scholarly journals Salt Tolerance of Three Tree Species Differing in Native Habitats and Leaf Traits

HortScience ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1194-1200
Author(s):  
Nisa Leksungnoen ◽  
Roger K. Kjelgren ◽  
Richard C. Beeson ◽  
Paul G. Johnson ◽  
Grant E. Cardon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Native Habitat ◽  
Saline Habitats ◽  
Salinity Levels

We investigated if salt tolerance can be inferred from observable cues based on a woody species’ native habitat and leaf traits. Such inferences could improve species selection for urban landscapes constrained by soils irrigated with reclaimed water. We studied the C3 tree species Acer grandidentatum Nutt. (canyon maple; xeric-non-saline habitat) that was hypothesized to have some degree of salt tolerance based on its semiarid but non-saline native habitat. We compared it with A. macrophyllum Pursh. (bigleaf maple) from mesic/riparian-non-saline habitats with much larger leaves and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (eucalyptus/red gum) from mesic-saline habitats with schlerophyllous evergreen leaves. Five levels of increasing salt concentrations (non-saline control to 12 dS·m−1) were applied over 5 weeks to container-grown seedling trees in two separate studies, one in summer and the other in fall. We monitored leaf damage, gas exchange, and hydric behavior as measures of tree performance for 3 weeks after target salinity levels were reached. Eucalyptus was the most salt-tolerant among the species. At all elevated salinity levels, eucalyptus excluded salt from its root zone, unlike either maple species. Eucalyptus maintained intact, undamaged leaves with no effect on photosynthesis but with minor reductions in stomatal conductance (gS). Conversely, bigleaf maple suffered increasing leaf damage, nearly defoliated at the highest levels, with decreasing gas exchange as salt concentration increased. Canyon maple leaves were not damaged and gas exchange was minimally affected at 3 dS·m−1 but showed increasing damage at higher salt concentration. Salt-tolerant eucalyptus and riparian bigleaf maple framed canyon maple’s moderate salt tolerance up to 3 dS·m−1 that appears related to seasonal soil drying in its semiarid native habitat. These results highlight the potential to infer a degree of salt tolerance from either native habitat or known drought tolerance in selecting plant species for urban landscapes limited by soil salinity or brackish irrigation water. Observable cues such as xeri-morphic leaf traits may also provide visual evidence of salt tolerance.

scholarly journals Relative Salinity Tolerance of Turf-type Saltgrass Selections

HortScience ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.L. Qian ◽  
J.M. Fu ◽  
S.J. Wilhelm ◽  
D. Christensen ◽  
A.J. Koski
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Hydroponic Culture ◽  
Distichlis Spicata ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Irrigation Waters

Salt-tolerant turfgrass is highly desirable in areas associated with saline soils or saline irrigation waters. To determine the salt tolerance of 14 saltgrass [Distichlis spicata var. stricta (Greene)] selections, two greenhouse studies were conducted by means of a hydroponic culture system. Five salinity levels (from 2 to 48 dS·m−1) were created with ocean salts. In general, turf quality decreased and leaf firing increased as salinity increased. However, varying levels of salt tolerance were observed among selections based on leaf firing, turf quality, root growth, and clipping yield. Selections COAZ-01, COAZ-18, CO-01, and COAZ-19 exhibited the best turf quality and the least leaf firing at 36 and 48 dS·m−1 salinity levels in both Experiments 1 and 2. At the highest salinity level (48 dS·m−1), COAZ-18 and COAZ-19 exhibited the highest root activity among all accessions. Salinity levels that caused 25% clipping reduction ranged from 21.2 to 29.9 dS·m−1 and were not significantly different among entries. The data on 25% clipping reduction salinity of saltgrass generated in this study rank saltgrass as one of the most salt-tolerant species that can be used as turf.

scholarly journals Screening for Salt Tolerance in Melons

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 905-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Mendlinger ◽  
Dov Pasternak
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Cucumis Melo ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Mean Time

