Screening Fruit Loosening Agents for Black Ripe Processed Table Olives

The California table olive (Olea europaea L.) industry relies exclusively on hand harvesting of its primary Manzanillo cultivar. Increased harvesting costs have intensified industry interest in identifying an abscission agent that can be used with developing mechanical harvesting technologies to increase removal rates. Table olives are harvested immature green at horticultural maturity but before physiological maturity. The goal of this research was to reevaluate the potential of ethylene-releasing compounds (ERCs) as olive-loosening agents and to screen additional candidates previously shown to accelerate citrus fruit abscission. Eleven compounds were screened at two separate table olive-growing sites (Fresno and Tehama counties) in California in September until Nov. 2006. Compounds were applied at various concentrations alone or in combination. Fruit detachment force (FDF) and percent fruit drop were measured and leaf loss assessed. Of the compounds evaluated, the ERC ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid were the most efficacious. In whole tree applications, concentrations of ethephon or 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid above 1000 mg·L−1 reduced FDF to less than 50% of the untreated control within 17 days, but leaf drop increased with increasing concentrations. Addition of 1-methylcyclopropene reduced efficacy of ethephon and delayed leaf drop. Monopotassium phosphate + ethephon (4% and 1000 mg·L−1, respectively) reduced FDF and leaf loss was equivalent to the ethephon alone treatment. Compounds such as methyl jasmonate, coronatine, dikegulac, MAXCEL, traumatic acid, and 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole were not efficacious.

Download Full-text

Fruit Abscission and Leaf Drop in Citrus Cultivars Treated with Metsulfuron-methyl

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.9.3.412 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 412-416 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Walter J. Kender ◽

Ulrich Hartmond ◽

Jacqueline K. Burns

Keyword(s):

Active Ingredient ◽

Citrus Sinensis ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Fruit Abscission ◽

Metsulfuron Methyl ◽

Fruit Drop ◽

Valencia Orange ◽

Leaf Drop

Fruit of 11 citrus cultivars were evaluated for their response to the experimental abscission material metsulfuron-methyl at 2 mg·L-1 (ppm) active ingredient as an aid to mechanical or hand harvest. Cultivars evaluated included `Ambersweet', `Glen Navel', `Hamlin', and `Valencia' oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.], `Robinson' tangerine (Clementine × Orlando, C. reticulata Blanco), `Sunburst' tangerine [`Robinson' × `Osceola', C. reticulata × (C. paradisi Macf. × C. reticulata)], `Murcott' and `Temple' tangor (C. reticulata × C. sinensis), `Orlando' tangelo (C. reticulata × C. paradisi), `Ray Ruby', and `Marsh' grapefruit (C. paradisi). Six of the 11 cultivars were effectively loosened by sprays of metsulfuron-methyl (`Hamlin', `Valencia', `Orlando', `Murcott', `Temple', and `Ray Ruby'). Addition of an adjuvant (Kinetic, 0.125%) was necessary for abscission activity in fruit and leaves. Trees sprayed with metsulfuron-methyl in combination with an adjuvant had higher percent cumulative fruit drop, higher internal ethylene, and lower fruit detachment forces (FDF) than trees sprayed with metsulfuron-methyl alone. `Sunburst' tangerine responded poorly to the abscission material in the presence or absence of Kinetic. Leaf loss was greatest in trees sprayed with metsulfuron-methyl and adjuvant, intermediate in trees sprayed with metsulfuron-methyl alone, and least in control trees. Twig dieback was observed in trees of `Valencia' orange and `Marsh' grapefruit sprayed with metsulfuron-methyl. The peel of some cultivars had irregular coloration and developed pitted areas after harvest. Although metsulfuron-methyl is an effective abscission agent for mature citrus fruit, further work is needed to more accurately define conditions for its safe and dependable use.

