scholarly journals (8) Summary of Fertility Characteristics of the USDA Garlic Collection When Grown in Pullman, Washington

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039B-1039
Author(s):  
Barbara C. Hellier ◽  
Marie Pavelka
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Viable Pollen ◽  
Western Regional ◽  
Allium Longicuspis

The USDA garlic (Allium sativum and Allium longicuspis) collection is maintained at the ARS, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS) in Pullman, Wash. This collection comprises 269 accessions, of which 153 are hardneck (flower producing) types. The fertility characteristics of these accessions was evaluated in the field at Pullman, Wash. After the spathes opened, bulbils were removed from all the evaluated accessions to facilitate flower development. The umbel and flower characteristics taken were anther color, flower color, flower shape, stigma position, flowers per umbel, umbel diameter, umbel shape, umbel defects, bulbil size, bulbil color, ease of bulbil removal, spathe opening, pollen production, and pollen viability. Of the 153 accessions, 10 produced only partial scapes with bulbils midstalk and no seed production capability. Viable pollen was shed in 85 accessions with viability ranging from 8% to 85%. Open-pollinated seed was generated by 19 of the Pullman, Wash., grown accessions. Seed production was low with yields from 6 to 91 seeds per accession.

Evaluation of the National Plant Germplasm System's Garlic Collection for Seven Viruses

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanu R. Pappu ◽  
Barbara C. Hellier ◽  
Frank M. Dugan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Testing ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Plant Introduction ◽  
Yellow Spot ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Plant Germplasm ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Western Regional ◽  
Tobacco Rattle Tobravirus ◽  
Yellow Stripe

Garlic (Allium sativum L. and A. longicuspis Regel.) germplasm maintained by the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS) was screened for four viruses commonly infecting garlic [Garlic common latent carlavirus (GCLV), Leek yellow stripe potyvirus (LYSV), Onion yellow dwarf potyvirus (OYDV), and Shallot latent carlavirus (SLV)] plus three others [Iris yellow spot tospovirus (IYSV), Tobacco rattle tobravirus (TRV), and Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV)]. Over 200 accessions were rated for the incidence of symptomatic plants during two production seasons, in July 2005 and June 2006. In both years, incidence of symptomatic plants ranged from less than 10% to 100% in individual accessions. Laboratory testing of selected accessions showed that the accessions were predominantly infected with OYDV (60% of infections), followed by GCLV (25%) and LYSV (15%). Accepted for publication 26 June 2008. Published 19 September 2008.

Genetic Variation in Choctawhatchee Sand Pine Pollen Shed and Viability

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Frampton ◽  
K. R. Roeder ◽  
D. L. Rockwood ◽  
C. A. Hollis
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Viable Pollen ◽  
Pollen Germinability ◽  
Pine Pollen ◽  
Pollen Shed ◽  
Sand Pine ◽  
Pinus Clausa

Abstract Initiation and duration of viable pollen production differed significantly among clones of Choctawhatchee sand pine (Pinus clausa var. immuginata Ward). Clonal differences also occurred for pollen germinability, pollen conductivity, and catkin moisture content, but clonal differences for these traits were influenced by the stage (early, intermediate, or late) of pollen production. Pollen germination decreased only 10 percent from early to late pollen production, suggesting that viable pollen may be collected during any period of pollen shed. Relationships among the three measures of pollen viability, although significant, were weak. Conclusions drawn will aid tree breeders in making controlled pollinations and in establishing seed orchards.

Effects of different temperature regimes on flower development, microsporogenesis and fertility in bolting garlic (Allium sativum)

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Einat Shemesh Mayer ◽  
Tomer Ben-Michael ◽  
Sagie Kimhi ◽  
Itzhak Forer ◽  
Haim D. Rabinowitch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Reproductive Process

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars do not develop fertile flowers and seeds. Therefore, garlic production and improvement depend exclusively on vegetative propagation. Recent advances in garlic research have enabled fertility restoration and the discovery of fertile and male-sterile genotypes; however, the environmental regulation of the reproductive process is still not clear. Garlic seeds are successfully produced in the Mediterrenean region, where the photoperiod is relatively short, whereas spring and summer temperatures are high. We hypothesise that, in bolting garlic, various stages of florogenesis are differentially regulated by temperature and that high temperatures might obstruct pollen production. The effects of eight combinations of controlled growth temperatures on fertile and male-sterile garlic clones were studied. In both genotypes, a gradual temperature increase before and during anthesis favoured intact flower development. Surprisingly, continuous exposure to moderate temperatures during the entire growth period resulted in poor flowering, anther abortion and reduced pollen production. In the male-sterile genotype, no growth regime improved pollen production, which is controlled by genetic mechanisms. In the male-fertile genotype, gradual temperature increase supported pollen production but a sharp transition to high temperatures resulted in rapid flower senescence and pollen abortion, thus supporting our research hypothesis. In both fertile and male-sterile plants, the most vulnerable phase of microsporogenesis is the unicellular microspore stage. Tapetal malformation is the major cause for malnutrition of the microspores, with consequent production of nonviable pollen grains.