Twenty melon (Cucumis melo L.) cultigens (cultivars and breeding lines) were tested for salt tolerance. All cultigens were grown in the field using drip irrigation at three salt salinity levels: electrical conductivity (ECw = 1.2, 7.5, or 14.0 dS·m-1. Nineteen of the 20 cultigens proved to be salt-sensitive, as measured by reduction in fruit weight, but not necessarily to the same degree (i.e., some cultigens were tolerant at ECw = 7.5, whereas others were not). One line, `Evan Key', was salt-tolerant at ECw= 14.0. Increasing salinity levels did not affect the number of fruits produced in most cultigens. Overall, increasing salinity reduced netting quality but increased the total soluble solids content and shortened mean time to harvest in seven cultigens.

scholarly journals Response of three strawberry cultivars (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) to different salinity levels in irrigation water

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kurunc ◽  
C. Cekic
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
River Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Electrical Conductivities ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Strawberry Cultivars

Irrigation with saline waters is an agricultural practice that becomes increasingly common as competition for fresh water increases. In this study, three strawberry cultivars (Fragaria &times; ananassa Duch.) were tested for their salt tolerance. For this purpose, five salinity levels in water with electrical conductivities (EC<sub>i</sub>) of 1.1, 1.6, 2.1, 2.5, 2.9 dS/m and river water as control (0.5 dS/m) were used in a randomised design with four replications. Percent leaf damage at two dates and accumulation of salts in soil were determined for each cultivar. Considering the results, Maraline is the most tolerant to salinity. Severe effects of salt on Muir and Tudla growth were observed even at EC<sub>i</sub> 1.1 dS/m. The higher the level of EC<sub>i</sub> of irrigation water, the higher the soil EC<sub>e</sub> produced. In general, the highest soil EC<sub>e</sub>&rsquo;s were produced by Muir followed by Tudla experiment. &nbsp; &nbsp;

scholarly journals Screening of Purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) Accessions for High Salt Tolerance

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Amirul Alam ◽  
Abdul Shukor Juraimi ◽  
M. Y. Rafii ◽  
Azizah Abdul Hamid ◽  
Farzad Aslani
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salinity Stress ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Population Pressure ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Cultivable Land ◽  
High Salt Tolerance ◽  
Crop Variety

Purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.) is an herbaceous leafy vegetable crop, comparatively more salt-tolerant than any other vegetables with high antioxidants, minerals, and vitamins. Salt-tolerant crop variety development is of importance due to inadequate cultivable land and escalating salinity together with population pressure. In this view a total of 25 purslane accessions were initially selected from 45 collected purslane accessions based on better growth performance and subjected to 5 different salinity levels, that is, 0.0, 10.0, 20.0, 30.0, and 40.0 dS m−1NaCl. Plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, and dry matter contents in salt treated purslane accessions were significantly reduced (P≤0.05) and the enormity of reduction increased with increasing salinity stress. Based on dry matter yield reduction, among all 25 purslane accessions 2 accessions were graded as tolerant (Ac7 and Ac9), 6 accessions were moderately tolerant (Ac3, Ac5, Ac6, Ac10, Ac11, and Ac12), 5 accessions were moderately susceptible (Ac1, Ac2, Ac4, Ac8, and Ac13), and the remaining 12 accessions were susceptible to salinity stress and discarded from further study. The selected 13 purslane accessions could assist in the identification of superior genes for salt tolerance in purslane for improving its productivity and sustainable agricultural production.

scholarly journals Identification of a Novel Salt-Tolerant Streptomyces Isolate with Bio-Fertilizing Property

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Rebah N. Algafari ◽  
Ibrahim I. Hasan ◽  
Ghayda A. Al-Joubory
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Germinating Seeds ◽  
Streptomyces Isolate

<p><em>A 65 local Streptomyces isolates were tested for their salt tolerance ability. Four of them were found to grow on 6% salt concentration medium. These were selected as candidates for bio-fertilizing use. Only one of them named Streptomyces NS-38 was found to pose such trait by enhancing accelerated seed germination of different types of plants on salt and normal media. Result showed that incubation of seeds with this bacterium extract for 15 hours before implantation increased the number of germinating seeds and yield significantly.</em></p>

Differential Response of Wheat and Barley Genotypes to Substrate-induced Salinity under North Indian Conditions

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Prabhakaran Nair ◽  
N. C. Khulbe
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Differential Response ◽  
Potassium Ions ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Plant System ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Barley Genotypes

