scholarly journals GAMETOPHYTIC SELECTION OF THE FUSED VEIN TRAIT IN SQUASH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 245a-245
Author(s):  
R. Bruce Carle ◽  
J. Brent Loy
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Reproductive Competition ◽  
Gametophytic Selection ◽  
Pollen Loads ◽  
Loads Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

Three experiments were conducted to delineate gametophytic selection of the fused vein trait in Cucurbita pepo L. Gametophytic subvitality was verified by comparing fused vein and normal pollen tube growth. Microscopic examination of partitioned, co-pollinated flowers revealed fewer and slower growing fused vein tubes than normal. The effects of gametophytic subvitality on seed yield and inheritance were shown by manipulating the severity of reproductive competition. Fused vein, normal, and F1 lines were pollinated with fused vein, normal, 50:50 mix, and F1 pollen at three different pollen loads. Analysis showed that fused vein pollen generated significantly fewer seed per fruit in all lines. In ensuing F2 and testcross populations, a reduction in load and thus competition significantly increased the number of fused vein individuals. Leaf number and area for normal, fused vein, F1, F2, and testcross plants were assessed to test pleiotropic effects on growth common to gametophytic subvitals. Although normal and fused vein lines differed in leaf number and size, their total leaf areas were not significantly different. F2 and testcross plants showed no difference between normal and fused vein individuals; leaf size and number were independent of leaf morphology.

scholarly journals Morphology and Anatomy of the Fused Vein Trait in Cucurbita pepo L.

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
R. Bruce Carle ◽  
J. Brent Loy
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Background ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Central Vein ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Leaf Production ◽  
Leaf Stage

The morphology, growth rate and anatomy of the fused vein trait were characterized in Cucurbita pepo using the inbreds NH2405 (fused vein), NH7210 (moderately fused vein), and NH614 (normal). Morphological analysis showed that the trait is characterized by a partial fusion of the five primary leaf veins. Fusion begins at the distal point of the petiole and extends along the central vein. Branching of the veins is delayed and there is a reduction of the interveinal leaf blade. Consequently, the upper leaf surface appears puckered or wrinkled. Depending on genetic background, the onset of fused vein leaf production starts at the fourth to tenth leaf stage and continues throughout vegetative growth. The extent of fusion increases with leaf number but stabilizes by the twentieth leaf stage maximum extent of vein fusion also varies with genetic background (5-20 cm). Though fused vein and normal inbreds differed in the rate and pattern of leaf growth, examination of F2 and BC populations revealed no significant effect of the fused vein trait on leaf number, leaf size, and rate of leaf initiation. Anatomical examination revealed different vascular patterns in the transition zone between petiole and leaf blade for normal and fused vein leaves. In normal leaves, the vascular bundles of the petiole enlarge and coalesce to form a vascular crescent. The crescent reorganizes and diverges as large vascular columns and pairs of smaller flanking vascular bundles into each vein. In contrast, two cycles of enlargement, coalescence, and dispersal occur in fused vein leaves.

scholarly journals Fused Vein Trait in Cucurbita pepo L. Associated with Subvitality of the Male Gametophyte

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bruce Carle ◽  
J. Brent Loy
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Male Gametophyte ◽  
Pollen Competition ◽  
Pollen Load ◽  
Pollen Loads ◽  
Normal Pollen

Two experiments were conducted to test and delineate gametophytic subvitality of the fused vein trait in Cucurbita pepo. Gametophytic subvitality was verified by comparing pollen tube growth for fused vein and normal pollen in situ. Microscopic examination of partitioned, co-pollinated distillate flowers revealed inferior fused vein gametophyte performance. Normal pollen tubes grew faster and were significantly more abundant in the lower portion of the style. The consequences of gametophytic subvitality on seed yield and inheritance were shown by manipulating the severity of pollen competition. Fused vein, normal and F1 lines were pollinated with fused vein, normal, F and a 50:50 pollen mix at three different pollen loads. Fused vein pollen generated significantly fewer seed per fruit in all female genotypes. As a constituent in F, or mixed pollen, it produced significant seed yield reductions at the low pollen load. In F1 and testcross populations, a reduction in pollen load and therefore pollen competition significantly increased the number of fused vein individuals in segregating populations.

scholarly journals Potential of macrophyte for removing arsenic from aqueous solution

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.P. Guimaraes ◽  
R. Aguiar ◽  
J.A. Oliveira ◽  
J.A.A. Silva ◽  
D. Karam
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Macrophytes ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
Lemna Gibba ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Carotenoid Synthesis ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Selection Of

