Growth and Ion Distribution Is Affected by Irrigation with Saline Water in Selected Landscape Species Grown in Two Consecutive Growing Seasons: Spring–summer and Fall–winter

Landscape irrigation is the second largest user of reclaimed water in industrialized countries; however, its high concentration of soluble salts, especially Na+ and Cl–, may induce growth reduction and leaf necrosis or bronzing in ornamental species. The present study was conducted to determine the growth and quality responses and nutritional ion imbalances of selected landscape species during the container production phase when subjected to irrigation with water of increasing NaCl + CaCl2 concentrations. Plants of boxwood [Buxus microphylla var. japonica (Mull. Arg. ex Miq) Rehder & E.H. Wilson], escallonia (Escallonia ×exoniensis hort. Veich ex Bean), hawthorn [Raphiolepis indica (L.) Lind. Ex Ker Gawl. × ‘Montic’], hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), and juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) were grown in a greenhouse in the Spring–Summer and in the Fall–Winter in separate experiments. Saline irrigation consisted of solutions with electrical conductivities (ECiw) of 0.6, 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS·m−1 in the Spring–Summer experiment and 0.6, 4, 6, 8, and 12 dS·m−1 in the Fall–Winter. Growth of the five species decreased when irrigated with saline waters. Leaf growth was highly sensitive to salinity and the average decrease in leaf dry weight was the criterion used to rank the tolerance of the species. In the Spring–Summer experiment, the ranking was (higher tolerance to lower tolerance): juniper ∼ boxwood > escallonia > hawthorn > hibiscus, whereas in Fall–Winter, the ranking was: juniper ∼ boxwood > hibiscus > escallonia > hawthorn. The species were ranked according to their visual attractiveness in the Spring–Summer experiment. The threshold ECiw at which visual attractiveness was affected gave the following ranking (higher to lower tolerance): hibiscus > juniper > escallonia > hawthorn > boxwood. Estimating the EC of drainage water from threshold ECiw, boxwood was classified as sensitive, hawthorn as moderately sensitive, escallonia as moderately tolerant, and hibiscus and juniper as highly tolerant. Tolerance of juniper was ascribed to Na+ and Cl– retention in the roots observed in both growing seasons and to the higher root biomass that allowed a higher accumulation of salts in this organ, preventing translocation to the leaves. Although boxwood exhibited acceptable tolerance in terms of growth, visual quality severely decreased; in contrast, growth of hibiscus was the most severely reduced but was rated as the most tolerant species in terms of visual quality. This opposite response may be the result of an excellent capacity to compartmentalize salts in hibiscus, whereas in boxwood, this mechanism may be absent.

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Biochar Reduces the Adverse Effect of Saline Water on Soil Properties and Wheat Production Profitability

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11111112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1112

Author(s):

Mohamed E. A. El-sayed ◽

Mohamed Hazman ◽

Ayman Gamal Abd El-Rady ◽

Lal Almas ◽

Mike McFarland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Saline Water ◽

Research Station ◽

Spring Bread Wheat ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Saline Groundwater ◽

Wheat Production ◽

Growing Seasons

The goal of this study is to assess the use of saline groundwater in combination with soil amendments to increase the efficiency of wheat production in new agricultural soil in Egypt. The experiment was conducted during the two consecutive growing seasons, 2019/2020 and 2020/2021, at the Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, Sohag, Egypt. In this study, plants of Shandaweel 1 spring bread wheat cultivar were grown under the combinations of the two water treatments, i.e., freshwater (307.2 ppm) and saline water (3000 ppm (NaCl + MgCl2)) representing groundwater in Egypt delivered by drip irrigation and the two biochar rates, i.e., zero and 4.8 ton/ha as a soil amendment. The cob corn biochar (CCB) was synthesized by using the slow pyrolysis process (one hour at 350 °C). The results revealed that saline water reduced the grain yield ratio by 8.5%, 11.0%, and 9.7% compared to non-saline water during seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 and over seasons, respectively. Concerning, combined over seasons, the biochar addition enhanced the grain yield by 5.6% and 13.8% compared to non-biochar addition under fresh and saline irrigation water conditions, respectively. Thus, the results indicated and led to a preliminary recommendation that saline groundwater is a viable source of irrigation water and that biochar seemed to alleviate salinity stress on wheat production and in reclaimed soils of Egypt.

