scholarly journals Soil Flooding and Fumigant Alternatives to Methyl Bromide in Tomato and Eggplant Production

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 1057-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Nelson ◽  
S.J. Locascio ◽  
L.H. Allen ◽  
D.W. Dickson ◽  
D.J. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Soil Fumigant ◽  
Chemical Treatments

Methyl bromide (MeBr) is an important and effective soil fumigant commonly used to control weeds and soilborne pests. Because MeBr has been implicated as a contributor to the depletion of stratospheric ozone, it is scheduled for phaseout by 2005. This study examined nonchemical and chemical practices as alternatives to MeBr. Off-season flooding followed by a series of soil preplant chemical treatments [MeBr with 33% Pic; 1,3-D mixed with 17% (C-17) and 35% (C-35) Pic combined with Peb; and metam-Na combined with 1,3-D and Peb were evaluated on spring tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena) production in northern Florida. Pest control and tomato and eggplant yields were not significantly different between the flooded and non-flooded control plots. The most effective alternatives to MeBr were 1,3-D and Pic mixtures (C-17 and C-35) combined with Peb. Tomato and eggplant yields for these chemicals were statistically equivalent to that of MeBr. Tomato, but not eggplant, yield and nematode control were poor with metam-Na combined with 1,3-D and Peb in comparison to the other fumigant combinations. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); trichloronitromethane [chloropicrin (Pic)]; S-propyl butyl(ethyl)thiocarbamate [pebulate (Peb)]; sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam-sodium (metam-Na)].

scholarly journals Evaluation of Methyl Iodide as a Soil Fumigant for Root-Knot Nematode Control in Carrot Production

Plant Disease ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad M. Hutchinson ◽  
Milton E. McGiffen ◽  
Howard D. Ohr ◽  
James J. Sims ◽  
J. Ole Becker
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Iodide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Soil Fumigant ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Hot Gas ◽  
Overhead Irrigation

Methyl iodide performance as a soil fumigant was compared with methyl bromide for Meloidogyne incognita control in carrot production. Both compounds were applied to tarped beds by hot-gas fumigation in growers' fields near Bakersfield, California. Methyl iodide was applied at 112, 168, 224, and 336 kg ha-1 and methyl bromide at 112 and 224 kg ha-1. Other chemical treatments included a non-fumigated control, metam sodium (373 liters ha-1), applied through overhead irrigation, and 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D; 112 liters ha-1) commercially shank applied. Soil was either extracted or bioassayed with tomato plants to determine M. incognita populations prior to application of fumigants, 2 weeks after fumigant application, and at carrot harvest. Carrots were rated for marketability based on size and ematode-induced damage. Methyl bromide, methyl iodide, and 1,3 D were effective at reducing M. incognita populations over the season at all rates tested. In both trials, plants in plots fumigated with either methyl bromide or methyl iodide produced at least 161 and 181% more marketable carrots without nematode damage, respectively, than plants in control plots. Methyl iodide was an effective alternative to methyl bromide for nematode control in carrot production.

Metam Sodium Combined with Chloropicrin as an Alternative to Methyl Bromide Fumigation for Tomato

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 525b-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.J. Locascio ◽  
D.W. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Pest Control ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Good Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Phase Out

In past work, dichloropropene + 17% Pic (1,3-D + Pic) at 327 L·ha–1 plus pebulate provided good control of nematode, soil fungi, and nutsedge in mulched tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and is considered the best alternative for methyl bromide (MBr) + chloropicrin (Pic), which is scheduled for phase-out in the United States by Jan. 2001. Metam-sodium did not provide acceptable pest control. In the present study, metam-Na (295 L·ha–1 combined with Pic (168 kg·ha–1) + 4.5 kg·ha–1 pebulate, and 1,3-D + 35% Pic at 168 and 225 L·ha–1 + pebulate were compared to MBr-Pic (98-2% at 345 kg·ha–1 and 67-33% at 505 kg·ha–1). Fumigants were injected into the bed except metam-Na and pebulate were surface-applied and incorporated and drip tubing and mulch were applied. Marketable yields with MBr-Pic, 225 L·ha–1 1,3-D + Pic, and metam-Na + Pic were higher than with the check. Yields with metam-Na alone or with additional water before transplanting were similar to the check. Nutsedge was controlled with MBr-Pic and all treatments with pebulate. Nematode root-gall ratings were high on tomato grown without fumigants (8.9 rating on a scale of 0 to 10 with 0 = no galling), low with MBr-Pic (0.33), and intermediate with all other treatments (2.2 to 5.5) except with 168 L·ha–1 1-3-D + Pic (8.3). This study indicates that metam-Na + Pic + pebulate also is a possible alternative to MBr-Pic for tomato.