Download Full-text

Shelf-life of traditionally-seasoned Aloreña de Málaga table olives based on package appearance and fruit characteristics

Grasas y Aceites ◽

10.3989/gya.0708182 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 306 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

V. Romero-Gil ◽

F. Rodríguez-Gómez ◽

M. Á. Ruiz-Bellido ◽

A. Benítez Cabello ◽

A. Garrido-Fernández ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Storage Time ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Point Of View ◽

Table Olives ◽

Fruit Characteristics ◽

Willingness To Buy ◽

Color Fading ◽

Table Olive

Few studies have been carried out to determine the shelf-life of the Aloreña de Málaga table olive packaging from a physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial point of view. This study showed that under the current packaging conditions, commercial products were free from Enterobacteriaceae, the initial yeast population was progressively inhibited, and only lactic acid bacteria grew during shelf-life. Among the physicochemical characteristics, pH decreased, lactic acid was formed while citric acid and mannitol were consumed. These changes resulted in gradual olive texture degradation and green color fading during packaging. A multivariate analysis showed that the packaged olives with storage time between 6 and 42 days enjoyed the highest acceptance; while after the 74th day, they were progressively losing acceptability, which was mainly evident at the 131st day of packaging (willingness-to-buy attribute was reduced to 50%). A complete microbiological stabilization would require the use of alternative preservatives since thermal treatment is not convenient for this type of olive speciality.

Download Full-text

Draft Genome Sequences of SixLactobacillus pentosusStrains Isolated from Brines of Traditionally Fermented Spanish-Style Green Table Olives

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.00379-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (18) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Beatriz Calero-Delgado ◽

Antonio M. Martín-Platero ◽

Antonio J. Pérez-Pulido ◽

Antonio Benítez-Cabello ◽

Carlos S. Casimiro-Soriguer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Draft Genome ◽

Probiotic Properties ◽

Table Olives ◽

Genome Sequences ◽

Content Type ◽

Lactobacillus Pentosus ◽

Table Olive

ABSTRACTHere, we report the genome sequences of sixLactobacillus pentosusstrains isolated from traditional noninoculated Spanish-style green table olive brines. The total genome sizes varied between 3.77 and 4.039 Mbp. These genome sequences will assist in revealing the genes responsible for both technological and probiotic properties of these strains.

Download Full-text

Characteristics of Citrus Canker Lesions Associated with Premature Drop of Sweet Orange Fruit

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto-04-18-0114-r ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 109 (1) ◽

pp. 44-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Fabrício E. Lanza ◽

Weber Marti ◽

Geraldo J. Silva ◽

Franklin Behlau

Keyword(s):

Sweet Orange ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Citrus Canker ◽

Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Detachment Force ◽

Fruit Drop ◽

Orange Fruit ◽

The Relationship

During the development of a citrus fruit, many cycles of infection by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri may occur leading to the development of a range of characteristics of citrus canker lesions scattered across the fruit surface. This study aimed to determine whether the size of the lesions, their distance from the peduncle, and the number and time of appearance of the lesions on fruit of sweet orange were associated with premature fruit drop. A multiple linear regression analysis revealed a negative relationship between the fruit detachment force and the lesion diameter, the proximity of the nearest lesion to the peduncle and the number of lesions. A survival analysis demonstrated that these characteristics significantly influenced the probability and the time that a cankered fruit remained attached to the tree. More than 90% of dropped fruit had large lesions (>5 mm) but not all fruit with large lesions dropped before harvest. Approximately 50% of the harvested fruit had lesions >5 mm. On the harvested fruit remaining on the tree, although large, the lesions had a smaller diameter, were located farther from the peduncle, and were less numerous than those observed on dropped fruit. Small canker lesions neither reduced the detachment force nor the survival of fruit in the tree. The earlier a fruit expressed canker symptoms, the higher the probability the fruit developed large lesions near the peduncle and/or developed lesions in greater numbers. This study provides a better understanding on the relationship between the time of appearance of lesions of citrus canker on fruit and premature fruit drop. This information defines the critical period for fruit protection and may be used to improve disease management.

