scholarly journals COPPER PHYTOTOXICITY TO YOUNG CITRUS TREES AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL pH

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 595c-595
Author(s):  
Ashok K. Alva
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Ph Increase ◽  
Fibrous Roots ◽  
Citrus Trees

The aim of this study was to investigate soil pH and copper (Cu) interactions affecting Cu phytotoxicity to young citrus trees on different rootstocks. Hamlin oranges on either Carrizo citrange, sour orange, or rough lemon rootstocks were grown on Candler fine sand at varying soil pH (5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5) without additional Cu or soil applied Cu (liquid form; 240 kg Cu/ha; nine pre- and five post-planting applications over a period of 43 months). Increasing soil pH increased tree height, canopy volume and trunk diameter of trees on all three rootstocks, regardless of Cu treatments. Tree growth response to an increase in soil pH was greater in Cu amended as compared to unamended treatments. Response to pH increase above 6.0 was marginal as compared to that for pH increase from 5.0 to 6.0. Leaf Cu concentrations showed negligible differences in response to Cu treatments; however, Cu concentrations in fibrous roots increased by 126 to 152% in Cu amended as compared to unamended treatments.

scholarly journals Lowering of Calcareous Soil pH in Field-Grow Containers

1990 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
G. Kidder ◽  
M.J. Holsinger ◽  
T.H. Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Calcareous Soil ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Iron Sulfate ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Live Oak ◽  
Ph Reduction ◽  
One Year

Abstract Wettable sulfur (S) mixed with a Pineda fine sand (an Arenic Glossaqualf with 7.8 pH and 1.5% calcium carbonate equivalent) quickly acidified the soil, but the effect was lost within 8 weeks at low application rates and within 21 weeks at the highest rate (1 g S/kg soil or 1 lb S/1000 lb soil). Granular S mixed with the soil took one year to produce maximum pH reduction of 0.3, 0.4, and 0.9 pH units at 250, 500, and 1000 mg S/kg soil (1/4, 1/2, and 1 lb S/1000 lb soil), respectively . Wettable sulfur (S), surface-applied at 100 g/m2 (0.036 oz/10 ft2), lowered the pH of the upper 5 cm (2 in) of soil to the 5.6 to 5.8 range for one to two months before the pH returned to > 7.0; granular S took about five months to lower the pH to 6.7 but the soil pH was 6.2 two years after application. Wettable S at 20 g/kg soil (0.32 oz S/lb soil) in a small cylindrical zone resulted in a temporary depression of pH within the treated zone but had no effect on pH in other areas of the container. Mixing up to 1.0 g iron sulfate/kg soil (0.016 oz/lb soil) failed to reduce soil pH. Live-oak trunk diameter and plant height were not affected by any of the soil treatments in the two-year experiment.

Effect of cultural practices on the manganese status of soil and citrus trees under irrigation.

1954 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Connor
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Sulphate ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Manganese Deficiency ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Rough Lemon ◽  
Citrus Trees

The occurrence of manganese deficiency in citrus on an experimental orchard established in light horticultural soil in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area is reported. There is a relationship between visual symptoms of deficiency and the amount of manganese in the leaf. When the leaf manganese falls to 20 p.p.m., 50 per cent. of the trees show visual deficiency symptoms. Trees on Sweet Orange stock had less manganese and showed more visual deficiency symptoms than trees on Rough Lemon stock. A decrease in soil pH consequent on the addition of ammonium sulphate fertilizer led to a graduated increase in exchangeable soil manganese and leaf manganese. Bringing the calcareous subsoil to the surface consequent on digging trenches for laying agricultural drains led to acute manganese deficiency. Trees on plots tilled during the summer have greater leaf manganese contents than trees on sod plots or plots not tilled but kept free of weeds by herbicidal sprays, but these cultural treatments do not affect the exchangeable soil manganese. Possible reasons for the differences are discussed.

scholarly journals Evapotranspiration and Growth Response of Three Woody Ornamental Species Placed under Varying Irrigation Regimes

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Devitt ◽  
R.L. Morris ◽  
D.S. Neuman
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Multiple Regressions ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Canopy Volume ◽  
Woody Ornamental ◽  
Chilopsis Linearis

