scholarly journals Postharvest Irradiation Enhances Anthocyanin Synthesis in Apples But Not in Pears

HortScience ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 738-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Marais ◽  
Gerard Jacobs ◽  
Deirdre M. Holcroft
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Pyrus Communis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Hue Angle

`Cripps' Pink' apples (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) subjected to 72 hours of postharvest irradiation developed a better red blush with high pressure sodium (HPS) (hue angle 56.5°) than with UV-B plus incandescent (UVB+I) lamps (hue angle 70.7°). Only HPS lamps were used in subsequent experiments. The increase in red color (hue angle decrease of 14.9°) in `Braeburn' apples held at -0.5 °C for 8 weeks prior to treatment was smaller than in fruit stored for 4 weeks (hue angle decrease of 23°). No increase in color or anthocyanin concentration was observed in `Forelle' pears (Pyrus communis L.) that were similarly treated. `Forelle' pears were harvested with or without attached stem and leaves to determine whether precursor availability restricted postharvest color development. Fruit were irradiated with HPS at 20/20 °C and 20/6 °C (day/night) for 168 hours. The absence of leaves hastened the decrease in hue angle, but this was due to yellowing and not to development of red blush. Since `Forelle' pears showed no response to light after harvest, two fully red cultivars, Bon Rouge and Red Anjou, were irradiated with HPS lamps for 72 hours. Hue angle was not affected by irradiation. Thus, anthocyanin synthesis was stimulated by postharvest irradiation with HPS lights in apples, but not in pears.

scholarly journals 534 1-Methylcyclopropene Extends Shelf Life of Tomato at All Stages of Maturity

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 538A-538
Author(s):  
Nazir A. Mir ◽  
Najma Khan ◽  
Randolf M. Beaudry
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Application Potential

The effects of 1-MCP on ripening and shelf life in fruit of five classes of maturity (1, mature green; 2, turning; 3, half-ripe; 4, ripe; and 5, over-ripe) of `Plum' tomato (Lycopersicon × esculentum, Mill) at 22 °C were evaluated. 1-Methylcylopropene (1-MCP) reduced the rate of red color development in fruit of all maturity classes. However, the effect was more discernable in fruit with higher hue angle value. Single application of 1-MCP delayed the color development by 10 days. While a second application of 1-MCP at day 10 delayed color development by another 10 days for mature green tomatoes, it did not influence the color change in all other classes of maturity. The effects of 1-MCP on firmness loss were similar to color development. Compared to the control, 1-MCP reduced the ripening-related rate of respiration by approximately 40%. Contrary to this, ethylene production was not affected by 1-MCP application. Potential exists to use 1-MCP in tomato to reduce ethylene-associated changes in texture and color.

scholarly journals Ripening Associated Red Color Development Masks Sunburn Browning in Apple Peel

HortScience ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 814-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Makeredza ◽  
Helen Marais ◽  
Michael Schmeisser ◽  
Elmi Lötze ◽  
Willem J. Steyn
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Black Spots ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Fruit Surface

Red color development toward harvest may conceal superficial blemishes such as sunburn browning in apple peel. Masking of sunburn may result in the underestimation of sunburn incidence in full red and blushed cultivars and may result in inaccurate assessments of sunburn susceptibility of various cultivars. However, anthocyanin accumulation may potentially also increase sunburn by decreasing the albedo and thereby increasing the fruit surface temperature (FST). Conversely, it has been proposed that anthocyanins may protect peel against photothermal stress. We assessed the effect of anthocyanin accumulation on the visible sunburn incidence in two trials. In the first trial, hue angle, blush coverage, sunburn incidence, and sunburn severity were assessed on fully exposed apples of the green cultivars, Granny Smith and Golden Delicious, as well as the blushed cultivars, Royal Gala, Fuji, Braeburn, and Cripps' Pink, and the full red cultivar Topred, a month before harvest and again at harvest. Increases in sunburn toward harvest were greater in green than in red and blushed cultivars. Accumulation of anthocyanins seemed to decrease the conspicuousness of sunburn browning, which is a superficial form of sunburn while sunburn necrosis, which manifests as sunken black spots, was not masked by anthocyanins. In the second trial, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Fuji’, and ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples with moderate sunburn browning, sunburn necrosis, or no sunburn were tagged 1 month before the expected harvest date. Sunburn browning was apparent and significantly increased in severity in ‘Granny Smith’ while the severity of visible sunburn browning symptoms decreased in ‘Fuji’. Sunburn severity increased at the same level in the control and sunburn browning ‘Cripps’ Pink’ fruit. Measurement of maximal photochemical efficiency of the originally undamaged apples and the sunburn browning treatment indicated comparable damage levels in the peel of the sunburn browning treatment in all three cultivars. No masking of sunburn necrosis occurred. Our data thus provide clear evidence that anthocyanin accumulation masks sunburn browning in blushed and red cultivars, but does not seem to increase the susceptibility or protect these cultivars from sunburn damage. The incidence of sunburn browning is likely to be underestimated in red and blushed cultivars, with compounding effects on comparative studies of sunburn susceptibility between cultivars and sunburn physiology.