Download Full-text

Producing Table Olives

10.1071/9780643094383 ◽

2007 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Stan Kailis ◽

David Harris

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Site Selection ◽

Export Market ◽

Quality And Safety ◽

Table Olives ◽

Safety Testing ◽

Secondary Processing ◽

Table Olive ◽

Olive Industry ◽

The Ideal

Australia has the ideal conditions for growing and processing table olives. In a climate where the majority of table olives eaten by Australians are imported, real opportunities exist for a domestic table olive industry. Attention to quality and safety will ensure that Australian table olive producers are in a position to tackle and make inroads into the international export market. The aim of this manual is to provide olive growers and processors with internationally based guidelines for ensuring the quality and safety of processed table olives. This manual covers all aspects essential for the production of safe, nutritious and marketable table olives including site selection, recommended varieties, pest and disease control, primary and secondary processing, and quality and safety testing.

Download Full-text

High Incidence of Preharvest Colonization of Huanglongbing-Symptomatic Citrus sinensis Fruit by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Diplodia natalensis) and Exacerbation of Postharvest Fruit Decay by That Fungus

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.02972-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 364-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Wei Zhao ◽

Jinhe Bai ◽

Greg McCollum ◽

Elizabeth Baldwin

Keyword(s):

Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

Decay Rates ◽

Causal Organism ◽

Lasiodiplodia Theobromae ◽

Content Type ◽

Surface Sterilization ◽

Fruit Drop ◽

Liberibacter Asiaticus ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACTHuanglongbing (HLB), presumably caused by the bacterium “CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus,” is a devastating citrus disease associated with excessive preharvest fruit drop.Lasiodiplodia theobromae(diplodia) is the causal organism of citrus stem end rot (SER). The pathogen infects citrus fruit under the calyx abscission zone (AZ-C) and is associated with cell wall hydrolytic enzymes similar to plant enzymes involved in abscission. By means of DNA sequencing, diplodia was found in “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-positive juice from HLB-symptomatic fruit (S) but not in “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”-negative juice. Therefore, the incidence of diplodia in fruit tissues, the impact on HLB-related postharvest decay, and the implications for HLB-related preharvest fruit drop were investigated in Hamlin and Valencia oranges. Quantitative PCR results (qPCR) revealed a significantly (P< 0.001) greater incidence of diplodia in the AZ-C of HLB-symptomatic (S; “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus” threshold cycle [CT] of <30) than in the AZ-C of in asymptomatic (AS; “Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus”CTof ≥30) fruit. In agreement with the qPCR results, 2 weeks after exposure to ethylene, the incidences of SER in S fruit were 66.7% (Hamlin) and 58.7% (Valencia), whereas for AS fruit the decay rates were 6.7% (Hamlin) and 5.3% (Valencia). Diplodia colonization of S fruit AZ-C was observed by scanning electron microscopy and confirmed by PCR test and morphology of conidia in isolates from the AZ-C after surface sterilization. DiplodiaCTvalues were negatively correlated with ethylene production (R= −0.838 for Hamlin;R= −0.858 for Valencia) in S fruit, and positively correlated with fruit detachment force (R= 0.855 for Hamlin;R= 0.850 for Valencia), suggesting that diplodia colonization in AZ-C may exacerbate HLB-associated preharvest fruit drop.

