DISTRIBUTION OF STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS AMONG DOGS OF DIFFERENT HOUSING GROUPS IN KYIV AND KYIV REGION, CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSTIC METHODS

Strongyloidiasis in dogs, despite its uncertain zoonotic status, is potentially danger for dogs owners. It is considered that strongyloidiases characteristic for tropical and subtropical regions, but in recent years it is increasingly found in non-endemic countries. The aim. To determine the extent of the invasion, clinical signs and diagnostic methods of strongyloidiasis in dogs of different groups in Kyiv and Kyiv region. Materials and methods. A total of 364 dogs were studied (130 animals lived in shelters (Group 1) and 234 in homes (Group 2). Diagnosis of strongyloidiasis was performed by native smear and Baerman methods. Additionally, the sensitivity of the modified string test was tested. Samples of venous blood were taken from dogs with confirmed strongyloidiasis for haematological and biochemical analysis. Results. A study found that the extent of invasion (EI) in shelters and home dogs was 3.0±0.36 % (4/130; Group 1) and 2.5±0.25 % % (6/234; Group 2) respectively. It was found that three repetitions of the Baerman method test increased its efficiency to 90.5 %. The sensitivity of the modified string test was 100 %. Clinical manifestations included disorders of the respiratory (20 %: 2/10) and digestive systems (80 %: 8/10), weight loss (70 %: 7/10). Blood tests did not reveal changes specific to strongyloidiasis, eosinophilia was observed in only one dog in the acute stage of the disease. Conclusions. The results of our studies indicate the presence of strongyloidiasis in dogs in Kyiv and Kyiv region and probability of the spread of the pathogen in the environment. Symptoms in dogs with strongyloidiasis were nonspecific and cannot be used for diagnosis. A modified string test and Baerman method has demonstrated high efficacy and may be recommended to clarify the diagnosis of a chronic invasion.

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Differential and diagnostic significance of monocytosis in treatment of moderate forms of COVID-19

Russian Journal of Infection and Immunity ◽

10.15789/2220-7619-ada-1681 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

M. Shperling ◽

E. Shperling ◽

A. Kovalev ◽

A. Vlasov ◽

A. Polyakov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Therapy ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Blood Count ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Response To Therapy ◽

Control Group ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

Treatment of COVID-19-associated pneumonia in the overwhelming majority of cases is accompanied by empirical prescription of antibiotic therapy. According to a number of studies carried out, the addition of a bacterial infection in this disease is noted less often than in other viral pneumonias, in particular, caused by the influenza virus. In addition, the occurrence of leukocytosis in response to therapy with glucocorticosteroids (GCS) is often perceived as an attachment of bacterial flora and is the reason for initiating antibiotic therapy. Therefore, an urgent task is the correct interpretation of leukocytosis in response to GCS therapy in COVID-19. The purpose of the work was to study the dynamics of changes in the number of leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes of venous blood in patients with moderate COVID-19 with systemic use of GCS. Also we aimed to determine the differences in these indicators between the group of patients with indirect signs of bacterial infection and the group of patients receiving GCS. We analyzed the indicators of the complete blood count of 154 patients in the temporary infectious diseases hospital in the “PATRIOT” Park of the Moscow region with confirmed moderate form of COVID-19. The comparison group (1) consisted of 128 patients without clinical signs of bacterial infection and leukocytosis on admission, who were prescribed GCS therapy. The control group (2) consisted of 26 people who, upon admission, showed signs of a bacterial infection - a cough with purulent sputum in combination with neutrophilic leukocytosis. The dynamics of cells in venous blood was assessed in patients of group (1) before the start, 3 and 6 days after the start of GCS therapy. We also compared the number of leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes between patients with developed leukocytosis from group (1) in response to GCS therapy and group (2). As a result of the study, an increase in the number of leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes was revealed according to the data of the complete blood count test in patients of the group (1) on days 3 and 6 of GCS therapy. All patients with developed leukocytosis (103 people) had no clinical signs of bacterial infection. In patients with developed leukocytosis from group (1), an increase in the number of monocytes was revealed (0.90 (0.84; 1.02) on day 3 of GCS and 0.94 (0.87; 1.26) on day 6 of GCS) compared with group (2) (0.61 (0.50; 0.71)), p <0.001. The number of leukocytes and neutrophils did not differ between the groups. The appearance of monocytosis when taking GCS may be due to the presence of macrophage activation syndrome in the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and, therefore, increased activation of monocytes. The use of GCS in this case leads to inhibition of the migration of monocytes to the inflammation area and to the stimulation of the production of their anti-inflammatory pool (M2 cells) by the bone marrow. This fact causes an increase in the number of monocytes in the peripheral blood. Monocytosis in response to GCS therapy can be a differential diagnostic criterion between glucocorticoid-induced leukocytosis and the addition of a bacterial infection. This may be one of the factors influencing the decision to prescribe antibiotic therapy, and may also be a criterion for the effectiveness of GCS immunosuppressive therapy in COVID-19, which requires further study.