scholarly journals AMINOETHOXYVINYLGLYCINE AND FOLIAR ZINC TREATMENTS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN PRE-HARVEST DROPS AND FRUIT QUALITY ATTRIBUTES OF ‘WILLIAM’S PRIDE’ APPLE

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Burhan Ozturk ◽  
Kenan Yıldız ◽  
Halil Erdem ◽  
Orhan Karakaya ◽  
Ahmet Ozturk
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ethylene Synthesis ◽  
Ethylene Concentration ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Solids Content

Effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 250 mg L–1) and zinc (0.3% ZnSO4) treatments on pre-harvest fruit drops, internal ethylene concentration (IEC), flesh firmness, color characteristics (L*, chroma and hue angle), soluble solids content (SSC), acidity, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, flesh and leaf micronutrients and macronutrients of ‘William’s Pride’ apples, were investigated in this study. AVG was sprayed 4 weeks before the anticipated harvest date and Zn was sprayed when the fruits reached the size of a walnut. As compared to the control, both the single AVG and zinc treatments significantly reduced the pre-harvest drops. However, combined AVG + Zinc treatments were found to be more effective in reducing the pre-harvest drops. At the last measurement date (15th of August), 60% fruit drop was measured in control, but 22% in AVG + Zinc treatment. AVG and AVG + Zinc treatments reduced ethylene synthesis. On the other hand, single zinc treatments stimulated ethylene synthesis. AVG treatments retarded red skin color development, but zinc treatments again stimulated red color development. As compared to the control and single zinc treatments, AVG-treated fruits had greater firmness and acidity values, but lower SSC values. While AVG treatments increased the total phenolics and antioxidant activity, zinc treatments decreased these attributes. As compared to the control, zinc treatments significantly increased flesh Cu, N, P and K contents and leaf Mn, N and P contents. Based on present findings, it was concluded that AVG could be used as an efficient tool to reduce the pre-harvest drops in apples.

DFR and PAL gene transcription and their correlation with anthocyanin accumulation in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk.

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-298
Author(s):  
Bao-Jun Zhu ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Jing-Hui Wang ◽  
Lin-Lin Gao ◽  
Jing-Wen Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonialyase ◽  
Maturity Period ◽  
Late Maturity ◽  
Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa

Abstract Objectives Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk. (R. tomentosa) is rich in nutrients and has multiple pharmacological applications. Anthocyanins confer color to the flowers and berries of R. tomentosa and provide protection against photodamage. The dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene (DFR) and phenylalanine ammonialyase gene (PAL) are crucial for anthocyanin synthesis. Methods DFR and PAL transcript levels and anthocyanin content in the pigmented organs of R. tomentosa were investigated through qRT-PCR analysis and spectrophotometry, respectively. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was selected as the reference gene for the normalization of DFR and PAL transcript levels. Results Transcript levels of DFR and PAL were higher in organs with vigorous metabolism than those in senescent organs. DFR and PAL transcript levels were up-regulated during the initial and middle-maturity periods of fruit. These expression patterns are consistent with fruit color development. The highest transcript levels of PAL and DFR were observed during the middle-maturity period or the red-fruit period. Conclusion During the late maturity period of R. tomentosa fruit, the transcript levels of the two genes were down-regulated even though anthocyanins were continuously accumulated, which was different from the accumulation of anthocyanins in some late mature fruits.

scholarly journals Photoselective Protective Netting Improves “Honeycrisp” Fruit Quality

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1708
Author(s):  
Sara Serra ◽  
Stefano Borghi ◽  
Giverson Mupambi ◽  
Hector Camargo-Alvarez ◽  
Desmond Layne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Scattered Light ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Light Transmittance ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Bitter Pit ◽  
And Control

