Effects of Soil Type and Compaction on the Growth of Ailanthus altissima Seedlings

1985 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pan ◽  
Nina Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Ailanthus Altissima ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Tap Root ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Total Plant

Ailanthus altissima (Tree-of-Heaven) seedlings were grown in compacted and non-compacted mason sand and sandy loam soil. Shoots and roots were measured to characterize seedling development and response to soil compaction. Dry weight increases were shifted to lateral roots when Ailanthus tap root growth was curtailed and relative growth rate slowed in response to changes in soil type and compaction. Although total plant dry weights were 50% lower in seedlings grown in compacted soils, increases in dry weights continued to the end of the experimental period.

The influence of cultivar and soil type on performance of lucerne in the Victorian Mallee

1969 ◽  
Vol 9 (39) ◽  
pp. 428 ◽  
Author(s):  
VF McClelland
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Relative Production ◽  
Loam Soil

The production and persistence of nine cultivars of lucerne were studied at the Mallee Research Station, Walpeup, Victoria, over three seasons. Hunter River, Siro Peruvian, and African lucerne were similar in yield, but Siro Peruvian was less persistent. The superior yield of these three cultivars over two accessions of Flandria, Du Puits, and Socheville was largely due to their greater winter production. Two lines of Canadian creeping-rooted lucerne were found to be entirely unsuited to this district. Hunter River and Siro Peruvian lucerne were also compared on a sand and a sandy loam soil at Walpeup. The relative production of the two cultivars was the same on the two soil types but the effect of soil type was marked. The production and persistence of lucerne grown on the sand was far superior to that on the sandy loam.

scholarly journals Influence of wood-derived biochar on the physico-mechanical and chemical characteristics of agricultural soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed S.F. Ahmed ◽  
Vijaya Raghavan
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Specific Influence ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractAmendment of soil with biochar has been shown to enhance fertility and increase crop productivity, but the specific influence of biochar on soil workability remains unclear. Select physico-mechanical and chemical properties of clay loam and sandy loam soils were measured after amendment with wood-derived biochar of two particle size ranges (0.5-425 and 425-850 µm) at five dosages ranging from 0.5 to 10% dry weight. Whereas the clay loam soil workability decreased when the finer wood-derived biochar was applied at rates of 6 or 10%, soil fertility was not enhanced. The sandy loam soil, due to Proctor compaction, significantly decreased in bulk density with 6 and 10% wood-derived biochar amendments indicating higher soil resistance to compaction.

scholarly journals Organic Matter Application Improves Posttransplant Root Growth of Three Native Woody Shrubs

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Guckenberger Price ◽  
Amy N. Wright ◽  
Kenneth M. Tilt ◽  
Robert L. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The need for reliable planting techniques that encourage posttransplant root growth in adverse conditions has prompted research into planting above soil grade (above-grade). Container-grown Morella cerifera (L.) Small (syn. Myrica cerifera L.) (wax myrtle), Illicium floridanum Ellis (Florida anise tree), and Kalmia latifolia L. (mountain laurel) plants were planted in Horhizotrons (root observation chambers) in a greenhouse in Auburn, AL, on 1 Mar. 2006, 6 June 2006, and 3 Jan. 2007, respectively. The experiment was repeated with all three species being planted 18 June 2007. Horhizotrons contained four glass quadrants extending away from the root ball providing a nondestructive method for measuring root growth of the same plant into different rhizosphere conditions. Each quadrant was filled with a native sandy loam soil in the lower 10 cm. The upper 10 cm of the quadrants were filled randomly with: 1) milled pine bark (PB); 2) peat (P); 3) cotton gin compost (CGC); or 4) more native soil with no organic matter (NOM). Horizontal root lengths (HRL, length measured parallel to the ground from the root ball to the root tip) of the five longest roots visible along each side of a quadrant were measured weekly for M. cerifera and I. floridanum and biweekly for K. latifolia. These measurements represented lateral growth and penetration of roots into surrounding substrates on transplanting. When roots of a species neared the end of the quadrant, the experiment was ended for that species. M. cerifera had the fastest rate of lateral root growth followed by I. floridanum and then by K. latifolia. In most cases, roots grew initially into the organic matter rather than the soil when organic matter was present. In general, HRL and root dry weight (RDW) of I. floridanum and K. latifolia were greatest in PB and P, whereas for M. cerifera, these were greatest in P. Differences in root growth among substrates were not as pronounced for M. cerifera as for the other species, perhaps as a result of its rapid increase in HRL. Increased root growth in PB and P may be attributed to the ideal physical and chemical properties of these substrates. Results suggest that planting above soil grade with organic matter may increase posttransplant root growth compared with planting at grade with no organic matter.