scholarly journals FURTHER INVESTIGATIONS INTO GARLIC STERILITY AND SEED PRODUCTION

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 789C-789
Author(s):  
Margaret Pooler ◽  
P.W. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Morphological Markers ◽  
Isozyme Markers

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an obligate apomict which reproduces almost exclusively by means of division of underground cloves or by propagation of topsets. The occurrence of viable, sexually-derived garlic seeds is rare. In order to assess the factors that limit garlic seed production, variables that affect flower initiation and development were studied. The effects on flowering of daylength, growing temperature, bulb and plant cold storage conditions, and cultivar were examined by observing flower development in plants grown under controlled greenhouse conditions. Correlations between isozyme markers and flowering, fertility, and morphological markers will be presented for a diverse collection of garlic clones, including six sexually-derived garlic plants.

The additional stamens of flo10-1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana are compromised in production and viability of pollen

1998 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1733-1742
Author(s):  
Jeffrey D Pylatuik ◽  
Peta C Bonham-Smith ◽  
Arthur R Davis
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Viable Pollen ◽  
Stamen Number ◽  
Significant Difference

flo10-1 (superman-2) is a floral mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana that normally produces female sterile flowers. This phenotypic aberration results from a combination of increased stamen number and reduced or abnormal carpels that are nonfunctional. The flowers of flo10-1 contain two lateral and four median stamens, as seen in wild-type plants; however, they also contain several additional stamens. All stamen types have been examined with respect to frequency and location within the flower. The amount of pollen produced from each of the three types of stamens of flo10-1 and the viability of this pollen were also examined and compared with wild-type (cv. Columbia) to determine the consequences of this mutation on male fertility. Both the lateral and median stamens of flo10-1 and wild-type plants produced similar amounts of pollen per stamen and demonstrated no significant difference in viability. Per stamen, the additionals of flo10-1 produced significantly less pollen than those of the laterals and medians. Furthermore, the pollen produced from these additional stamens was significantly less viable. Although less abundant and viable, pollen produced by additional stamens can effectively fertilize ovules, producing normal, healthy plants.Key words: pollen (viability, production), stamen, male fertility, flower development, Arabidopsis thaliana, flo10-1.

Inflorescence development and seed production in Lolium spp. × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrids

1975 ◽  
Vol 85 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cremades ◽  
E. W. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Lolium Multiflorum ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Inflorescence Development ◽  
Tetraploid Hybrid ◽  
Pollen Release ◽  
Sufficient Variation ◽  
Reproductive Characters

SUMMARYThe reproductive development and seed production characters of a Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrid and a Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis tetraploid hybrid were compared with those of their tetraploid parental cultivars. Experiments were carried out under glasshouse and natural conditions; single plants were studied as only small quantities of seed were available from the breeder. The lowtemperature/short-day requirements for inflorescence induction of the two hybrids were in between those of the corresponding parental species. The variance of the date at which vegetative primordia changed to the reproductive condition was greater in the hybrids than in the parental cultivars, but the variance of the dates of inflorescence emergence were similar for the hybrids and parental cultivars. Inflorescences ranged from the Lolium type with only sessile spikelets to the Festuca type with primary branches. Inner glumes, which are absent in the Lolium parents but present in Festuca pratensis, were found in the hybrids, though not in all spikelets. In the Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis hybrid pollen release, potential pollen viability and floret fertility were low, but the Lolium multiflorum × Festuca pratensis hybrid produced large amounts of pollen with a higher potential viability and had floret fertilities similar to those of its two parental cultivars. There was sufficient variation in reproductive characters for further selection, particularly in the Lolium perenne × Festuca pratensis hybrid.

scholarly journals Reproductive characterization of interspecific hybrids among Capsicum species

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo da Silva Monteiro ◽  
Telma Nair Santana Pereira ◽  
Karina Pereira de Campos
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Viable Pollen ◽  
Hybrid Combination ◽  
Capsicum Species ◽  
The Cross

The objective of this study was the reproductive characterization of Capsicum accessions as well as of interspecific hybrids, based on pollen viability. Hybrids were obtained between Capsicum species. Pollen viability was high in most accessions, indicating that meiosis is normal, resulting in viable pollen grains. The pollen viability of species C. pubescens was the lowest (27 %). The interspecific hybrids had varying degrees of pollen viability, from fertile combinations (C. chinense x C. frutescens and C. annuum x C. baccatum) to male sterile combinations. Pollen viability also varied within the hybrid combination according to accessions used in the cross. Results indicate that male sterility is one of the incompatibility barriers among Capsicum species since hybrids can be established, but may be male sterile.