Download Full-text

Transformation of an Ancient Crop: Preparing California ‘Manzanillo’ Table Olives for Mechanical Harvesting

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.24.3.274 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 274-280 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Louise Ferguson ◽

Sergio Castro Garcia

Keyword(s):

Size Distribution ◽

Olea Europaea ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Technological Innovations ◽

Table Olives ◽

Tree Crops ◽

Commercial Trial ◽

The World ◽

Olive Groves ◽

Table Olive

As one of the oldest continuously produced tree crops in the world, it is ironic that table olive (Olea europaea) production has benefitted from few technological innovations, including harvesting. Two harvesting technologies, trunk shaking and canopy contact, have been identified. In a 2013 trial, a prototype canopy contact harvester successfully harvested 92% of a 5.3-ton/acre mechanically pruned crop, vs. 81% for a 12.8-ton/acre hand-pruned control crop in a 19-year-old, 13 × 26-ft grove, spaced at 139 trees/acre and adapted for mechanical harvesting with 6 years of mechanical topping and hedging. About 85% of the hand-pruned olives were cannable vs. 86% of the mechanically pruned olives. Over the 6 years of mechanical pruning, the mechanically pruned trees averaged an annual 4.2 tons/acre vs. 5.3 tons/acre with hand-pruned trees. Again in 2013, this same canopy contact harvester achieved 81% final harvester efficiency with a 5.8-ton/acre crop in a 12-year-old, 12 × 18-ft, 202-tree/acre, mechanically pruned hedgerow grove vs. 80% efficiency for a 5.17-ton/acre crop with hand-pruned hedgerow trees. Similarly, no significant differences in the percentage of cannable olives, fruit size distribution, or value per ton was produced by the pruning treatments. In this trial in which both hand and mechanical pruning were used to produce a hedgerow, the hand-pruned trees averaged 3.7 tons/acre vs. 4.3 tons/acre for mechanically pruned trees. In a commercial trial in 2012, the trunk-shaking harvester achieved 77% average harvester efficiency in a 40-acre, 180-tree/acre grove, with a 4-ton/acre crop prepared with both hand and mechanical pruning. These ongoing trials indicate that adapting groves with mechanical pruning does not decrease average annual yields and can produce table olive groves that can be mechanically harvested at a cost and speed that is competitive with hand harvesting.

Download Full-text

Behavior of Vibrio spp. in Table Olives

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.650754 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Guiomar Denisse Posada-Izquierdo ◽

Antonio Valero ◽

Francisco Noé Arroyo-López ◽

Miriam González-Serrano ◽

Alfonso M. Ramos-Benítez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Optimal Growth ◽

Table Olives ◽

Foodborne Outbreak ◽

Laboratory Medium ◽

Kinetic Growth ◽

Challenge Testing ◽

Table Olive ◽

Vibrio Spp

The presence of Vibrio species in table olive fermentations has been confirmed by molecular biology techniques in recent studies. However, there has been no report of any foodborne outbreak caused by Vibrio due to the consumption of table olives, and their role as well as the environmental conditions allowing their survival in table olives has not been elucidated so far. The aims of this work were to model the behavior of an inoculated Vibrio cocktail in diverse table olive environments and study the possible behavior of an inoculated Vibrio cocktail in table olives. First, an in vitro study has been performed where the microbial behavior of a Vibrio cocktail was evaluated in a laboratory medium and in olive brines using predictive models at different NaCl concentrations (2–12%) and pH levels (4.0–9.0). Afterward, a challenge testing was done in lye-treated olives inoculated at the beginning of fermentation with the Vibrio cocktail for 22 days. The Vibrio cocktail inoculated in table olives has not been detected in olive brines during fermentation at different pH levels. However, it was observed that this microorganism in a laboratory medium could reach an optimal growth at pH 9 and 2% salt, without time of constant absorbance (tA), and the maximum absorbance value (yend) observed was at pH 8 and 2% salt conditions. The statistical analysis demonstrated that the effect of salt concentration was higher than pH for the kinetic growth parameters (μmax, tA, and yend). On the other hand, it was confirmed that no growth of the Vibrio cocktail on any sample was noticed in lye-treated olive fermentations. Thus, it was concluded that the presence of olive compounds (unknown) did not allow the development of Vibrio strains, so it is a very safety product as it has a natural antimicrobial compound, but the possibility that a native Vibrio sp. is able to acquire the capacity to adapt to this compound should be considered in further studies.

