scholarly journals IPTASE SYNTHESIS AND LIGHT MEDIATION IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 737e-737
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Barbour ◽  
Margaret J. McMahon ◽  
John J. Frett ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Cytokinin Activity ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cytokinin Biosynthesis

Similarities exist between the effects of phytochrome and cytokinins on plant growth and development (e.g., chloroplast development, amaranthin synthesis. seed germination, photomorphogenesis). It is unclear, however, if and how these two systems interact. As a beginning step to determine cytokinin-phytochrome interactions, we developed a strategy utilizing ipt -transgenic tobacco in phytochrome/light treatment investigations. The sour-cc of the ipt gene was Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid 15955. This gene encodes for isopentenyl transferase which is an enzyme active in cytokinin biosynthesis. Ipt -transgenic tobacco cultures (grown on MS medium supplemented with kanamycin but no plant growth regulators) were treated with end-of-day red or far-red light for 15 minutes. After 30 days of treatment, the plant tissue was harvested and either homogenized for SDS-PAGE or fixed for transmission electron microscopic analysis. Results from immuno-gold labelling using polyclonal antibodies specific to iptase will he used to Indicate the influence of phytochrome on cytokinin activity. Also, structural changes at the ultra-cellular level will be determined.

scholarly journals N-Acetylcysteine Attenuates Monocrotophos-induced Toxicity by Mitigating Oxidative Stress and Structural Changes in Rat Liver

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jagjeet Singh ◽  
Annu Phogat ◽  
Chandra Prakash ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Vinay Malik
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Protein Oxidation ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Stress Generation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract The present study evaluated the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against sub chronic monocrotophos (MCP) exposure induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Albino wistar rats were divided into control, NAC treated, MCP and MCP treated groups. An oral dose of MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt) and NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt) was administered for 28 days. We observed high oxidative stress generation on MCP exposure in liver tissue as evident by significant increase in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and decreased glutathione content followed by altered activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and acetylcholinesterase. Sub chronic MCP exposure caused an array of cellular and structural alternations in lipids and proteins of liver tissue as depicted by the FTIR, histopathological and electron microscopic analysis. N-acetylcysteine attenuated the loss of glutathione and prevented lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. Pre-treatment of NAC also restored histological and ultra space structural alternations. So NAC protects oxidative stress and tissue damage induced by sub chronic MCP exposure in rat liver; suggesting the therapeutic and antioxidant potential of NAC.

Biochemical and Structural Changes in Mitochondria and Other Cellular Components of Pea Cotyledons During Germination

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 725-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Solomos ◽  
S. S. Malhotra ◽  
S. Prasad ◽  
S. K. Malhotra ◽  
Mary Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient Centrifugation ◽  
Cellular Components ◽  
Further Development

Integrated studies comprising biochemical and electron microscopic analysis suggested that the increase in respiratory activity of pea cotyledon mitochondria during germination results from further development of the original mitochondria present in dormant seeds. Electron microscopy of isolated mitochondria as well as mitochondria in situ has revealed that membranes are scarce in the mitochondria present in dormant seeds. Mitochondrial cristae become well developed during the initial stages of germination. Crude mitochondrial preparations from pea cotyledons were fractionated by sucrose density gradient centrifugation and analyzed through electron microscopy. These studies showed that, at all stages of germination, "peroxisome"-like structures were present in the fractions of higher sucrose densities than that containing mitochondria. Biochemical studies revealed that the activities of catalase (H2O2:H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.6) and peroxidase (guaicol:H2O2 oxidoreductase, EC 1.11.1.7) were associated mainly with these fractions and their activities increased during germination.

Morphology of Abnormal Columns of Mesenchyme Cells in the Channel Catfish, Ictalurus Punctatus.

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 182-183
Author(s):  
Vernon Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Ictalurus Punctatus ◽  
Channel Catfish ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Brood Stock ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Fin Ray ◽  
Fin Rays ◽  
Adipose Fin

During recent years , I have utilized several thousand young channel catfish or fry for several different studies. A few years ago, I noticed an increase in the number of adipose fins which showed fin ray-like structures. Fin rays in adipose fin of fish are rare. Assuming that the said structures were fin rays, I proceeded to study them, histologically. Upon microscopic examination, it was discovered that there was a complete absence of fin ray elements. In an effort to understand the structural changes responsible for the appearance of the ray-like elements , an electron microscopic analysis was undertaken.Fish used in this study were secured from several different catfish farms located in the Grambling area; however, all seem to be linked to a common source from which brood stock had been purchased. The specimen used in this study ranged in length from 7.5 centimeters to 15.0 centimeters and were approximately four to six months in age.