The potential of three aquatic macrophytes, Azoll caroliniana, Salvinia minima and Lemna gibba, was evaluated in this work aimed at selection of plants to be used in remediation of environments contaminated by arsenic (As). The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse during six days in pots containing Hoagland solution (¼ ionic strength) at As concentrations of 0.5; 2.5 and 5.0 mg L-1. The three species showed greater As accumulation as the concentration of the metalloid in solution increased. However, a reduction was detected in fresh and dry mass gain when the plants were exposed to high As concentrations. The macrophytes showed differences in efficiency of removal of As in solution. A. caroliniana, S. minima and L. gibba accumulated, on average, 0.130; 0.200; and 1.397 mg mDM-1, respectively, when exposed to 5.0 mg L-1 of As. The macrophytes absorbed a greater quantity of As in solution with low phosphate content. The greater As concentration in L. gibba tissues lowered the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents as shown by the high chlorosis incidence. Lemna gibba also exhibited a decrease in leaf size, with the total chlorophyll and carotenoid synthesis not being affected by As in A. caroliniana. This species exhibited purplish leaves with high concentration of anthocyanin, whose presence suggested association to phosphate deficiency. Marginal necrosis occurred on S. minima floating leaves, with the released daughter-plants not showing any visual symptoms during the treatment. The percentage of As removed from the solution decreased when the plants were exposed to high concentrations of the pollutant. Among the three species studied, only L. gibba could be considered an As hyper-accumulator. The use of this plant species for remediation of aquatic environments was shown to be limited and requires further investigation.

scholarly journals Stem and leaf growth rates define the leaf size vs. number trade-off

AoB Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Sun ◽  
Mantang Wang ◽  
Min Lyu ◽  
Karl J Niklas ◽  
Quanlin Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Elevation Gradient ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Stem Volume ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Individual Leaf

Abstract The trade-off between leaf number and individual leaf size on current-year shoots (twigs) is crucial to light interception and thus net carbon gain. However, a theoretical basis for understanding this trade-off remains elusive. Here, we argue that this trade-off emerges directly from the relationship between annual growth in leaf and stem mass, a hypothesis that predicts that maximum individual leaf size (i.e. leaf mass, Mmax, or leaf area, Amax) will scale negatively and isometrically with leafing intensity (i.e. leaf number per unit stem mass, per unit stem volume or per stem cross-sectional area). We tested this hypothesis by analysing the twigs of 64 species inhabiting three different forest communities along an elevation gradient using standardized major axis (SMA) analyses. Across species, maximum individual leaf size (Mmax, Amax) scaled isometrically with respect to leafing intensity; the scaling constants between maximum leaf size and leafing intensity (based on stem cross-sectional area) differed significantly among the three forests. Therefore, our hypothesis successfully predicts a scaling relationship between maximum individual leaf size and leafing intensity, and provides a general explanation for the leaf size-number trade-off as a consequence of mechanical-hydraulic constraints on stem and leaf growth per year.

Defoliation frequency and the response by white clover to increasing phosphorus supply 1. Leaf dry matter yield and plant morphology responses

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. K. Singh ◽  
P. W. G. Sale
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Defoliation Frequency ◽  
P Supply

A glasshouse experiment was carried out to determine how an increasing P supply influences the growth and survival of white clover plants subjected to a range of defoliation frequencies. Treatments involved the factorial combination of P application rate (0, 30, 90, and 180 mg/pot) to a P-deficient Krasnozem soil and defoliation frequency (1, 2, or 4 defoliations over 36 days). The survival of P-deficient plants was threatened by the most frequent defoliation; their leaf area declined owing to a reduction in leaf number and individual leaf size with each successive defoliation. Increasing the P supply to 180 mg/pot reversed this downward trend as the high P plants were able to maintain leaf area by increasing leaf size and number. Increasing the frequency from 1 to 4 defoliations over the 36 days also changed the form of the leaf dry matter response to added P, from an asymptotic to a linear response. The P requirement of white clover for maximum leaf yield therefore increased under frequent defoliation. This effect was also apparent for a range of morphological measurements including stolon elongation rate, leaf area, root mass, leaf number, and stolon number, where the magnitude of the P response was consistently greater for frequently defoliated plants. Exceptions included stolon mass, which responded more to P addition under infrequent defoliation.

Integration among ramets of Trifolium repens

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy Turkington ◽  
Elena Klein
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Neighbour Effects ◽  
Stolon Length

Cuttings of Trifolium repens were grown in pots without neighbours. When individual interconnected stolons from these cuttings were directed into adjacent pots so that daughter ramets were growing with different grass neighbours, these neighbouring grasses had dissimilar effects on leaf number, leaf size, percent branching of nodes, stolon length, and shoot dry weight. When the T. repens cuttings were grown in pots with neighbours, the effects of different grass neighbours on subsequent growth of stolons and ramets evened out. Key words: integration, clone, ramet, neighbour effects, Trifolium repens.

scholarly journals Effect of pistil age on pollen tube growth, fruit development and seed set in Cucurbita pepo L.