SUMMARYTen wheat and six barley genotypes were tested for their response to soil salinity regimes varying from 0 to 16 mmhos cm−1. Barley showed remarkable resistance to salt stress, linked to its capability to resist efflux of potassium ions from the plant system. Both crops showed substantial yield reductions at 12 mmhos cm−1, but barley still outyielded wheat by over 50%. There were significant interactions between salinity levels and genotypes in wheat but not in barley.The wheat variety Sonalika showed poor salt tolerance. The implications of these findings in breeding salt-tolerant varieties are discussed.

scholarly journals Growth Response and Gene Expression in Antioxidant-related Enzymes in Two Bermudagrass Genotypes Differing in Salt Tolerance

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longxing Hu ◽  
Zehui Huang ◽  
Shuqian Liu ◽  
Jinmin Fu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Antioxidant Gene ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Gene Expression Alterations

Plant adaptation to salt stress may be associated with morphological, physiological, and gene expression alterations. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of salt stress on morphological and antioxidant enzyme changes and its gene expressions in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Salt-tolerant ‘C43’ and salt-sensitive ‘C198’, previously determined in our preliminary study, were subjected to four salinity levels: 0 mm (control), 100 mm (low), 200 mm (moderate), and 400 mm (high) NaCl for 21 days. Salt stress decreased turf quality and canopy height, especially in ‘C198’. Salt stress increased root length, root number, root fresh weight, and root/shoot length ratio, to a greater extent in salt-tolerant genotype. Salt stress increased Na+ and decreased K+ content, which resulted in a higher Na+/K+ ratio in bermudagrass, to a great extent in shoot and root of ‘C198’. Moderate (200 mm) and high (400 mm) salt concentration increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content in old leaves of ‘C198’. ‘C43’ exhibited a greater activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and dehydro-ascorbate reductase (DHAR) than ‘C198’ in old leaves subjected to 200 and 400 mm NaCl. Antioxidant gene expressions were upregulated in new leaves and downregulated in old leaves with increasing salinity levels for both genotypes. Salt-tolerant genotypes exhibited a relatively greater antioxidant gene expression than salt-sensitive ones when exposed to the same level of salt stress. These results suggested that SOD, CAT, APX, and DHAR might be involved in scavenging salt stress-induced reactive oxygen species in bermudagrass at the level of gene expression. Salt tolerance might be attributed to the development and maintenance of a more extensive root system under saline conditions and induced antioxidant gene expressions, leading to more efficient enzyme stimulation and protection in bermudagrass.

scholarly journals Gas Exchange and Mineral Nutrition of 12 Viburnum Taxa Irrigated with Saline Water

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1242-1250
Author(s):  
Ji Jhong Chen ◽  
Haifeng Xing ◽  
Asmita Paudel ◽  
Youping Sun ◽  
Genhua Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Mineral Nutrition ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Visual Score ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Saline Solutions

More than half of residential water in Utah is used for landscape irrigation. Reclaimed water has been used to irrigate urban landscapes to conserve municipal water. High salt levels in reclaimed water may pose osmotic stress and ion toxicity to salt-sensitive plants. Viburnums are commonly used landscape plants, but salinity tolerance of species and cultivars is unclear. The objective of this study was to characterize gas exchanges and mineral nutrition responses of 12 viburnum taxa subjected to salinity stress in a greenhouse study. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.3 dS·m–1 or saline solution at an EC of 5.0 dS·m–1 or 10.0 dS·m–1. The net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gS), and transpiration rate (E) of all viburnum taxa, except for Viburnum ×burkwoodii and V. בNCVX1’, decreased to various degrees with increasing salinity levels. The Pn, gS, and E of V. ×burkwoodii and V. בNCVX1’ were unaffected by saline solutions of 5.0 dS·m–1 at the 4th and 9th week after treatment initiation, with the exception of the Pn of V. ×burkwoodii, which decreased at the 9th week. Leaf sodium (Na+) and chloride (Cl–) concentrations of all viburnum taxa increased as salinity levels increased. Viburnum ×burkwoodii had relatively low leaf Na+ and Cl– when irrigated with saline solutions of 10.0 dS·m–1. Plant growth and gas exchange parameters, including visual score, plant height, Pn, gS, E, and water use efficiency (WUE) correlated negatively with leaf Na+ and Cl– concentrations. The ratio of potassium (K+) to Na+ (K+/Na+) and ratio of calcium (Ca2+) to Na+ (Ca2+/Na+) decreased when salinity levels increased. Visual score, plant height, Pn, gS, E, and WUE correlated positively with the K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios. These results suggest excessive Na+ and Cl– accumulation inhibited plant photosynthesis and growth, and affected K+ and Ca2+ uptake negatively.