scholarly journals Urinary C-type natriuretic peptide excretion: a potential novel biomarker for renal fibrosis during aging

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (5) ◽  
pp. F943-F952 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Jeson Sangaralingham ◽  
Denise M. Heublein ◽  
Joseph P. Grande ◽  
Alessandro Cataliotti ◽  
Andrew D. Rule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Renal Fibrosis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Renal Aging

Renal aging is characterized by structural changes in the kidney including fibrosis, which contributes to the increased risk of kidney and cardiac failure in the elderly. Studies involving healthy kidney donors demonstrated subclinical age-related nephropathy on renal biopsy that was not detected by standard diagnostic tests. Thus there is a high-priority need for novel noninvasive biomarkers to detect the presence of preclinical age-associated renal structural and functional changes. C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) possesses renoprotective properties and is present in the kidney; however, its modulation during aging remains undefined. We assessed circulating and urinary CNP in a Fischer rat model of experimental aging and also determined renal structural and functional adaptations to the aging process. Histological and electron microscopic analysis demonstrated significant renal fibrosis, glomerular basement membrane thickening, and mesangial matrix expansion with aging. While plasma CNP levels progressively declined with aging, urinary CNP excretion increased, along with the ratio of urinary to plasma CNP, which preceded significant elevations in proteinuria and blood pressure. Also, CNP immunoreactivity was increased in the distal and proximal tubules in both the aging rat and aging human kidneys. Our findings provide evidence that urinary CNP and its ratio to plasma CNP may represent a novel biomarker for early age-mediated renal structural alterations, particularly fibrosis. Thus urinary CNP could potentially aid in identifying subjects with preclinical structural changes before the onset of symptoms and disease, allowing for the initiation of strategies designed to prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease particularly in the aging population.

scholarly journals N-Acetylcysteine Reverses Monocrotophos Exposure-Induced Hepatic Oxidative Damage via Mitigating Apoptosis, Inflammation and Structural Changes in Rats

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Jagjeet Singh ◽  
Annu Phogat ◽  
Chandra Prakash ◽  
Sunil Kumar Chhikara ◽  
Sandeep Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzyme ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Oxidative stress-mediated tissue damage is primarily involved in hepatic injuries and dysfunctioning. Natural antioxidants have been shown to exert hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties. The present study evaluated the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against monocrotophos (MCP) exposure-induced toxicity in the rat liver. Albino Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control, (2) NAC-treated, (3) MCP-exposure, (4) NAC and MCP-coexposure group. The dose of MCP (0.9 mg/kg b.wt) and NAC (200 mg/kg b.wt) were administered orally for 28 days. Exposure to MCP caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and decreased glutathione content along with the depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities. Further MCP exposure increased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and upregulated Bax and Caspase-3 expressions. MCP exposure also caused an array of structural alternations in liver tissue, as depicted by the histological and electron microscopic analysis. Thepretreatment of NAC improved glutathione content, restored antioxidant enzyme activities, prevented oxidation of lipids and proteins, decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and normalized apoptotic protein expression. Treatment of NAC also prevented histological and ultrastructural alternations. Thus, the study represents the therapeutic efficacy and antioxidant potential of NAC against MCP exposure in the rat liver.

scholarly journals 181 AN ULTRACELLULAR LOOK AT LIGHT-TREATED IPT-TRANSGENIC TOBACCO

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 455a-455
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Barbour ◽  
Dennis R. Decoteau
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Tobacco ◽  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
Isopentenyl Transferase ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Transgenic Cells ◽  
Cytokinin Synthesis

Similarities exist between the effects of phytochrome and cytokinins on plant growth and development (e.g., chloroplast development. amaranthin synthesis, seed germination, photomorphogenesis). It is unclear. however, if and how these two systems interact. To determine the effects of phytochrome activity on cytokinin synthesis and ultracellular plant development, we utilized tobacco transformed with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens isopentenyl transferase (ipt) gene. This gene encodes for isopentenyl transferase (iptase) which is an enzyme active in cytokinin biosysthesis. Ipt-transgenic tobacco cultures were treated with end-of-day red or far-red light for 15 minutes. After 15-30 days of treatment, the plant tissue was harvested and ipt expression was verified by SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis. Polyclonal antibodies specific to iptase were used as a primary antibody. Colloidal gold conjugated to goat. anti-rabbit antiserum served as an electron dense, secondary antibody and a probe to light-influenced iptase synthesis and distribution within the cell. A Hitachi 600AB transmission electron microscope was used to determine the influence of phytochrome/light treatments on the ultrastructure of ipr-transgenic cells.