Pollen–pistil interaction, pistil histology and seed production in A×B grain sorghum crosses under chilling field temperatures

2009 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. CISNEROS-LÓPEZ ◽  
L. E. MENDOZA-ONOFRE ◽  
H. A. ZAVALETA-MANCERA ◽  
V. A. GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ ◽  
G. MORA-AGUILERA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Tube ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Pollen Tube Growth ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Tube Growth ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Pollen Diameter

SUMMARYSix pairs of isogenic lines of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) were sown in field plots in Montecillo, State of México (2240 m altitude), in 2005 and 2006. Crosses A (♀)×B (♂) were done in each pair. In A-lines, the length of pistil, stigma, style and ovary, as well as the ovary width, were measured. In B-lines, pollen diameter, viability (cytoplasm density) and production were evaluated. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth in the pistils of the A-lines, were quantified in vivo with aniline blue and epifluorescence 18 h after pollination (HAP), while fertilized pistils were counted at 96 HAP. Histological studies on both pollinated and non-pollinated pistils were performed in one male-sterile line. Seed yield, mean-seed weight, seeds per panicle and seed set (SS; seeds/flower/panicle) were determined at harvest. Pollen viability was the variable most related to pollen germination and pollen tube growth. Stigma receptivity was not associated with its morphology. Growth of the pollen tube in stigma, style and ovary was observed in the transmitting tissue 18 HAP, running parallel to the vascular tissue. Yield under chilling field temperatures (minimum average of 6 and 8°C) prevailing during flower development and pollination ranged from 7 to 12 g/panicle. The differences in seed production and SS among A×B crosses did not depend on the amount and viability of pollen.

scholarly journals Effect of high temperature on the reproductive development of chickpea genotypes under controlled environments

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (12) ◽  
pp. 1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viola Devasirvatham ◽  
Pooran M. Gaur ◽  
Nalini Mallikarjuna ◽  
Raju N. Tokachichu ◽  
Richard M. Trethowan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Pollen Germination ◽  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Pollen Production ◽  
Seed Number ◽  
Controlled Environments

High temperature during the reproductive stage in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a major cause of yield loss. The objective of this research was to determine whether that variation can be explained by differences in anther and pollen development under heat stress: the effect of high temperature during the pre- and post-anthesis periods on pollen viability, pollen germination in a medium, pollen germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth and pod set in a heat-tolerant (ICCV 92944) and a heat-sensitive (ICC 5912) genotype was studied. The plants were evaluated under heat stress and non-heat stress conditions in controlled environments. High temperature stress (29/16°C to 40/25°C) was gradually applied at flowering to study pollen viability and stigma receptivity including flower production, pod set and seed number. This was compared with a non-stress treatment (27/16°C). The high temperatures reduced pod set by reducing pollen viability and pollen production per flower. The ICCV 92944 pollen was viable at 35/20°C (41% fertile) and at 40/25°C (13% fertile), whereas ICC 5912 pollen was completely sterile at 35/20°C with no in vitro germination and no germination on the stigma. However, the stigma of ICC 5912 remained receptive at 35/20°C and non-stressed pollen (27/16°C) germinated on it during reciprocal crossing. These data indicate that pollen grains were more sensitive to high temperature than the stigma in chickpea. High temperature also reduced pollen production per flower, % pollen germination, pod set and seed number.

scholarly journals Co-expression clustering across flower development identifies modules for diverse floral forms in Achimenes (Gesneriaceae)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade R. Roberts ◽  
Eric H. Roalson
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Pollination Syndrome ◽  
Pollination Syndromes ◽  
Hummingbird Pollination

Background Genetic pathways involved with flower color and shape are thought to play an important role in the development of flowers associated with different pollination syndromes, such as those associated with bee, butterfly, or hummingbird pollination. Because pollination syndromes are complex traits that are orchestrated by multiple genes and pathways, the gene regulatory networks have not been explored. Gene co-expression networks provide a systems level approach to identify important contributors to floral diversification. Methods RNA-sequencing was used to assay gene expression across two stages of flower development (an early bud and an intermediate stage) in 10 species of Achimenes (Gesneriaceae). Two stage-specific co-expression networks were created from 9,503 orthologs and analyzed to identify module hubs and the network periphery. Module association with bee, butterfly, and hummingbird pollination syndromes was tested using phylogenetic mixed models. The relationship between network connectivity and evolutionary rates (dN/dS) was tested using linear models. Results Networks contained 65 and 62 modules that were largely preserved between developmental stages and contained few stage-specific modules. Over a third of the modules in both networks were associated with flower color, shape, and pollination syndrome. Within these modules, several hub nodes were identified that related to the production of anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments and the development of flower shape. Evolutionary rates were decreased in highly connected genes and elevated in peripheral genes. Discussion This study aids in the understanding of the genetic architecture and network properties underlying the development of floral form and provides valuable candidate modules and genes for future studies.

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