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Assessment of Sub Chronic Toxicity of Sonchus cornutus in Rats

Advances in Research ◽

10.9734/air/2019/v19i530134 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Hayat Mahgoub Farah ◽

Abdel Rahim Mohamed El Hussein ◽

Hassan Elsubki Khalid ◽

Halima Mohamed Osman

Keyword(s):

Aqueous Extract ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Biochemical Analysis ◽

White Blood Cells ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Group 2 ◽

Wistar Albino Rats ◽

Group 1

Aim: To assess the toxicity of the aqueous extract of Sonchus cornutus in Wistar albino rats. Methodology: The aqueous extract of Sonchus cornutus aerial part was administered orally to rats in group 2, 3 and 4 at a dose of 50, 500 and 2000 mg/ kg, respectively for four weeks whereas, group 1 was kept as a control. The animals were observed daily for clinical signs and mortality. Weekly, the weights of the animals were recorded, and blood samples were collected for haematological and biochemical analysis. Specimens of Liver and kidney were kept in 10% formalin for histopathology. Results: The results revealed that all the animals in the four groups survived. The extract had no adverse effects on haematology, biochemistry and histology of rats at doses of 50 and 500 mg/ kg. But dose 2000 mg/kg proved to have significant alteration in White blood cells (WBCs), Red blood cells (RBCs), Haemoglobin (Hb) and Packed cell volume (PCV). In addition, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, Alanin Transaminase (ALT), Asparate Transaminase (AST) were significantly (P<0.05) changed. These findings correlated with the histopathological changes on liver and kidney. Conclusion: The highest dose of S. cornutus aqueous extract (2000 mg/kg) was not fatal, but may have some toxic effects on liver and kidney.

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The Systematic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Critical COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Double Controlled Trial

Cell Transplantation ◽

10.1177/09636897211024942 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 ◽

pp. 096368972110249

Author(s):

G Adas ◽

Z Cukurova ◽

K Kart Yasar ◽

R Yilmaz ◽

N Isiksacan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Factors ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Systematic Effect ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Group 3 ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

The aim of this clinical trial was to control the cytokine storm by administering mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to critically-ill COVID-19 patients, to evaluate the healing effect, and to systematically investigate how the treatment works. Patients with moderate and critical COVID-19 clinical manifestations were separated as Group 1 (moderate cases, n = 10, treated conventionally), Group 2 (critical cases, n = 10, treated conventionally), and Group 3 (critical cases, n = 10, treated conventionally plus MSCs transplantation therapy of three consecutive doses on treatment days 0, 3, and 6, (as 3 × 106 cells/kg, intravenously). The treatment mechanism of action was investigated with evaluation markers of the cytokine storm, via biochemical parameters, levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, analyses of tissue regeneration via the levels of growth factors, apoptosis markers, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and granzyme-B, and by the assessment of the immunomodulatory effects via total oxidant/antioxidant status markers and the levels of lymphocyte subsets. In the assessment of the overall mortality rates of all the cases, six patients in Group-2 and three patients in Group-3 died, and there was no loss in Group-1. Proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-2, IL-12, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-13, IL-1ra, and growth factors TGF-β, VEGF, KGF, and NGF levels were found to be significant in Group-3. When Group-2 and Group-3 were compared, serum ferritin, fibrinogen and CRP levels in Group-3 had significantly decreased. CD45 +, CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 +, CD19 +, HLA-DR +, and CD16 + / CD56 + levels were evaluated. In the statistical comparison of the groups, significance was only determined in respect of neutrophils. The results demonstrated the positive systematic and cellular effects of MSCs application on critically ill COVID-19 patients in a versatile way. This effect plays an important role in curing and reducing mortality in critically ill patients.

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Coxitis in early axial spondyloarthritis

Modern Rheumatology Journal ◽

10.14412/1996-7012-2019-4-41-47 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 41-47 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

E. M. Agafonova ◽

T. V. Dubinina ◽

D. G. Rumyantseva ◽

A. B. Demina ◽

A. V. Smirnov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Activity ◽

Hip Joint ◽

Joint Pain ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Axial Spondyloarthritis ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Joint Movement ◽

Joint Injury

In Russia, coxitis is one of the most common extra-axial manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, many issues regarding its early diagnosis remain unresolved.Objective: to compare the clinical manifestations of coxitis with the data from an instrumental examination of CoRSAR cohort (Cohort of Early Axial Spondyloarthritis) patients.Patients and methods. Examinations were made in 175 patients (mean age, 28.2±5.7 years) diagnosed as having axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) with inflammatory back pain lasting up to 5 years, which occurred at the age of ≤45 years. There was non-radiographic axSpA (nraxSpA) in 69 patients and AS in 106 patients. 87% of patients were HLA-B27-positive. The median disease duration was 23.8 [1–60] months; BASDAI was 3.3±1.94. Regardless of complaints, all the patients underwent hip X-ray and ultrasound studies and 54 more patients had magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results and discussion. The clinical signs of coxitis were present in 95 (54%) patients, of them 60% were diagnosed with AS and 40% had nraxSpA. According to the numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), the median hip joint pain was 4 [3; 7]. Limited joint movement was observed in 6 (3.4%) patients. The level of hip joint pain correlated with BASDAI (r=0.53) and ASDAS (r=0.30). The ultrasound signs of coxitis were detected in 42 (24%) patients; of them 26 (62%) had the clinical manifestations of hip joint injury, and such changes were absent in 16 patients. The patients with ultrasound signs of coxitis were noted to have a higher disease activity; peripheral arthritis and enthesitis were more common. According to MRI, coxitis was diagnosed in 39 (72%) of the 54 examinees, while the disease was asymptomatic in 10%.Conclusion. Different diagnostic methods used in patients with early axSpA could reveal coxitis in 33% of cases. The patients with coxitis show higher laboratory disease activity than those without hip joint injury. It is necessary to include MRI and ultrasound in the mandatory examination of patients with axSpA.