Structural Changes Leading to Spore Formation in the Myxosporidian Parasite Ceratomyxa Shasta Nobel

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
T. Yamamoto ◽  
R.L. Silliphant
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
American Continent ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Connective Tissue Layer ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
North American Continent ◽  
The North ◽  
Structural Details

Ceratomyxa shasta is a myxosporidian effecting mortalities of various species of salmonidae along the western regions of the North American continent.1,2 It is generally accepted from studies of myxosporidian infected t i ssues that the trophozoi tes undergo hi stozoi c development into multi- nucleated complexes which eventually form 2 characteristic spores in the mother cell. Most of the studies of Ceratomyxa have been with the light microscope3 and because of the small size of the parasite much of the structural details were not evident.For the electron microscopic analysis of the sporont and the developing spore of C. shasta two sources of experimentally infected specimens were examined. These were thin sections of free floating developmental forms from the gall bladder and thin sections of intestinal caecae fixed at 2, 7, 14 and 21 days following infection. The trophozoites measuring 20 μm in diameter were observed to increase in number by 14 days, infecting the connective tissue layer between the intestinal epithelial mucosa and the muscularis layer.

Correlation of structural development and differential expression of invasion-related molecules in schizonts ofPlasmodium falciparum

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. MARGOS ◽  
L. H. BANNISTER ◽  
A. R. DLUZEWSKI ◽  
J. HOPKINS ◽  
I. T. WILLIAMS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Antigen Expression ◽  
Merozoite Surface Protein ◽  
Dense Granule ◽  
Residual Body ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Electron Microscopic

During asexual developmentPlasmodiumschizonts undergo a series of complex biochemical and structural changes. Using tightly synchronized cultures of 2P. falciparumlines (clone C10 and strain ITO4) for light microscopy and fluorescence imaging we monitored the timing and sequence of expression of proteins associated with invasion-related organelles. Antibodies to rhoptry, micronemal and dense granule proteins (Rhoptry Associated Protein 1, Apical Membrane Antigen 1, Erythrocyte Binding Antigen 175, Ring-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen) and to pellicle-associated proteins (Merozoite Surface Protein 1, PfMyosin-A) were used. Clone C10 developed faster than ITO4; this difference was also found in the timing of protein expression seen by immunofluorescence. Light microscopic data were combined with transmission electron microscopic analysis using serial sectioning of ITO4 schizonts to determine nuclear number and organellar development. Thus a timetable of schizont structural maturation was established. Generally, the timing of organelle-specific antigen expression correlates well with the ultrastructural data. Rhoptries are formed mainly between second and fourth nuclear divisions, micronemes between the end of the fourth nuclear division and merozoite separation from the residual body, while dense granules are generated mainly after the micronemes. PfAMA-1 appears in micronemes before EBA-175, suggesting micronemal heterogeneity.

Apoptosis precedes necrosis of dystrophin-deficient muscle

1995 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 2197-2204 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Tidball ◽  
D.E. Albrecht ◽  
B.E. Lokensgard ◽  
M.J. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Mdx Mice ◽  
Current View ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Preferential Cleavage ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Necrotic Change

The current view that death of dystrophin-deficient muscle fibers is a necrotic process relies primarily upon the histological appearance of the tissue after the degenerative process is well advanced. Here, we tested this view by examining the possibility that apoptosis is a component of dystrophin-deficient muscle cell death. Three assays for apoptosis were employed in analyzing prenecrotic, peak necrotic and regenerated hindlimb muscle of mdx mice: (1) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) mediated end-labeling of DNA in nuclei in tissue sections; (2) assays for DNA ladders; and (3) electron microscopic assays for the presence of organelles undergoing structural changes characteristic of apoptosis. At all ages sampled, mdx muscle contained apoptotic nuclei, according to TdT-mediated dUTP labeling of tissue sections. Nuclei in regenerated mdx muscle fibers did not display apoptosis. dUTP-labeled nuclei in control C57 muscles were rare or absent at all ages sampled. DNA from 4-week-old mdx mice was found to be cleaved into fragments indicative of preferential cleavage at internucleosomal sites. Electron microscopic analysis showed that organelle structural changes indicating apoptosis appear before pathological changes diagnostic of necrosis. For example, condensed mitochondria, fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum and nuclei with chromatin condensations resembling apoptosis appear in fibers that otherwise possess normal morphology. Together, the findings show that apoptosis precedes any detectable necrotic change in mdx muscle, and that apoptotic events continue into the stage of dystrophic pathology that is currently viewed as necrosis. Thus, apoptosis characterizes the onset of pathology in dystrophin-deficient muscle which is followed secondarily by necrotic processes.

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