Download Full-text

In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Ripe Table Olive Mineral Nutrients

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9030275 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 275

Author(s):

Antonio López-López ◽

José María Moreno-Baquero ◽

Antonio Garrido-Fernández

Keyword(s):

Daily Intake ◽

Mineral Nutrients ◽

Table Olives ◽

Standard Application ◽

In Vitro Bioaccessibility ◽

Table Olive ◽

New Research ◽

First Time ◽

Digestion Methods

For the first time, the bioaccessibility of the mineral nutrients in ripe table olives and their contributions to the recommended daily intake (RDI), according to digestion methods (Miller’s vs. Crews’ protocols), digestion type (standard vs. modified, standard plus a post-digest re-extraction), and mineralisation system (wet vs. ashing) were studied. Overall, when the standard application was used, Miller’s protocol resulted in higher bioaccessibilities of Na, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe than the Crews’ method. The modified protocols improved most of these values, but the Crews’ results only approximated the Miller’s levels in the case of Na and K. The bioaccessibility of P was hardly affected by the factors studied, except that the modified Miller’s protocol led to higher levels when ashing. No significant effect of the mineralisation system was found. The modified Miller’s protocol, regardless of the mineralisation system, led to the overall highest bioaccessibility values in ripe olives, which were: Na (96%), K (95%), Ca (20%), Mg (73%), Fe (45%), and P (60%). Their potential contributions to the RDI, based on these bioaccessibilities and 100 g olive flesh service size, were then 29, 0.5, 4, 3, 33, and 1% respectively. The investigation has led to the development of a method for assessing the bioaccessibility of the mineral nutrients not only in ripe but also in the remaining table olive presentations and opens a new research line of great interest for producing healthier products.

Download Full-text

Rootstocks Influence Yield Precocity, Productivity, and Pre-Harvest Fruit Drop of Mandared Pigmented Mandarin

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10091305 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1305

Author(s):

Marco Caruso ◽

Alberto Continella ◽

Giulia Modica ◽

Claudia Pannitteri ◽

Riccardo Russo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Citrus Fruit ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Poncirus Trifoliata ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Citrus Paradisi ◽

Fruit Drop

Citrus fruit quality and scion productivity are influenced by the choice of rootstock. We aimed to evaluate the effect of rootstocks on yield and fruit quality of Mandared, a triploid pigmented mandarin. To do so, we established a rootstock field trial on a high pH soil (8.6) in which Mandared was grafted onto 11 rootstocks. These included some standard rootstocks, such as trifoliate orange ((Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.), Troyer citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × P. trifoliata), Swingle citrumelo (Citrus paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata), and C35 citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), as well as new releases from the Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA, Acireale, Italy) and the University of California Riverside (UCR). The cumulative yield was measured over five consecutive years, while fruit quality was analyzed for two years. The trees on C35, C57 (Citrus sunki Hort. ex. Tan. × P. trifoliata), and C22 (C. sunki × P. trifoliata), started to set fruits one year earlier than the others. The trees on C57 provided some of the highest cumulative yields and canopy volumes. The production of Mandared grafted onto C57 was double that of Mandared grafted onto Troyer, while Mandared grafted onto C35 and C22 resulted in the best yield efficiency. The trees on Swingle and C57 significantly reduced the pre-harvest fruit drop, to which Mandared is particularly sensitive. However, grafting Mandared onto Swingle resulted in the highest variation among replicates, probably due to its high sensitivity to iron chlorosis. Most of the fruit quality parameters, such as fruit size, total soluble solids (TSS), and acidity were not significantly different among the rootstock treatments. However, fruits produced by Mandared grafted onto C22 had one of the highest rates of anthocyanin accumulation. The results indicate that C57, C35, and C22 were the most suitable rootstocks for Mandared in South-Eastern Sicily.

Download Full-text