scholarly journals The Effect of Irrigation Frequency, Phosphorus Fertigation, and Cultivar on Levels of Phenolic Compounds in Sweet Cherries

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (10) ◽  
pp. 1507-1512
Author(s):  
Kelly Ross ◽  
Gerry Neilsen ◽  
Denise Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Wood Mulch

This work examined the effect of irrigation frequency and phosphorus (P) fertigation on the levels of phenolic compounds present in two sweet cherry cultivars, ‘Skeena’ and ‘Cristalina’, over three growing seasons (2012–14). Two irrigation treatments were tested: a high irrigation frequency (I1) and a low irrigation frequency (I2). Both irrigation treatments applied the same quantities of water [100% evapotranspiration (ET)], but the high irrigation frequency applied water four times daily (0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 hr) whereas the low irrigation frequency was applied at one time (0900 hr) every second day. Three soil management treatments were investigated, including 1) an unmulched control receiving no P, 2) a 10-cm waste wood mulch receiving no P, and 3) a treatment involving annual fertigation of 20 g P/tree at full bloom as ammonium polyphosphate. It was determined that cultivar was the most important factor affecting levels of phenolic compounds in sweet cherries, with generally greater levels associated with ‘Skeena’. The effect of different irrigation and fertilization strategies showed less promising results in terms of influencing levels of phenolic compounds. Both severe and mild water stress did not show an appreciable influence on increasing levels of phenolic compounds in cherries. Furthermore, severe water stress, which occurred during 2012, was associated with the lowest annual concentration of phenolic compounds and an economically unacceptable reduction in fruit size. Phosphorus fertigation influenced cherry phosphorus status positively by increasing leaf and fruit P concentrations consistently, yet these fruit exhibited lower levels of phenolic compounds.

Citrus Irrigation Management

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davie Mayeso Kadyampakeni ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Mongi Zekri ◽  
Rhuanito Ferrarezi ◽  
Arnold Schumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Citrus Production

Water is a limiting factor in Florida citrus production during the majority of the year because of the low water holding capacity of sandy soils resulting from low clay and the non-uniform distribution of the rainfall. In Florida, the major portion of rainfall comes in June through September. However, rainfall is scarce during the dry period from February through May, which coincides with the critical stages of bloom, leaf expansion, fruit set, and fruit enlargement. Irrigation is practiced to provide water when rainfall is not sufficient or timely to meet water needs. Proper irrigation scheduling is the application of water to crops only when needed and only in the amounts needed; that is, determining when to irrigate and how much water to apply. With proper irrigation scheduling, yield will not be limited by water stress. With citrus greening (HLB), irrigation scheduling is becoming more important and critical and growers cannot afford water stress or water excess. Any degree of water stress or imbalance can produce a deleterious change in physiological activity of growth and production of citrus trees.  The number of fruit, fruit size, and tree canopy are reduced and premature fruit drop is increased with water stress.  Extension growth in shoots and roots and leaf expansion are all negatively impacted by water stress. Other benefits of proper irrigation scheduling include reduced loss of nutrients from leaching as a result of excess water applications and reduced pollution of groundwater or surface waters from the leaching of nutrients. Recent studies have shown that for HLB-affected trees, irrigation frequency should increase and irrigation amounts should decrease to minimize water stress from drought stress or water excess, while ensuring optimal water availability in the rootzone at all times.

scholarly journals Stem Water Potential and Apple Size

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Naor ◽  
Isaac Klein ◽  
Israel Doron
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Plant Water Stress ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Highly Correlated