A 2-year study was conducted to quantify the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) of three woody ornamental trees placed under three different leaching fractions (LFs). Argentine mesquite (Prosopis alba Grisebach), desert willow [Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet var. linearis], and southern live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill.) (nursery seedling selection) were planted as 3.8-, 18.9-, or 56.8-liter container nursery stock outdoors in 190-liter plastic lysimeters in which weekly hydrologic balances were maintained. Weekly storage changes were measured with a portable hoist-load cell apparatus. Irrigations were applied to maintain LFs of +0.25, 0.00, or -0.25 (theoretical) based on the equation irrigation (I) = ETa/(1 - LF). Tree height, trunk diameter, canopy volume, leaf area index, total leaf area (oak only) and dry weight were monitored during the experiment or measured at final harvest. Average yearly ETa was significantly influenced by planting size (oak and willow, P ≤ 0.001) and leaching fraction imposed (P ≤ 0.001). Multiple regressions accounting for the variability in average yearly ETa were comprised of different growth and water management variables depending on the species. LF, trunk diameter, and canopy volume accounted for 92% (P ≤ 0.001) of the variability in the average yearly ETa of oak. Monthly ETa data were also evaluated, with multiple regressions based on data from nonwater-deficit trees, such that LF could be ignored. In the case of desert willow, monthly potential ET and trunk diameter accounted for 88% (P ≤ 0.001) of the variability in the monthly ETa. Results suggest that irrigators could apply water to arid urban landscapes more efficiently if irrigations were scheduled based on such information.

scholarly journals Microsprinkler Irrigation of Young `Redblush' Grapefruit Trees Using Reclaimed Water

HortScience ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1157-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Maurer ◽  
Frederick S. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Poncirus Trifoliata ◽  
Citrus Paradisi ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Irrigation Levels

Two field studies conducted from 1990 to 1991 evaluated the effects of reclaimed water on growth and development of 1- and 2-year-old `Redblush' grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on Swingle citrumelo [Citrus paradisi (L.) Osb. ×Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] rootstock. Treatments were arranged as a3 (water sources) x 3 (irrigation levels) factorial at two locations on an Arredondo (well drained) and Kanapaha (poorly drained) fine sand near Gainesville, Fla. Irrigation treatments included 1) reclaimed water, 2) reclaimed water plus fertigation, and 3) well water plus fertigation. The reclaimed water was formulated to simulate that of a sewage treatment plant at Vero Beach, Fla. Irrigation was applied at 20% soil moisture depletion, or at 19 or 25 mm·week regardless of rainfall. In both experiments, visual ratings of tree vigor, and measured tree height and trunk diameter, were significantly lower for trees watered with reclaimed water without fertilizer than for the others in both years. Moreover, there was no fourth leaf flush in 1991 with reclaimed water. There was a significant increase in leaf Na, Cl, and B concentrations for the reclaimed water and reclaimed water plus fertigation treatments in 1990; however, in 1991 only leaf B concentrations showed a similar trend. In 1991, there were no significant differences in leaf Cl concentrations. Visual symptoms of N deficiency were observed by the end of the first season in trees grown with reclaimed water. Irrigation levels generallv did not affect tree growth.

scholarly journals Field Performance of ‘Hamlin’ Orange Trees Grown on Various Rootstocks in Huanglongbing-endemic Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Sudip Kunwar ◽  
Jude Grosser ◽  
Fred G. Gmitter ◽  
William S. Castle ◽  
Ute Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Field Performance ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Years ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Canopy Volume

Most of the commercially important citrus scion cultivars are susceptible to Huanglongbing (HLB), which is the most devastating disease the citrus industry has ever faced. Because the rootstock can influence the performance of the scion in various ways, including disease and pest tolerance, use of superior rootstocks can assist citrus growers with minimizing the negative effects of HLB. The objective of this study was to assess rootstock effects on the horticultural performance and early production potential of ‘Hamlin’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) trees in commercial field settings under HLB-endemic conditions. Two field trials were conducted in different locations in Central and Southeast Florida. The trials were established in 2015 and included 32 diverse diploid and tetraploid rootstock cultivars and advanced selections. One trial was performed in Highlands County, FL, on a poorly drained flatwoods-type site. Another trial was performed in Polk County, FL, on a well-drained sandy Central Florida Ridge site. Horticultural traits including tree height, canopy volume, trunk diameter, canopy health, leaf nutrient content, yield, and fruit quality were assessed during the 2018–19 and 2019–20 production years. Significant differences were found among trees on different rootstocks for most of the measured traits, particularly tree vigor and productivity, but rootstock effects also varied by location. Rootstocks that induced large tree sizes, such as the diploid mandarin × trifoliate orange hybrids ‘X-639’, ‘C-54’, ‘C-57’, and ‘C-146’, also induced higher yield, but with lower yield efficiency. Most of the tetraploid rootstocks significantly reduced tree size, among which ‘Changsha+Benton’, ‘Green-3’, ‘Amb+Czo’, ‘UFR-3’, and ‘UFR-5’ induced high yield efficiency. Therefore, these rootstocks have the potential to be used in high-density plantings. However, trees on some of these small size-inducing rootstocks had a higher mortality rate and were more vulnerable to tropical force winds. This study provides important information for the selection of rootstocks with the greatest production potential in an HLB-endemic environment, especially during the early years of production.

