulk density measures were performed in a greenhouse (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 Mg m–3). Four compaction levels (established by the number of passes of a farm tractor: 0, 1, 3, and 5 passes consecutively) were performed to evaluate the effect of soil compaction in the field. Root and shoot growth were measured after harvesting the plants. Safflower root growth was reduced when soil compaction increased from 1.1 to 1.5 Mg m–3 under controlled (greenhouse) conditions. In field conditions, we observed a decrease in root length, and fresh and dry matter in roots and shoots of safflower as the soil compaction increased to 5P (1.28 Mg m–3). The results of our study suggest safflower root and shoot growth can be impacted by soil compaction which could affect crop yield.

scholarly journals 355 REDUCING MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE OF ROOTS IN COMPACTED SOILS INCREASES ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 481e-481
Author(s):  
Susan D. Day ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Vertical Drains ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
Vertical Drainage ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Four techniques for compaction amelioration were studied: 1) Vertical drainage panels; 2) vertical gravel-filled sump drains; 3) soil trenches filled with sandy loam; and 4) peat amended back fill. The control was backfilled with existing soil on the site. Vertical drainage mats and vertical gravel-filled sump drains were shown to increase O2% in surrounding soil; however, all O2 levels regardless of treatment were above what is considered limiting. Shoot and root growth of Pyrus calleryana `Redspire' was greatest for treatments that alleviated mechanical impedance (soil trenches and amended back fill) and least for treatments that did not (controls and vertical drains). Vertical drainage mats which alleviated mechanical impedance to a lesser degree showed intermediate growth.

scholarly journals Growth and Yield of Tomato Plants in Response to Age of Transplants

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 416-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel I. Leskovar ◽  
Daniel J. Cantliffe ◽  
Peter J. Stoffella
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Chl A ◽  
Over Time

Studies were conducted to evaluate growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants in the field in response to age of transplants in Spring and Fall 1989. Transplants were 2 (2W), 3 (3W), 4 (4W), 5 (SW), or 6 (6W) weeks old. Drip and subseepage irrigation were used. In spring, older transplants produced more shoot and root growth up to 2 (T2) weeks after transplanting. At 3 (T3) and 4 (T4) weeks after transplanting, there were no differences between 4W, 5W, and 6W transplants. These trends were independent of irrigation systems. Total yield and early yield were similar for all transplant ages. In fall, shoot growth increased linearly with increasing transplant age at TO, but not thereafter. Chlorophyll a + b increased over time, but no treatment differences were found at T4. At planting, 2W transplants had a higher Chl a: b ratio than older transplants. This difference was reduced at T1 and T2 and became insignificant at T4. These results indicate that no improvement in yields was obtained using the traditional older transplants. Younger transplants might be used to achieve rapid seedling establishment with-minimal transplant production costs.

scholarly journals 531 CMN-Pyrazole-induced Abscission of Mature `Valencia' Oranges in Relation to Young Fruit, Root, and Shoot Growth

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 487A-487
Author(s):  
Rongcai Yuan ◽  
Ulrich Hartmond ◽  
Walter J. Kender
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Young Fruit ◽  
Detachment Force ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Shoot And Root Growth

The seasonal abscission response of mature `Valencia' oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.)Osb.] to 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (CMN-Pyrazole) was examined in relation to young fruit, shoot, and root growth. CMN-Pyrazole dramatically increased ethylene production in fruit and effectively reduced the fruit detachment force (FDF), except in a period of reduced response to CMN-Pyrazole in early May. Root growth was inhibited by trunk girdling, in combination with removal of spring vegetative flushes and flowers, but not by their removal alone. During the responsive period, there was no difference in both ethylene production and FDF of CMN-Pyrazole-treated mature oranges between 1) the unmanipulated trees and those manipulated by either 2) girdling, removal of spring flushes and flowers, or 3) removal of flushes and flowers alone. However, during the less-responsive period, ethylene production in CMN-Pyrazole-treated mature oranges was significantly lower while the FDF was higher from non-manipulated trees than from trees treated by either girdling and removal of flush, or only removal of flush. There was no difference in either ethylene production or FDF of CMN-Pyrazole-treated mature oranges between trees manipulated by girdling and removal of flush, and those by removal of flush alone. Flush growth terminated at least 2 weeks before the onset of the less responsive period. This suggests that the hormones from rapidly growing young fruit may be responsible for the less responsive period.

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