Association of salt tolerance at seedling emergence with adult plant performance in slender wheatgrass

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Pearen ◽  
M. D. Pahl ◽  
M. S. Wolynetz ◽  
R. Hermesh
Keyword(s):  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Adult Plant ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Agropyron Elongatum ◽  
Tall Wheatgrass ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
Agropyron Trachycaulum ◽  
Slender Wheatgrass

Regrowth of 15 slender wheatgrass (SWG, Elymus trachycalus sp. Trachycalus (= Agropyron trachycaulum Link Malte) lines was evaluated after 3 (harvest-one) and 11 wk (harvest-two) after clipping at four salinity levels. Lines were previously categorized into salt-tolerant (TOL) and non salt-tolerant (NT) accessions based on percent emergence at 15 mS cm−1 relative to a salt-tolerant control, tall wheatgrass (TWG, Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv. [= Thinopyron ponticum (Podpera) Lu & Wong]. Regrowth of five TOL, five NT, five untested (UT) SWG lines and TWG were compared in a greenhouse with nutrient solutions salinized to ECe values of 2, 7, 15, and 23 mS cm−1. Regrowth of all SWG lines decreased from 68 to 98% as salinity increased. Orbit tall wheatgrass shoots were about threefold larger than SWG shoots at 15 and 23 mS cm−1. Phenological development of NT lines was slower (P ≤ 0.05) than that of TOL and UT lines at all ECe levels. However, shoot growth of NT lines exceeded (P ≤ 0.05) that of TOL lines at 23 mS cm−1. Regrowth after 3 and 11 wk were correlated within ECe levels, (r = 0.22 to r = 0.34, P ≤ 0.01). Lack of a positive relationship between lines selected for emergence in saline media and their subsequent growth under saline conditions indicates that improvements in adult plant growth under saline conditions will require additional selection for appropriate traits in SWG. Key words: Slender wheatgrass, Elymus trachycalus sp. trachycalus (= Agropyron trachycaulum Link Malte), tall wheatgrass, Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv. (= Thinopyron ponticum (Podpera) Lu & Wong), salt tolerance, genetic screening, emergence

scholarly journals Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm at the Germination Stage

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1569
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Shahid Hussain ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Yonghao Liu ◽  
Qing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Salt Tolerance ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Seedling Vigor ◽  
Salt Tolerant ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Fuzzy Function ◽  
Vigor Index ◽  
Salt Tolerant Cultivars ◽  
D Value

Salt stress reduces the yield and quality of rice. It is of great significance to screen out salt-tolerant varieties for the development and utilization of saline land. The study was carried out on 114 rice varieties; first, seven varieties were selected and treated with different salt concentrations (0, 50, 85, 120, 155, 190, 225 mM), and seven traits, including germination energy, germination capacity, shoot length, root length, root number, plant fresh weight, and seedling vigor index, were measured. The salt concentration at which the sodium chloride injury index was 50% of the control was considered the optimal salt concentration. Second, 114 rice germplasms were carried out under an optimal salt concentration (120 mM). Then, principal component analysis, fuzzy function analysis, stepwise regression analysis, correlation analysis, and systematic cluster analysis were carried out on each parameter. There was a significant correlation between each parameter and the D-value, and the correlation coefficient between the seedling vigor index and D-value was the highest. D-value = − 0.272 + 1.335 × STI − SVI + 0.549 × STI − RN − 0.617 × STI-RL + 0.073 × STI − GE, R2 = 0.986. Using this equation, the sodium chloride tolerance of rice in the germination experiment could be quickly identified. This study showed that the seedling vigor index was a reliable parameter to identify the salinity tolerance of rice varieties. Five groups were obtained by classification at a Euclidean distance of 5. There were 8 highly salt-tolerant cultivars, 23 salt-tolerant cultivars, 42 cultivars with moderate salt tolerance, 33 salt-sensitive cultivars, and 8 highly salt-sensitive cultivars. In this study, we found that Riguang was the most salt-tolerant rice variety, and Xiangxuejing15 was the most salt-sensitive variety.

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