scholarly journals A protocol for sampling vascular epiphyte richness and abundance

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan H. D. Wolf ◽  
S. Robbert Gradstein ◽  
Nalini M. Nadkarni
Keyword(s):  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Epiphyte Communities ◽  
Vascular Epiphyte

Abstract:The sampling of epiphytes is fraught with methodological difficulties. We present a protocol to sample and analyse vascular epiphyte richness and abundance in forests of different structure (SVERA). Epiphyte abundance is estimated as biomass by recording the number of plant components in a range of size cohorts. Epiphyte species biomass is estimated on 35 sample-trees, evenly distributed over six trunk diameter-size cohorts (10 trees with dbh > 30 cm). Tree height, dbh and number of forks (diameter > 5 cm) yield a dimensionless estimate of the size of the tree. Epiphyte dry weight and species richness between forests is compared with ANCOVA that controls for tree size. SChao1 is used as an estimate of the total number of species at the sites. The relative dependence of the distribution of the epiphyte communities on environmental and spatial variables may be assessed using multivariate analysis and Mantel test. In a case study, we compared epiphyte vegetation of six Mexican oak forests and one Colombian oak forest at similar elevation. We found a strongly significant positive correlation between tree size and epiphyte richness or biomass at all sites. In forests with a higher diversity of host trees, more trees must be sampled. Epiphyte biomass at the Colombian site was lower than in any of the Mexican sites; without correction for tree size no significant differences in terms of epiphyte biomass could be detected. The occurrence of spatial dependence, at both the landscape level and at the tree level, shows that the inclusion of spatial descriptors in SVERA is justified.

scholarly journals Phenotyping Architecture Traits of Tree Species Using Remote Sensing Techniques

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1611-1624
Author(s):  
Worasit Sangjan ◽  
Sindhuja Sankaran
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Structure From Motion ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
System Structure ◽  
List Type ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Chemical Application ◽  
Canopy Volume

HighlightsTree canopy architecture traits are associated with its productivity and management.Understanding these traits is important for both precision agriculture and phenomics applications.Remote sensing platforms (satellite, UAV, etc.) and multiple approaches (SfM, LiDAR) have been used to assess these traits.3D reconstruction of tree canopies allows the measurement of tree height, crown area, and canopy volume.Abstract. Tree canopy architecture is associated with light use efficiency and thus productivity. Given the modern training systems in orchard tree fruit systems, modification of tree architecture is becoming important for easier management of crops (e.g., pruning, thinning, chemical application, harvesting, etc.) while maintaining fruit quality and quantity. Similarly, in forest environments, architecture can influence the competitiveness and balance between tree species in the ecosystem. This article reviews the literature related to sensing approaches used for assessing architecture traits and the factors that influence such evaluation processes. Digital imagery integrated with structure from motion analysis and both terrestrial and aerial light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems have been commonly used. In addition, satellite imagery and other techniques have been explored. Some of the major findings and some critical considerations for such measurement methods are summarized here. Keywords: Canopy volume, LiDAR system, Structure from motion, Tree height, UAV.

scholarly journals Container and Landscape Planting Depth and Root Ball Shaving Affects Magnolia grandiflora Root Architecture and Landscape Performance

2015 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Gilman ◽  
Maria Paz ◽  
Chris Harchick
Keyword(s):  
Root Architecture ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Weather Event ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Magnolia Grandiflora ◽  
Landscape Performance ◽  
Tree Height Growth