scholarly journals (125) Effect of Organic Residues on Shoot and Root Growth of Apple Tree

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1061D-1061
Author(s):  
Davide Neri ◽  
Gianpaolo Mascanzoni ◽  
Paolo Sabbatini ◽  
Franco Zucconi ◽  
James Flore
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Organic Residues ◽  
Mature Compost ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Old Trees

To simulate soil sickness, 1-year-old trees of `Golden Delicious' (grafted on M9 and M106) were grown in rhizotrons (1 × 1-m and 0.5-m depth) with different plant residues content, at Ravenna, Italy. Sandy loam soil was used as a substrate. Fine-grounded wood from apple and peach residues (6 kg per rhizotron) was mixed to the substrate and considered as main treatment. Mature compost (1% and 2.5% in volume) was added or not to the substrate with the organic residues and considered as subtreatment. The application of residues was localized either near the soil surface (0–25 cm) or deeper in the soil profile (25–50 cm). In each rhizotron, four trees on the same rootstock were planted and each soil treatment was replicated twice. After 2 years, the roots were accurately excavated (washing off the soil with water), and growth was measured. The presence of apple residues near the soil surface induced a 5% to 20% reduction of shoot growth. The reduction per plant dry weight was higher when trees were grafted on M106. At root level, the presence of residues increased the root migration in the search for fresh niches, enhancing root crossing and anastomosis. Both these shoot and root conditions are typical of replant diseases symptoms. The localization of apple residues in the lower part of the profile reduced the symptoms and so did the addition of compost. The peach residues did not affect shoot growth when compared to the control, but the shoot-to-root ratio was reduced, indicating a tendency to increase root migration.

scholarly journals A bioassay technique to study clomazone residues in sandy loam soil

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 203-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Gajic-Umiljendic ◽  
Ljiljana Radivojevic ◽  
Tijana Djordjevic ◽  
Katarina Jovanovic-Radovanov ◽  
Ljiljana Santric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Bioassay Test ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Bioassay Technique

A bioassay test was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of maize, sunflower and barley to clomazone residues in sandy loam soil. Clomazone was applied at different rates from 0.12 to 12 mg a.i./kg of soil. The parameters measured 14 days after treatment were: shoot height, fresh and dry weight, and content of pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b). The results showed that the lowest clomazone concentration caused a significant reduction in all measured parameters for barley and sunflower shoots. Fresh weight of maize shoots was not sensitive to clomazone residual activity in soil while the other parameters were highly inhibited. Nomenclature: clomazone (2-(2-chlorbenzyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one), maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).

scholarly journals Fittonia verschaffeltii Response to Artificial Light Treatments: BIOMASS, Nutrient Concentrations and Physiological Changes

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro García-Caparros ◽  
Eva María Almansa ◽  
Francisco Javier Barbero ◽  
Rosa María Chica ◽  
María Teresa Lao
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Total Dry Weight

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different light treatments on biomass, nutrient concentrations and physiological parameters of Fittonia verschaffeltii (Lem) Van Houtte. The aim was to establish a methodology to evaluate the effect of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) emitted by lamps on biomass. The light treatments used were tube luminescent Dunn (TL-D), tube luminescent Dunn + light emitting diodes (LEDs) and Tube luminescent 5 (TL-5). At the end of the experimental period, biomass, nutritional, biochemical, and physiological parameters were assessed. A clear reduction in total plant dry weight under TL-D + LEDs at the end of the experiment was recorded. With respect to nutrient concentration in the different organs assessed, there was no clear response under the different light treatments. The growth under TL-D lamps resulted in the highest concentration of total soluble sugars and starch in leaves, whereas the highest value of indole 3-acetic acid concentration was under TL-5 lamps. Plants grown under TL-D + LEDs showed the lowest values of chlorophyll a, b and a + b. The relationship proposed between integrated use of spectral energy (IUSE) and total dry weight (TDW) showed a good correlation with an R2 value of 0.86, therefore we recommend this methodology to discern the effects of the different spectral qualities on plant biomass.

Root Development of Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is Affected by Trifluralin Herbicide

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 471b-471
Author(s):  
Jim E. Wyatt
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Snap Beans ◽  
Primary Roots ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Loam Soil