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(115) Competition Between Vegetative and Reproductive Growth in Cranberry

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1048a ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 1048A-1048

Author(s):

Justine E. Vanden Heuvel ◽

Carolyn J. DeMoranville

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Leaf Growth ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Fruit Growth ◽

Lag Phase ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Sink Demand ◽

Vegetative And Reproductive Growth ◽

Competition For Resources

Competition between fruit and upright growth in cranberry has not been previously studied, but negative correlations reported between upright length/dry weight and yield indicate that sink demand from vegetative tissues may reduce fruit production. `Stevens', `Howes', and `Early Black' uprights and fruit were collected on either a weekly or bi-weekly basis through the growing seasons of 2002–04. The data indicated a shifting of resource allocation from leaf area and dry weight accumulation to fruit growth when about 1500 growing degree days (GDD, base 4.5 °C) had accumulated. Following the initial surge in fruit growth, leaf area and dry weight accumulation resumed at roughly 2300 GDD, resulting in a competition for resources with the developing fruit until after 3000 GDD. A lag phase in fruit diameter and dry weight accumulation was noted in some cultivars in some years, and may be partially due to the resumption of leaf growth. Roots, uprights, and fruit may all compete for resources during the hottest portion of the growing season.

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Using highly saline irrigation water for a fodder barley crop

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960003447x ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 96 (3) ◽

pp. 515-520 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Z. Hussain

Keyword(s):

Soil Salinity ◽

Considerable Increase ◽

Saline Water ◽

High Yield ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Short Period ◽

Saline Waters ◽

Irrigation Waters

SUMMARYThe aim of this investigation was to grow barley as a fodder crop under highly saline conditions. Saline irrigation waters with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 2·5, 4·0, 6·0 and 8·0 mmhos/cm respectively were used to irrigate test crops of barley over two growing seasons.It was concluded that in general more highly saline water leads to a considerable increase in soil salinity even over a short period of growth, and a close control of soil salinity through leaching is required. Saline water with an EC of 4·0 mmhos/cm may be utilized without excessively high yield reductions if the soil salinity is well maintained. The saline waters with an EC of 6·0 mmhos/cm and 8·0 mmhos/cm may lead to yield reduction, and they require careful managmeent to control soil salinity build-up.

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Evaluation of Ammonium Phosphate Fertilizers Efficiency on Growth and Yield of Wheat by Using Saline Water

Journal of Biotechnology Research Center ◽

10.24126/jobrc.2009.3.1.40 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

A.K.A. Jarallah ◽

H.M. Shukri

Keyword(s):

River Water ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Drainage System ◽

Ammonium Phosphate ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Silty Clay

A pot culture experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of two fertilizers, mono ammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP), on growth and yield of wheat irrigated with saline water. Six levels of saline water, 2.0 , 4.0 , 6.0 , 8.0 ,10.0 and 12.0 dSm-1 was used, and river water '1.0 dSm-1' as a control The above levels were obtained by mixing drainage water with river water. The experiment was designed according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Results show significant decrease in grain yield, total dry weight, weight of 100 seed, protein content, and N and P absorption with the increase in the salinity of irrigation water. The results also revealed that MAP fertilizer was superior to DAP fertilizer, and a negative linear relation between plant parameters and irrigation water salinity. The study was concluded that water with 4.0 dSm-1 salinity and leaching fraction to 20% can be safely used for irrigation of wheat cultivated in soil with silty clay texture with efficient drainage system under suitable agriculture practices. Ammonium phosphates are more efficient fertilizers for plants and MAP is superior to DAP.

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Feasibility of Using Saline Drainage Water for Processing-tomato Irrigation

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.4.838b ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 838B-838

Author(s):

J.P. Mitchell ◽

D.M. May ◽

C. Shennan

Keyword(s):

Root Zone ◽

Saline Water ◽

Tomato Fruit ◽

Irrigation Treatment ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Field Studies ◽

Drainage Water ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Processing Tomato

Field studies were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to assess the effects of irrigation with saline drainage water on processing-tomato fruit yields and quality constituents. Saline water (ECiw = 7 dS/m) was used for 66% of the seasonal irrigation requirements in 1992 and 82% in 1993. Yields of tomatoes irrigated with saline water were maintained relative to nonsaline irrigation in 1992, but were decreased by 33% in 1993. Juice Brix and Bostwick consistency were generally improved by irrigation with saline water. pH was unaffected by irrigation treatment, and titratable acidity, an estimate of citric acid content, was increased only in 1993. Calculated quantities for various marketable processed product yields reflect the dominant influence of fresh fruit yield that masked, to a large extent, whatever quality enhancements that may have derived from saline irrigation. The substantial tomato yield reduction that occurred in the second year of this study in plots irrigated with saline drainage water, the gradual surface accumulation of boron, as well as the significant salt buildup in lower portions of the crop root zone following drainage water irrigations demonstrate definitive limitations to the reuse approach and restrict options for the crops that can be grown in this system and the frequency of saline drainage reuse.