scholarly journals Fumigant Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Polyethylene-mulched

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1208-1211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvadore J. Locascio ◽  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
D.W. Dickson ◽  
Thomas A. Kucharek ◽  
J.P. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Metam Sodium

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was grown to evaluate various chemicals as possible alternatives to methyl bromide soil fumigation. Due to a combination of weeds, nematodes, and soil fungi, the use of a broad-spectrum fumigant has been essential for economical tomato production in Florida. Methyl bromide (MBr) and combinations of MBr with chloropicrin (Pic) are the fumigants of choice for most growers using polyethylene mulch culture. In 1991, MBr was allegedly associated with stratospheric ozone depletion. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has since mandated a phaseout of MBr for soil fumigation in the United States by the year 2001. At three locations in Florida, alternative soil fumigants were evaluated, including soil injected 98% MBr—2% Pic at 450 kg·ha-1, 67% MBr—33% Pic (390 kg·ha-1), Pic (390 kg·ha-1), dichloropropene + 17% Pic (1,3-D + Pic) at 327 L·ha-1, and metam-sodium (935 L·ha-1). Also, metam-sodium and tetrathiocarbonate (1870 L·ha-1) were applied by drip irrigation. Dazomet (450 kg·ha-1) was surface applied and soil incorporated. Pebulate (4.5 kg·ha-1) was soil incorporated with some treatments. Pic and 1,3-D + Pic treatments provided good to moderate control of nematodes and soil fungi except in one of the six studies, in which nematode control with 1,3-D was moderate to poor. Nutsedge densities were suppressed by addition of pebulate. Tomato fruit yields with 1,3-D + Pic + pebulate and with Pic + pebulate at the three sites ranged from 85% to 114%, 60% to 95%, and l01% to 119%, respectively, of that obtained with MBr treatments. Pest control and crop yield were lower with treatments other than the above pebulate-containing or MBr-containing treatments. These studies indicate that no one alternative pesticide can provide the consistent broad-spectrum control provided by MBr. Chemical names used: trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin); 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (metam-sodium); sodium tetrathiocarbonate (tetrathiocarbonate); 3,5-dimethyl-(2H)-tetrahydro-l,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (dazomet); S-propyl butyl(ethyl)thiocarbamate (pebulate).

scholarly journals Efficacy of N-phenylphtalamic acid in some Solanaceae species

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. V. S. Chauhan ◽  
H. H. Singh ◽  
H. K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Capsicum Annuum ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Solanaceae Species

: N-phenylphthalamic acid — Cl4H1 1 NO3 (Nevirol 60 WP) was successfully used for enhancing yield in some important vegetable crops namely, tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), chilli (Capsicum annuum) and brinjal (Solanum melongena) of Solanaceae. Aqueous sprays with 0.2% and 3.0% significantly enhanced fruit production in chilli and tomato respectively. On the other hand, various treatments in brinjal failed to enhance yield significantly. The increase in yield in both tomato and chilli is largely due to increase in the number of flowers and fruit-set percentage.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE NEMATICIDES FOR THE CONTROL OF ROOTKNOT NEMATODES IN EDIBLE GINGER.

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 629c-629
Author(s):  
D. M. Sato ◽  
D. Schmitt ◽  
J. DeFrank
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Good Yield ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Metam Sodium

Fourteen different nematicides were tested for efficacy against the rootknot nematode in edible ginger during the 1990 and 1991 seasons. The test site was located in Papaikou, Hawaii and on land previously cropped to ginger. Soil treated with methyl bromide formulations resulted in comparitively good yield and rootknot nematode control. Metam sodium at 100 gallons per acre appeared to be a good alternative nematicide for edible ginger.

scholarly journals Performance of Methyl Bromide Alternatives in Strawberry

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
Timothy N. Motis
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Alternative Programs ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Strawberry Plant ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Methyl Bromide Alternatives