High temperatures, wind, and excessive sunlight can negatively impact yield and fruit quality in semi-arid apple production regions. Netting was originally designed for hail protection, but it can modify the light spectrum and affect fruit quality. Here, pearl, blue, and red photoselective netting (≈20% shading factor) was installed in 2015 over a commercial “Cameron Select® Honeycrisp” orchard. Our research objectives were to (1) describe the light quantity and quality under the colored nets compared to an uncovered control and (2) investigate the effect of Photoselective nets on “Honeycrisp” apple quality for two growing seasons. Light transmittance and scattering for each treatment were measured with a spectroradiometer, and samples for fruit quality analyses were collected at harvest. PAR (photosynthetic active radiation), UV, blue, red, and far-red light were lower underneath all netting treatments compared to an uncovered control. The scattered light was higher under the pearl net compared to other colors, while red and far-red light were lower under the blue net. For two consecutive years, trees grown under the photoselective nets intercepted more incoming light than the uncovered trees with no differences among the three colors. In both years, trees under red and blue nets had more sunburn-free (clean) apples than pearl and control. Red color development for fruit was lower when nets were used. Interestingly, bitter pit incidence was lower underneath red nets for both years. Other than red color development, “Honeycrisp” fruit quality was not appreciably affected by the use of netting. These results highlight the beneficial effect of nets in improving light quality in orchards and mitigating physiological disorders such as bitter pit in “Honeycrisp” apple.

scholarly journals Improving the Red Color and Fruit Quality of ‘Kent’ Mango Fruit by Pruning and Preharvest Spraying of Prohydrojasmon or Abscisic Acid

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 944
Author(s):  
Sudheeran Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Dalia Maurer ◽  
Oleg Feygenberg ◽  
Cliff Love ◽  
Noam Alkan
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pruning Techniques

Pre-harvest application of prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or abscisic acid (ABA) induces the red color in fruits that were exposed to sunlight at the orchard. In this large-scale work, we evaluated the effect of two different pruning techniques of ‘Kent’ mango orchards, one leading to opening the orchard canopy to expose as much fruit as possible to sunlight, while the second pruning leads to square-shaped trees and subsequently reduces the amount of sunlight reaching the fruit. These two pruning methods were combined with preharvest spraying with prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or abscisic acid (ABA) using two different types of sprayers, i.e., regular and air-jet sprayer. Pruning the canopy of the orchards to open and closed trees exposed 80% or 30% of fruits to sunlight, respectively. Both of the application with air-jet and regular sprayers effectively covered the fruit without causing fruit detachment and damage to yield. Both the phytohormones (PDJ and ABA) application treatments induced red blush skin, red intensity, anthocyanin, and flavonoids, particularly in fruit grown outside the tree canopy in both open and closed trees. PDJ and ABA treatments exhibited marginally reduced acidity than the untreated control, while the brix was not affected much by any of the treatments. Besides these, exposure to sunlight and PDJ treatment also reduced postharvest decay and increased chlorophyll degradation and yellowing in comparison to the controls. This study promoted applicative evidence about the positive effects of exposure to sunlight, prohydrojasmon (PDJ), and abscisic acid (ABA) on red color development without compromising the mango fruit’s quality.

Organoleptic, Bacterial, and Chemical Characteristics of Penaeid Shrimp Subjected to Short-Term High-Temperature Holding

1977 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 256-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRYANT F. COBB ◽  
CHIAPING S. YEH ◽  
FRANK CHRISTOPHER ◽  
CARL VANDERZANT
Keyword(s):  
Storage Temperature ◽  
Penaeid Shrimp ◽  
Enzymic Activity ◽  
White Shrimp ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color ◽  
Penaeus Setiferus ◽  
Urea Production ◽  
Orange Color

White shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) were held at 0, 10, 20, 30, 37, and 44 C for 3, 6, and 24 h. Serious quality deterioration, as evidenced by off-color development (red and orange pigmentation) and off-odor development, was beginning to occur in shrimp held for 3 h at 30, 37, and 44 C, for 6 h at 20 C and for 24 h at 10 C. Red color development was evident in shrimp held at 30 and 37 C, orange color in those held at 44 C. Putrid odors appeared more rapidly in shrimp held at 37 than at 44 C where shrimp developed cooked-shrimp odors. Large increases in bacterial counts at 30–44 C (after 6 and 24 h) were usually accompanied by putrid odors. Tissue pH changes were erratic and small. Total volatile nitrogen (TVN), free amino acid nitrogen (AA-N), and urea production increased with storage temperature during the 3- and 6-h storage experiments. Musty and cooked-shrimp off-odors developed in the shrimp as a result of chemical and/or enzymic activity while putrid and sour odors were produced by bacteria growing in the shrimp.