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Sodium Chloride Effects on Growth, Morphology, and Physiology of Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.43.6.1888 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (6) ◽

pp. 1888-1891 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

M. Kate Lee ◽

Marc W. van Iersel

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Plant Height ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Chrysanthemum Morifolium ◽

Quality Characteristic ◽

Small Reduction ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Shoot Dry Weight

As a result of the decreasing availability of high-quality irrigation water, salinity tolerance of greenhouse crops is of increasing importance. Saline irrigation water can have many negative effects on plants, but also has the potential to act as a growth regulator because of its ability to reduce plant height. To determine the effects of NaCl in the irrigation water on the growth, physiology, and nutrient uptake of chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Ramat.), plants were watered with solutions with different NaCl concentrations (0, 1, 3, 6, or 9 g·L−1). Plants receiving 9 g·L−1 NaCl had a 76% reduction in shoot dry weight, a 90% reduction in stomatal conductance (g S), and a 4-day delay in flowering compared with control plants. Chrysanthemums receiving 1 g·L−1 NaCl had a 4-cm reduction in height with only a small reduction in shoot dry weight. Stomatal conductance and transpiration were reduced by more than 60% by NaCl concentrations of 1 g·L−1 as compared with control plants. The combination of a small reduction in dry weight and a large decrease in transpiration resulted in increased water use efficiency when plants received 1 g·L−1 NaCl. Concentrations of 3 g·L−1 NaCl or higher resulted in poor-quality plants either as a result of wilting of the leaves (3 g·L−1) or severely stunted plants (6 and 9 g·L−1). Our findings indicate that chrysanthemums can be grown successfully with 1 g·L−1 NaCl in the irrigation water without negative impacts on plant quality. This has important implications for the greenhouse industry as the availability of nonsaline water decreases. Saline water may be more readily available and can have the added benefit of reduced plant height, which is an important quality characteristic for floriculture crops.

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Relative Salt Tolerance of Seven Japanese Spirea Cultivars

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04280-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 367-373

Author(s):

Yuxiang Wang ◽

Liqin Li ◽

Youping Sun ◽

Xin Dai

Keyword(s):

Salt Tolerance ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Solution ◽

Visual Quality ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Salt Damage ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Saline Solutions

Spirea (Spiraea sp.) plants are commonly used in landscapes in Utah and the intermountain western United States. The relative salt tolerance of seven japanese spirea (Spiraea japonica) cultivars (Galen, Minspi, NCSX1, NCSX2, SMNSJMFP, Tracy, and Yan) were evaluated in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solutions with an EC of 3.0 or 6.0 dS·m−1 once per week for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks after the initiation of treatment, all japanese spirea cultivars irrigated with saline solution with an EC of 3.0 dS·m−1 still exhibited good or excellent visual quality, with all plants having visual scores of 4 or 5 (0 = dead, 1 = severe foliar salt damage, 2 = moderate foliar salt damage, 3 = slight foliar salt damage, 4 = minimal foliar salt damage, 5 = excellent), except for Tracy and Yan, with only 29% and 64%, respectively, of plants with visual scores less than 3. When irrigated with saline solution with an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1, both ‘Tracy’ and ‘Yan’ plants died, and 75% of ‘NCSX2’ plants died. ‘Minspi’ showed severe foliar salt damage, with 32% of plants having a visual score of 1; 25% of plants died. ‘Galen’ and ‘NCSX1’ had slight-to-moderate foliar salt damage, with 25% and 21%, respectively, of plants with visual scores of 2 or less. However, 64% of ‘SMNSJMFP’ plants had good or excellent visual quality, with visual scores more than 4. Saline irrigation water with an EC of 3.0 dS·m−1 decreased the shoot dry weight of ‘Galen’, ‘Minspi’, ‘SMNSJMFP’, and ‘Yan’ by 27%, 22%, 28%, and 35%, respectively, compared with that of the control. All japanese spirea cultivars had 35% to 56% lower shoot dry weight than the control when they were irrigated with saline irrigation water with an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1. The japanese spirea were moderately sensitive to the salinity levels in this experiment. ‘Galen’ and ‘SMNSJMFP’ japanese spirea exhibited less foliar salt damage and reductions in shoot dry weight and were relatively more tolerant to the increased salinity levels tested in this study than the remaining five cultivars (Minspi, NCSX1, NCSX2, Tracy, and Yan).