Field studies were conducted to compare the performance of several methyl bromide (MBr) alternative programs on sting nematode (Belonolaimus spp.) control and marketable yield of ‘Camarosa’ strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa). The tested fumigation programs were 1) MBr + chloropicrin (Pic; 67:33 v/v) at 350 lb/acre, 2) Pic + metam sodium (MNa) at 300 lb/acre and 37.5 gal/acre, 3) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic at 35 gal/acre, 4) 1,3-D + Pic and dazomet at 35 gal/acre and 200 lb/acre, 5) propylene oxide at 45 gal/acre, 6) furfural + allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) at 600 lb/acre, 7) furfural and MNa at 56 and 50 gal/acre, 8) furfural + AITC at 400 lb/acre followed by four furfural applications of 6 gal/acre/injection, 9) furfural and MNa at 37 and 33 gal/acre followed by four furfural applications of 6 gal/acre/injection, 10) fosthiazate and Pic at 4.5 and 150 lb/acre, and 11) a nontreated control. The fumigation programs consisting of 1,3-D + Pic and dazomet, 1,3-D + Pic, Pic and MNa, and fosthiazate and Pic proved to be as valuable as the grower-standard MBr + Pic on strawberry plant vigor, sting nematode control, and early and total marketable yields.

scholarly journals Reducing Fumigant Emissions After Soil Application

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (12) ◽  
pp. 1344-1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Yates ◽  
J. Gan ◽  
S. K. Papiernik ◽  
R. Dungan ◽  
D. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Agricultural Soil ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Agricultural Chemicals ◽  
Soil Fumigant ◽  
Soil Application

Volatilization and soil transformation are major pathways by which pesticides dissipate from treated agricultural soil. Volatilization is a primary source of unwanted agricultural chemicals in the atmosphere and can significantly affect fumigant efficacy. Volatile pesticides may cause other unique problems; for example, the soil fumigant methyl bromide has been shown to damage stratospheric ozone and will soon be phased out. There is also great concern about the health consequences of inhalation of fumigants by people living in proximity to treated fields. Because replacement fumigants will likely face increased scrutiny in years ahead, there is a great need to understand the mechanisms that control their emission into the atmosphere so these losses can be minimized without loss of efficacy. Recent research has shown that combinations of vapor barriers and soil amendments can be effective in reducing emissions. In this paper, some potential approaches for reducing fumigant emissions to the atmosphere are described.

scholarly journals Effects of Chemical Modification on the Mechanical Properties of Calotropis Gigantea Fiber-reinforced Phenol Formaldehyde Biocomposites

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-299
Author(s):  
Sekar SANJEEVI ◽  
Athijayamani AYYANAR ◽  
Ramanathan KALIMUTHU ◽  
Sidhardhan SUSAIYAPPAN
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Fiber Composites ◽  
Fiber Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Calotropis Gigantea ◽  
Chemical Treatments ◽  
Treated Fiber

In this paper, the effects of three different chemical treatments on the mechanical properties of Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) composites reinforced with the Calotropis Gigantea Fibers (CGFs) were investigated based on the fiber content of the fibers. Composites were prepared by the untreated and treated fibers using the hand lay up technique and their mechanical properties were evaluated and compared. The results revealed that the composites show the greater mechanical properties at 40 wt.% for the untreated condition. Composites prepared with alkali treated fibers show the better mechanical properties as compared with the other treated fiber composites.

scholarly journals Bacterial Oxidation of Dibromomethane and Methyl Bromide in Natural Waters and Enrichment Cultures

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 4629-4636 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Goodwin ◽  
J. K. Schaefer ◽  
R. S. Oremland
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Natural Waters ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bacterial Oxidation ◽  
Enrichment Cultures ◽  
Saline Waters

ABSTRACT Bacterial oxidation of14CH2Br2 and14CH3Br was measured in freshwater, estuarine, seawater, and hypersaline-alkaline samples. In general, bacteria from the various sites oxidized similar amounts of14CH2Br2 and comparatively less 14CH3Br. Bacterial oxidation of14CH3Br was rapid in freshwater samples compared to bacterial oxidation of 14CH3Br in more saline waters. Freshwater was also the only site in which methyl fluoride-sensitive bacteria (e.g., methanotrophs or nitrifiers) governed brominated methane oxidation. Half-life calculations indicated that bacterial oxidation of CH2Br2 was potentially significant in all of the waters tested. In contrast, only in freshwater was bacterial oxidation of CH3Br as fast as chemical removal. The values calculated for more saline sites suggested that bacterial oxidation of CH3Br was relatively slow compared to chemical and physical loss mechanisms. However, enrichment cultures demonstrated that bacteria in seawater can rapidly oxidize brominated methanes. Two distinct cultures of nonmethanotrophic methylotrophs were recovered; one of these cultures was able to utilize CH2Br2 as a sole carbon source, and the other was able to utilize CH3Br as a sole carbon source.

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