The sensitivity of leaf (ψleaf) and stem (ψstem) water potential and stomatal conductance (gs) to soil moisture availability in apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees and their correlation with yield components were studied in a field experiment. Two drip irrigation treatments, 440 mm (H) and 210 mm (L), were applied to a `Golden Delicious' apple orchard during cell enlargement stage (55-173 days after full bloom). Data collected included ψstem, y leaf, gs, and soil water potential at 25 (ψsoil-25) and 50 cm (ψsoil-50). No differences in midday ψleaf's were found between irrigation treatments. Stem water potential was higher in the H treatment than in the L treatment in diurnal measurements, and at midday throughout the season. Stomatal conductance of the H treatment was higher than the L treatment throughout the day. Stomatal conductance between 0930 and 1530 hr were highly correlated with ψstem. The H treatment increased the percentage of fruit >65 mm, and increased the proportion of earlier harvested fruit reaching marketable size compared to the L treatment. Fruit size in the first harvest and the total yield were highly correlated with ψstem. The degree of correlation between plant water stress indicators and yield component decreased in the following order: ψstem>ψsoil-25,>ψsoil-50>ψleaf. The data suggest that midday ψstem may serve as a preferable plant water stress indicator with respect to fruit size.

scholarly journals Fruit Quality Characterization of New Sweet Cherry Cultivars as a Good Source of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Potential

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 677
Author(s):  
Fabiana Antognoni ◽  
Giulia Potente ◽  
Roberto Mandrioli ◽  
Cristina Angeloni ◽  
Michela Freschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Total Anthocyanin ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Array Detection ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
New Cultivars

Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) are highly appreciated fruits for their taste, color, nutritional value, and beneficial health effects. In this work, seven new cultivars of sweet cherry were investigated for their main quality traits and nutraceutical value. The phytochemical profile of three classes of phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity of the new cultivars were investigated through high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) and spectrophotometric assays, respectively, and compared with those of commonly commercialized cultivars. Cyanidine-3-O-rutinoside was the main anthocyanin in all genotypes, and its levels in some new cultivars were about three-fold higher than in commercial ones. The ORAC-assayed antioxidant capacity was positively correlated with the total anthocyanin index. The nutraceutical value of the new cultivars was investigated in terms of antioxidant/neuroprotective capacity in neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Results demonstrated that the new cultivars were more effective in counteracting oxidative stress and were also able to upregulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a pro-survival neurotrophin, suggesting their potential pleiotropic role in counteracting neurodegenerations.

scholarly journals Magnolia and Viburnum Plant Factors at Different Growing Seasons and Allowed Depletion Levels in a Monsoonal Climate

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1744
Author(s):  
Hongyan Sun ◽  
Roger Kjelgren ◽  
Michael D. Dukes ◽  
Richard C. Beeson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Water Depletion ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Zone Water

We investigated seasonal water use, growth and acceptable root-zone water depletion levels to develop tools for the more precise irrigation of two Southeast U.S. landscape species in a monsoonal climate—Magnolia grandiflora and Viburnum odoratissimum. The study was conducted under a rainout shelter consisting of two concurrent studies. One, weighing lysimeter readings of quantified water use (ETA) at different levels of irrigation frequency that dried the root zone to different allowable depletion levels (ADL). Two, planting the same species and sizes inground and irrigating them to the same ADLs to assess the effect of root-zone water depletion on growth. The projected crown area (PCA) and crown volume were concurrently measured every three weeks in both studies as well as reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Plant factor values were calculated from the ratio of ETA (normalized to depth units by PCA) to ETo. The two species had different tolerances for irrigation frequency depending on the season: peak magnolia canopy growth was mid-spring to mid-summer, while peak viburnum canopy growth was summer. Canopy growth for both species was most sensitive to greater ADL-water stress during the peak growth stages of both species. For urban landscape irrigation, these data suggest that 60–75% of available water in magnolia and viburnum root zones can be depleted before irrigation and that they can be irrigated at a plant factor (PF) value of 0.6 of ETo. For landscape situations with high expectations, such as during establishment and especially during peak growth, a wetter water budget that minimizes water stress would be more appropriate: 30–45% ADL and PF values of 0.7–0.8. The results of this study are aimed at water managers and landscape architects and designers in a humid climate who need to account for water demand in planning scenarios.