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Physiological Responses of Pepper to Salinity and Drought

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.128.1.0048 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 128 (1) ◽

pp. 48-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Stefania De Pascale ◽

Celestino Ruggiero ◽

Giancarlo Barbieri ◽

Albino Maggio

Keyword(s):

Drought Stress ◽

Salt Tolerance ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Saline Water ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Matter Accumulation ◽

Vegetable Crops ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Root Shoot Ratio

Production of vegetable crops can be limited by saline irrigation water. The variability of crop salt tolerance under different environmental conditions requires species-specific and environment-specific field evaluations of salt tolerance. Data on field performances of vegetable crops grown on soils that have been irrigated with saline water for many years are lacking. In this study we analyzed the long-term effect of irrigation with saline water on soil properties and on responses of field-grown pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants in these soils. Yield, gas exchanges, water relations, and solute accumulation were measured in plants grown under three different irrigation treatments: a nonsalinized control (ECw = 0.5 dS·m-1) and two concentrations of commercial sea salt, corresponding to ECw of 4.4 and 8.5 dS·m-1, respectively. In addition, a nonwatered drought stress treatment was included. Irrigation water with an EC of 4.4 dS·m-1 resulted in 46% reduction in plant dry weight (leaves plus stem) and 25% reduction in marketable yield. Increasing the electrical conductivity of the irrigation water to 8.5 dS·m-1 caused a 34% reduction in plant dry weight and a 58% reduction in marketable yield. Leaf and root cellular turgor and net CO2 assimilation rates of leaves in salt-stressed plants decreased along with a reduction in leaf area and dry matter accumulation. High concentrations of Na+ and Cl- in the irrigation water did not significantly alter the level of K+ in leaves and fruit. In contrast, drought stressed plants had higher concentrations of leaf K+ compared to well watered control plants. These results indicate that Na+ and K+ may play similar roles in maintaining cellular turgor under salinity and drought stress, respectively. The regulation of ion loading to the shoots was most likely functionally associated with physiological modifications of the root/shoot ratio that was substantially smaller in salinized vs. drought stressed plants. From an agronomic perspective, irrigation with moderately saline water (4.4 dS·m-1) it is recommendable, compared to no irrigation, to obtain an acceptable marketable yield in the specific environment considered.

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Effect of Salinity on the Growth Characteristics of Solanum aethiopicum L. (Solanaceae)

Asian Research Journal of Agriculture ◽

10.9734/arja/2020/v12i330084 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 17-22

Author(s):

S. I. Mensah ◽

C. Ekeke ◽

M. Udom

Keyword(s):

Growth Parameters ◽

Saline Water ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Economic Plant ◽

Stomatal Complex ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Solanum Aethiopicum ◽

Long Run ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Salinity affects various morphological and anatomical characters of plants thereby reducing the yield of the plant in the long run. Solanum aethiopicum L. is an economic plant that is versatile for human use ranging from food to traditional medicine. Experiment was conducted to assay the impact of saline irrigation on some growth parameters (plant height, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight and size of stomatal complex). Results of the experiment showed that for most parameters studied that the values obtained for the treatments are reduced compared to the control, thereby establishing that saline water harmed S. aethiopicum L. There is no significant difference in the plant from week 5 (i.e. 2 weeks after application of saline water) but at week 6 and 7 (i.e. 3 and 4 weeks after application of saline water respectively), there was significant difference in the parameters. Therefore it is advised that S. aethiopicum L. be grown on soils with low or no content of salinity to maintain optimum growth and development of the plant.

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Effect of magnetized salt water on seed germination and seedling growth of Alletiffia wheat cultivar Tritcium aestivum L.

Journal of Biotechnology Research Center ◽

10.24126/jobrc.2011.5.3.179 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 32-38

Author(s):

Ismail E. N. ◽

Hassan S. M. ◽

Mageed. D. M. ◽

Rasheed. K. A. ◽

Abd A. S. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Seedling Growth ◽

Wheat Cultivar ◽

Saline Water ◽

Salt Water ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Saline Irrigation ◽

Magnetized Water

A Study was conducted the effect of saline water irrigation with different levels of NaCl (6, 12, 18) Decisemins/M in addition with the control treatment. The saline water magnetized through a proper magnetic field with (1000, 1250, 1500, 2000) gaus in addition control treatment. Seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling growth of Alletiffia wheat cultivar were investigated. The result indicated significant increasing in most character studies such as, seed germination, seedling emergence, shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of shoot, root, and leaf area. On the other hand, all character studies were significantly decreased when used saline irrigation water. The result also showed significant interaction between the magnetized water and saline water which used in irrigation pots in most characters studies.

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