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of trifluralin (TRI) herbicide on plant vigor and lateral root growth of snap beans. Lexington silt loam soil, which had not been treated with herbicides for at least 3 years, was used in this study. TRI herbicide was mixed with appropriate amounts of soil in a cement mixer to provide a constant rate of 560 g ai/ha TRI. To simulate TRI herbicide incorporation, bands of treated and untreated soil were layered into 30 × 30 × 15 cm (vol 13,500 cm3) bottomless wood boxes. Treatments were 1) control, 2) 2.5-cm treated band placed 2.5 cm below soil surface (BSS), 3) 2.5 cm treated band placed 5.1 cm BSS, 4) top 5.1 cm with treated soil, or 5) top 7.6 cm with treated soil. `Benton' snap beans were planted in each box and grown in the greenhouse for 25 days. Plant measurements made included plant height, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight. The root system of each plant was washed and roots arising from the hypocotyl, transition zone, and primary roots were counted. All roots from each box were combined, dried overnight at 100C and weighed. Plant top weight and leaf area were not affected by TRI treatments. Plants were shorter in all TRI treatments except where placement was banded at 5.1 cm BSS. More adventitious roots were produced on hypocotyls when TRI was applied in a 2.5-cm band at 2.5-cm BSS or in the top 5.1 cm of soil. Total root weight was lower and fewer lateral roots developed in all soil bands treated with TRI.

scholarly journals Reorganisation of rhizosphere soil pore structure by wild plant species in compacted soils

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (19) ◽  
pp. 6107-6115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine E Burr-Hersey ◽  
Karl Ritz ◽  
Glyn A Bengough ◽  
Sacha J Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Plantago Lanceolata ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Wild Plant ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Wild Plant Species ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
X Ray Computed

Abstract Soil compaction represents a major impediment to plant growth, yet wild plants are often observed thriving in soil of high bulk density in non-agricultural settings. We analysed the root growth of three non-cultivated species often found growing in compacted soils in the natural environment. Plants of ribwort plantain (Plantago lanceolata), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare) were grown for 28 d in a sandy loam soil compacted to 1.8 g cm–3 with a penetration resistance of 1.55 MPa. X-Ray computed tomography was used to observe root architecture in situ and to visualise changes in rhizosphere porosity (at a resolution of 35 μm) at 14 d and 28 d after sowing. Porosity of the soil was analysed within four incremental zones up to 420 μm from the root surface. In all species, the porosity of the rhizosphere was greatest closest to the root and decreased with distance from the root surface. There were significant differences in rhizosphere porosity between the three species, with Cirsium plants exhibiting the greatest structural genesis across all rhizosphere zones. This creation of pore space indicates that plants can self-remediate compacted soil via localised structural reorganisation in the rhizosphere, which has potential functional implications for both plant and soil.

Crop Response to Soil Applications of Ethofumesate

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Schweizer
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sandy Loam Soil ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Pinto Beans

Tolerance of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L. ‘Mono-Hy A1’) to ethofumesate (2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulphonate) was associated with rate of application and soil type. Yield of roots was significantly reduced by preplant-incorporated applications of 3.4, 4.5, or 9.0 kg/ha of ethofumesate to a sandy loam soil, but only the 9.0 kg/ha rate reduced the yield on a loam soil. Pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Idaho #111’) yielded normally when planted on a sandy loam soil within 4 to 6 weeks after ethofumesate was incorporated at rates of 2.2 to 9.0 kg/ha. Corn [Zea mays L. ‘Pioneer brand 3773 MFS(N) hybrid’] yields were reduced in proportion to the rate of herbicide applied 3 weeks before planting. In greenhouse studies, barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ‘Moravian’) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Scout’) were about 10 times more susceptible to soil residues of ethofumesate than corn. Concentrations of ethofumesate in the soil as low as 0.1, 0.2, and 1.5 ppmw reduced the height of wheat, barley, and corn, respectively.

Flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils as influenced by irrigation timing

Weed Science ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris H. Tingle ◽  
David R. Shaw ◽  
Patrick D. Gerard
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Irrigation Interval ◽  
Loam Soil

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate14C-flumetsulam mobility in two Mississippi soils of varied texture and organic matter content following delays in irrigation. Mobility was evaluated using packed soil columns, 25 cm deep, under unsaturated–saturated flow conditions. Irrigation timings included 0, 3, and 5 d after flumetsulam application. Flumetsulam mobility (defined as the amount collected in leachate) decreased from 45% to no more than 20% of the applied in the Prentiss sandy loam soil when irrigation was delayed 3 or 5 d. With the Okolona soil, flumetsulam recovery in the leachate was 21, 14, and 6%, respectively when irrigation occurred 0, 3, and 5 d after application. Flumetsulam proved to be mobile when irrigation immediately followed application, with 6 to 45% recovered in the leachate from all soils evaluated. The Prentiss soil retained 6% of the applied flumetsulam in the upper 5 cm and the Okolona soil retained 22% when irrigation immediately followed flumetsulam application. When the irrigation interval was delayed at least 3 d, the Okolona soil retained 40% in the upper 5 cm, whereas the Prentiss soil retained 10%. Flumetsulam mobility was dependent on irrigation timing and soil type.

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