scholarly journals Characterizing the Frequency Distributions for Fruit Firmness of Sweet Cherry Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 775-783
Author(s):  
Kareen Stanich ◽  
Margaret Cliff ◽  
Cheryl Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Fruit Firmness ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Sweet Cherries ◽  
Storage Effects ◽  
Soft Fruit ◽  
Sweet Cherry Cultivars ◽  
Storage Times ◽  
And Storage

Fruit firmness is among the most important characteristics for the quality of sweet cherries. However, little has been published on its underlying frequency distribution. This research was undertaken to examine the firmness distributions (n = 48) from six cultivars [Sandra Rose, Summit, Lapins, Skeena, Sumtare (Sweetheart™), and 13S2009 (Staccato™)], two field treatments [with or without gibberellic acid (GA)], two storage times (0 and 7 days), and two growing seasons (2013 and 2014). Fruit was sampled (n = 300) at optimal maturity and firmness was evaluated using the FirmTech2 Fruit Firmness Tester. Firmness distributions were examined using descriptive statistics: mean, median, standard deviation (sd), minimum, maximum, range, skewness, and excess kurtosis. Nonnormality was assessed using skewness and kurtosis test statistics. Exponential models were fitted to the ascending and descending portions of the distributions and the proportion of “too soft” (percentage < 2.56 N·mm−1) and “too hard” (percentage > 4.71 N·mm−1) fruit was determined. A relatively high proportion of distributions were nonnormal (16/24 to 18/24), either skewed, peaked, or both. While most skewed distributions were skewed negatively, with a higher proportion of softer fruit, the distributions for ‘Sandra Rose’ were skewed positively, with a higher proportion of firmer fruit. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed seasonal, cultivar, treatment, and storage effects among three subsets of cultivars with differing characteristic firmness. The softer early-harvest cultivars (Sandra Rose and Summit) had a higher proportion of “too soft” fruit. GA and storage treatments increased mean firmness and reduced the proportion of “too soft” fruit. The firmer late-harvest cultivars (Skeena, Sumtare, and 13S2009) had a small proportion of “too hard” fruit (0% to 19.3%). The work gained insight into the nature of the firmness distributions for sweet cherries and the type of statistics that are most appropriate for analyzing the data.

scholarly journals Water Stress and Crop Level Interactions in Relation to Nectarine Yield, Fruit Size Distribution, and Water Potentials

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Naor ◽  
I. Klein ◽  
H. Hupert ◽  
Y. Grinblat ◽  
M. Peres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Water Potentials ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments

The interactions between irrigation and crop level with respect to fruit size distribution and soil and stem water potentials were investigated in a nectarine (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. `Fairlane') orchard located in a semiarid zone. Irrigation treatments during stage III of fruit growth ranged from 0.62 to 1.29 of potential evapotranspiration (ETp). Fruit were hand thinned to a wide range of fruit levels (200 to 1200 fruit/tree in the 555-tree/ha orchard). Total yield did not increase with increasing irrigation rate above 0.92 ETp in 1996 and maximum yield was found at 1.06 ETp in 1997. Fruit size distribution was shifted towards larger fruit with increasing irrigation level and with decreasing crop level. The two highest irrigation treatments had similar midday stem water potentials. Our findings indicate that highest yields and highest water use efficiency (yield/water consumption) are not always related to minimum water stress. Total yield and large fruit yield were highly and better correlated with midday stem water potential than with soil water potential. This confirms other reports that midday stem water potential is an accurate indicator of tree water stress and may have utility in irrigation scheduling.

scholarly journals WATER REQUIREMENTS OF WOODY LANDSCAPE SHRUBS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1095c-1095
Author(s):  
James E. Klett ◽  
Carl Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Cornus Sericea ◽  
Additional Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Juniperus Sabina ◽  
Water Treatments