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ettore Pacini ◽  
Massimo Nepi
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Cucurbita Pepo ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Transmitting Tissue ◽  
Stigma Receptivity ◽  
Different Parts

The effects of pistil age on pollen tube growth, fruit development and seed set were studied in <em>Cucurbita pepo</em> L., the flower of which opens for only six hours. Stigma receptivity lasts four days, from one day before until two days after anthesis. Style receptivity lasts three days, from the day before to the day after anthesis. Ovule receptivity lasts two days: the day of anthesis and the day before. The rate of pollen tube growth varies in different parts of the pistil and in relation to pistil age. In the stigmatic and stylar region, the tubes grow faster if pollination occurs the day before anthesis; in the ovary they grow faster when pollination occurs at anthesis. In the receptacle region, where the transmitting tissue is reduced, the growth rate decreases independently of the time of pollination. The fruits are larger and heavier with more seeds when pollination occurs at anthesis. There is a positive correlation between seed number and fruit weight when pollination occurred at anthesis and the day before.

scholarly journals Vein-to-blade ratio is an allometric indicator of climate-induced changes in grapevine leaf size and shape

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Joey Mullins ◽  
Zoë Migicovsky ◽  
Margaret Frank ◽  
Robert VanBuren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Morphology ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Blade Area ◽  
Grapevine Leaves ◽  
Leaf Size And Shape ◽  
Induced Changes

ABSTRACTPremiseAs a leaf expands, its shape dynamically changes. Previously, we documented an allometric relationship between vein and blade area in grapevine leaves. Larger leaves have a smaller ratio of primary and secondary vein area relative to blade area compared to smaller leaves. We sought to use allometry as an indicator of leaf size to measure the environmental effects of climate on grapevine leaf morphology.MethodsWe measure the ratio of vein-to-blade area in 8,412 leaves from the same 208 vines across four growing seasons (2013, 2015, 2016, and 2017) using 21 homologous landmarks. Matching leaves by vine and node, we correlate size and shape of grapevine leaves with climate variables.Key resultsVein-to-blade ratio varies strongly between years in ways that blade or vein area do not. Maximum daily temperature and to a lesser degree precipitation are the most strongly correlated climate variables with vein-to-blade ratio, indicating that smaller leaves are associated with heat waves and drought. Leaf count and overall leaf area of shoots and the vineyard population studied also diminish with heat and drought. Grapevine leaf primordia initiate in buds the year prior to when they emerge, and we find that climate during the previous growing season exerts the largest statistical effects over these relationships.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the profound effects of heat and drought on the vegetative morphology of grapevines and show that vein-to-blade ratio is a strong allometric indicator of the effects of climate on grapevine leaf morphology.

scholarly journals Sweet Potato Canopy Morphology: Leaf Distribution

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zana C. Somda ◽  
Stanley J. Kays
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Ipomoea Batatas ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Leaf Number ◽  
Petiole Length ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Leaf Distribution

Changes in leaf distribution of the sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivar Jewel were assessed bi-weekly for 18 weeks at three plant densities (15, 30, and 45 cm × 96-cm spacing). The distribution of leaves on the branches and the timing at which leaf number stabilized were affected by the plant density. Plant density resulted in significant differences in the number of leaves and percentage of missing leaves during the growing season. Leaf number and total leaf area varied substantially in response to plant density, but individual lamina and petiole lengths and leaf area did not vary. Average petiole and leaf lengths and leaf size increased during the season, with the maximum length and area dependent on the type of branch on which the leaf was formed. Average petiole length per branch and the susceptibility to leaf loss increased with descending branch hierarchy (secondary branch < primary branch < main stem). Leaf losses after the 4th week tended to parallel a progressive increase in petiole length of new leaves, suggesting shading as a primary cause of leaf shedding and the loss of the oldest leaves first.

scholarly journals Effect of Air-Borne Salinity on the Growth and Appearance of the Tropical Perennial Strandline Plant, Commelina erecta subsp. maritima (C.V. Morton) C.V. Morton

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Otitoloju Kekere
Keyword(s):  
Salt Spray ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Potted Plants ◽  
Total Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Tolerant Plants ◽  
Water Plants ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Selection of salt spray tolerant plants with good physical appearance is of concern to ornamental growers in coastal communities. <em>Commelina erecta</em> subsp. <em>maritima</em> (C.V. Morton) C.V. Morton is a seashore plant that is widely distributed along the coast of West Africa. Therefore, the effect of salt spray was examined on the plant in a greenhouse experiment to determine its responses to various levels of air-borne salinity and to have an insight in the ecophysiological adaptations underlying these responses. It was also aimed to determine if varying levels of salt spray differentially damaged the plant. Filtered seawater was used to spray potted plants at: two sprays per week (2SS), four sprays per week (4SS) or six sprays per week (6SS) while in the control treatment (CSS), plants were sprayed with deionized water. Plants sprayed with seawater did not differ significantly (p &gt; 0.05) in percentage necrotic leaf area compared to the control. All the plants survived but growth was inhibited by salt spray. Salt spray caused a significant (p &lt; 0.05) reduction in leaf size and total chlorophyll content. Salt was accumulated in the shoot of salt-sprayed plants which led to ion toxicity. Salt sprays led to reduction in amount of essential nutrients in plant parts. <em>C</em>.<em> </em><em>erecta </em>subsp. <em>maritima</em> adjusted osmotically to salt stress and increased stem succulence for ion dilution. The growth of the plant was negatively affected by salt sprays but it showed no significant necrotic damage, hence it is suitable for use as a landscaping plant in coastal beaches.</p>

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