Plants were grown in a 2 × 2 factorial combination of planting depth in nursery containers and at a landscape installation to study effects on root architecture, growth, and mechanical stability of Magnolia grandiflora L. Planting depth into containers or landscape soil had no impact on bending stress to tilt trunks 40 months after landscape planting, and impacted neither trunk diameter nor tree height growth 68 months later. Trees planted 128 mm deep into 170 L containers had more circling roots at landscape planting and 68 months later than trees planted shallow in containers. Root pruning at landscape planting reduced the container imprint rating on the root system to one-third of that absent root pruning with only a 4 mm reduction in trunk diameter growth over 68 months. Improvement in root architecture from root pruning likely outweighs the rarely encountered downside of slightly less anchorage in an extreme weather event simulated by winching trunks. Trees planted 5 cm above grade were slightly—but significantly—less stable in landscape than trees planted deeper (10 cm below grade). Root pruning at planting to remove roots on root ball periphery appeared to improve root architecture while only slightly impacting growth and anchorage.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Flowering Dogwood. I. Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization Rate on the Occurrence of Spot Anthracnose, Powdery Mildew, and Cercospora Leaf Spot and Their Effect on Tree Growth

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-203
Author(s):  
A.K. Hagan ◽  
J.R. Akridge ◽  
K.L. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Spot Intensity ◽  
Cercospora Leaf Spot ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Flowering Dogwood ◽  
N Rates

Abstract Impact of nitrogen (N) rate on spot anthracnose, powdery mildew, and Cercospora leaf spot as well as their impact on the growth of field-grown ‘Cloud 9’ and ‘Cherokee Chief’ flowering dogwood was assessed in 2003, 2004, and 2005. From 2001 to 2005, ammonium nitrate was applied at 4.1, 8.3, 16.5, 33.0 and 66.0 g N·m−2 (37.5, 75, 150, 300, 600 lb N·A−1). Heritage 50W fungicide was applied to one ‘Cherokee Chief’ and ‘Cloud 9’ flowering dogwood in each plot, while the second was untreated. Powdery mildew and Cercospora leaf spot were impacted by N rate more than spot anthracnose. In two of three years, powdery mildew intensified, particularly on the non-treated trees, as N rates increased. Cercospora leaf spot intensity (AUDPCI) and defoliation (AUDPCD) on the fungicide-treated and non-treated trees was influenced by N-rate in two of three and one of three years, respectively. Regardless of fungicide treatment, Cercospora leaf spot incited leaf spotting and defoliation was often lower at the two highest than the two lowest N rates. A reduction in the bract and leaf spot phases of spot anthracnose at the highest N rate was noted in 2004. While spot anthracnose was negatively correlated with trunk diameter in all three years and tree height in 2003 and 2004, Cercospora leaf spot intensity and defoliation were negatively correlated with tree height and trunk diameter in all three and two of three years, respectively. Powdery mildew had no impact on tree height or trunk diameter. Heritage 50W not only controlled spot anthracnose and powdery mildew but also slowed Cercospora leaf spot development sufficiently to enhance leaf retention and fall color.

scholarly journals Deciding Where to Sleep: Spatial Levels of Nesting Selection in Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Living in Savanna at Issa, Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar ◽  
Trond Reitan
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Nesting Site ◽  
Nesting Sites

AbstractTo understand how animals select resources we need to analyze selection at different spatial levels or scales in the habitat. We investigated which physical characteristics of trees (dimensions and structure, e.g., height, trunk diameter, number of branches) determined nesting selection by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) on two different spatial scales: individual nesting trees and nesting sites. We also examined whether individual tree selection explained the landscape pattern of nesting site selection. We compared the physical characteristics of actual (N = 132) and potential (N = 242) nesting trees in nesting sites (in 15 plots of 25 m × 25 m) and of all trees in actual and potential nesting sites (N = 763 in 30 plots of 25 m × 25 m). We collected data in May and June 2003 in Issa, a dry and open savanna habitat in Tanzania. Chimpanzees selected both the site they used for nesting in the landscape and the trees they used to build nests within a nesting site, demonstrating two levels of spatial selection in nesting. Site selection was stronger than individual tree selection. Tree height was the most important variable for both nesting site and tree selection in our study, suggesting that chimpanzees selected both safe sites and secure trees for sleeping.

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