Four woody plant species were grown during the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons under three irrigation treatments at two sites in two soil types. The three irrigation treatments which were implemented included: 1) control, 2) drip irrigated with no water stress, and 3) drip irrigated with water stress. Rainfall and additional water applied during the 1988 and '89 growing seasons were recorded. Analysis of this data showed the no stress treatment receiving more water at both sites, especially in 1989. After two years of growth, no statistical differences in new growth (height) were observed with any plant species evaluated at either site from the three water treatments. Comparing new growth, no statistical differences were observed except with Juniperus sabina. No visual differences were observed with Ribes alpinum and Cornus sericea. Visual differences were observed with Potentilla fruticosa and Juniperus sabina. The experiment will be continued during the 1990 growing season.

scholarly journals Physiological and Yield Responses of Green-Shelled Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Grown under Restricted Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 562
Author(s):  
Karen Campos ◽  
Andrés R. Schwember ◽  
Daniel Machado ◽  
Mónica Ozores-Hampton ◽  
Pilar M. Gil
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Pot Experiment ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Severe Water Stress ◽  
The Face ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Responses

Common bean is an important crop, consumed as green-shelled bean in several countries. In Chile, green-shelled beans are cultivated often as a dry land crop, vulnerable to drought. The objective of this study was to characterize the hydric and productive responses of four green-shelled bean genotypes subjected to deficit irrigation in order to outline production strategies in the face of increasing water scarcity. Two experiments were evaluated: one pot experiment with three irrigation treatments, supplying 100% of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (T100), 50% (T50), and 30% (T30); and an open field experiment with two treatments: 100% (I100) and 40% of ETc (I40). Treatments were applied during reproductive stage in determinate cultivars and vegetative stage in indeterminate plants. Severe water restriction (T30 and I40) in both experiments showed a significant decrease in stomatal conductances, as well as biomass and number of grains per pod; I40 treatment also showed a reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence. Water use efficiency (WUE) was higher under water stress in field (I40), but lower on the T30 treatment from the pot experiment. Determinate cultivars showed 22.7% higher of 100-seed weight compared to indeterminate type, and, thus, higher tolerance to drought. Our results indicate that severe water stress is highly harmful in terms of yield, and a moderate controlled deficit irrigation plus the use of determinate genotypes may be a strategy for producing green-shelled bean successfully under a drought scenario.

Red spruce seedling gas exchange in response to elevated CO2, water stress, and soil fertility treatments

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 954-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J. Samuelson ◽  
J.R. Seiler
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Fertility Treatment ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Growing Seasons

The interactive influences of ambient (374 μL•L−1) or elevated (713 μL•L−1) CO2, low or high soil fertility, well-watered or water-stressed treatment, and rooting volume on gas exchange and growth were examined in red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.) grown from seed through two growing seasons. Leaf gas exchange throughout two growing seasons and growth after two growing seasons in response to elevated CO2 were independent of soil fertility and water-stress treatments, and rooting volume. During the first growing season, no reduction in leaf photosynthesis of seedlings grown in elevated CO2 compared with seedlings grown in ambient CO2 was observed when measured at the same CO2 concentration. During the second growing season, net photosynthesis was up to 21% lower for elevated CO2-grown seedlings than for ambient CO2-grown seedlings when measured at 358 μL•L−1. Thus, photosynthetic acclimation to growth in elevated CO2 occurred gradually and was not a function of root-sink strength or soil-fertility treatment. However, net photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured at an elevated CO2 concentration was still over 2 times greater than the photosynthesis of seedlings grown and measured at an ambient CO2 concentration. Growth enhancement by CO2 was maintained, since seedlings grown in elevated CO2 were 40% larger in both size and weight after two growing seasons.

Correlation between water stress and phenolic compounds of hydroSOStainable almonds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leontina Lipan ◽  
Marina Cano‐Lamadrid ◽  
Jacinta Collado‐González ◽  
Aneta Wojdyło ◽  
David López‐Lluch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Phenolic Compounds
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