Improvement of Red Color Development on the Surface of Kuruma PrawnMarsupenaeus japonicusunder Various Conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. E202-E207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masashi Ando ◽  
Takamitsu Fukai ◽  
Ken-ichi Kawasaki ◽  
Tomohiro Itoh ◽  
Yasuyuki Tsukamasa
Keyword(s):  
Color Development ◽  
Red Color

scholarly journals Time-Series Transcriptome Sheds Light on Anthocyanin Metabolism and Species Diversification Between two Lonicera Japonica Thunb Cultivars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianjun Li ◽  
Chenglin Ye ◽  
Jingxiao Ma ◽  
Ting Cheng ◽  
Yan Lv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Color ◽  
Carotenoid Biosynthesis ◽  
Lonicera Japonica ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
New Variety ◽  
Color Development ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽  
New Varieties ◽  
Three Stages

Abstract Background：‘Yujin 2’ is new variety of Lonicera japonica Thunb and its flower color can change from red to yellow; hence, it is a good model for investigating flower color development mechanisms. Results：High throughput transcriptome sequencing of seven flower development stages of Yujin No.2 was carried out, and 133,487 unigenes were annotated, among which 73,088 were differentially expressed. Then the real-time PCR analysis was carried out. Further, the number of up-regulated DEGs was higher than those that were down-regulated. Of these annotated DEGs, plant hormone signal transduction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis were active throughout the flowering process during each stage, whereas carotenoid biosynthesis was inactive in the S1-6 stages. Furthermore, phenylalanine synthesis was enhanced in the S1 phase; however, anthocyanin synthesis was weakened in the S5 and S6 phases, which may be consistent with the changes in petal color of ‘Yujin 2’ from red (S1) to white (S5) and gold (S6). The results showed that 114 unigenes were associated with anthocyanin metabolism, and 72 were significantly upregulated or downregulated. According to the analysis of TFs in anthocyanin metabolism, we obtained 47 transcription factors, which belonged to 18 families. The LjDFR, LjABCB1, LjMYC6, LjDDB2, and LjANS genes rapidly increased during the first three stages. However, only LjF3'5'H expression was significantly down-regulated at S5, which was consistent with anthocyanin accumulation. Conclusions：This study developed a transcriptome profile of flower color generation for L. japonica as well as annotated unigene sets of seven anthesis phases, thereby providing possibilities for improving the germplasm of L. japonica with genetic engineering technologies and cultivating new varieties of different colors.

scholarly journals CONTROL OF ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS IN PETUNIA HYBRIDA BY MULTIPLE ALLELIC SERIES OF THE GENES An1 AND An2

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-508
Author(s):  
Anton G M Gerats ◽  
Eliane Farcy ◽  
Marco Wallroth ◽  
Steven P C Groot ◽  
André Schram
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽  
Continuous Series ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Allelic Series ◽  
Multiple Series ◽  
Anthocyanin Concentration ◽  
Mutable Allele ◽  
Multiple Allelic Series ◽  
Composition Changes

ABSTRACT A mutable allele of the An1 locus in Petunia hybrida has given rise to a multiple series of stable derivative alleles. Anthocyanin concentration in mature flowers of these mutants (an1  +/p/an1) decreases from the wild-type red to the recessive white in a continuous series. Anthocyanin composition changes regularly: the ratio of peonidin to cyanidin is 3.5 for an an1  +/+/an1 and 1.2 for an an1  +/p5/an1 mutant. Analysis of anthocyanins during flower development indicates that these differences in composition are due to the specific state of the An1 locus and not to anthocyanin concentration. Anthocyanin concentration in flowers of the allelic series for An1 correlates with the activity of the enzymes UDP-glucose: flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase and SAM: anthocyanin-3′-O-methyltransferase. The same correlations were found for members of a comparable allelic series at the An2 locus. The possibility that the correlation between the enzyme activities is due to the occurrence of a multienzyme complex is discussed.

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