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The role of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the progression and development of cerebrovascular diseases. A competent choice of pathogenic treatment is the key to success in treatment and prevention. An expert’s view from the ‘red zone’

Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics ◽

10.14412/2074-2711-2021-1-57-66 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 57-66

Author(s):

V. V. Kovalchuk

Keyword(s):

Emotional Disorders ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽

Recent Experience ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

State Recovery ◽

Group 2 ◽

State Examination ◽

Group 1

COVID-19 worsens the course of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), including chronic cerebral ischaemia (CCI). The Actovegin drug, which has long been widely used in CCI treatment, has an antioxidant and endothelium protective effect. It makes sense to study the effect of Actovegin therapy on the clinical manifestations of CCI in patients with a recent experience of COVID-19.Objective: to evaluate Actovegin efficacy in the treatment of CCI in patients with a recent experience of COVID-19.Patients and methods. The study included 440 patients (234 female; 206 male) with a recent experience of COVID-19, suffering from CCI, their average age being 67.8 years (from 54 to 85 years). All patients were broken down into two groups of 220 people (the patients in Group 1 were administrated Actovegin, the ones in Group 2 – were not). All patients were followed up for 90 days; their condition was assessed by the severity of clinical manifestations of CCI, using special scales and questionnaires.Results and discussion. After 90 days of follow-up, the frequency of complaints of cognitive impairment, sleep disorder, dizziness, fatigue, emotional disorders, and headache in Group 1 was significantly lower than in Group 2 (p<0.05). According to Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), and Spiegel Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ), the average indicators improved significantly more in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p<0.05). The absence of quality of life impairment and their minimal severity were observed in Group 1 in 77.9%; in Group 2 – in 33.7% (p<0.001). Statistically significant differences between the groups of patients were also observed in relation to emotional state recovery according to the Wakefield Questionnaire and the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety inventory.Conclusion. The observational study demonstrated the efficacy of Actovegin in the treatment of main clinical manifestations of CCI in patients with recent COVID-19 experience.

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Evaluation of Kidney Function Parameters in Diabetic Rats Following Virgin Coconut Oil Diet

Folia Medica ◽

10.2478/folmed-2018-0083 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 249-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Akinjide M. Akinnuga ◽

Olubayode Bamidele ◽

Anthony J. Adewumi

Keyword(s):

Kidney Function ◽

Biochemical Analysis ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Diabetic Rats ◽

Control Group ◽

Virgin Coconut Oil ◽

Normal Rat ◽

Group 2 ◽

Diabetes Control Group ◽

Group 1

Abstract Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to disruption of kidney function parameters (KFPs) which are markers of kidney diseases, especially nephropathy. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has been implicated in playing a significant role in DM management. However, its role on KFPs in DM is scarce. Aim: To evaluate the kidney function parameters following VCO diet in diabetic rats. Materials and methods: : Twenty-five (25) male rats of 150 – 200 g were divided into 5 groups (n=5): Non-diabetic control (Group 1), diabetes control (Group 2), diabetes + metformin (Group 3), diabetes + 10% VCO (Group 4) and diabetes + 20% VCO (Group 5). Apart from Group 1, other groups were given intraperitone-ally 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin to induce diabetes mellitus. After 72 hours, fasting hyperglycaemia was confirmed by glucose oxidase method. All the rats were fed normal rat chow for 8 weeks. At 8th week, serum and urine samples were analysed for biochemical analysis. After 8 weeks, Group 1 and Group 2 continued to be fed on normal rat chow while other groups were treated with diets (VCO) or drug (metformin) for 4 weeks. At 12th week, urine samples were collected for biochemical analysis, the rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture. Results: There were significant differences in some KFPs in diabetes control (Group 2) compared to other experimental groups. However, there was no significant difference in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and serum sodium in all the groups. Conclusion: VCO supplementary diet improved the altered KFPs and could be a therapy for kidney problems.

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Impact of renal dysfunction on the management and outcome of acute heart failure: results from the French prospective, multicentre, DeFSSICA survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022776 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. e022776 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dominique Dos Reis ◽

Laurie Fraticelli ◽

Adrien Bassand ◽

Stéphane Manzo-Silberman ◽

Nicolas Peschanski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Renal Function ◽

Renal Dysfunction ◽

Acute Heart Failure ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Academic Community ◽

Close Monitoring ◽

Early Assessment ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

ObjectivesCardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is the combination of acute heart failure syndrome (AHF) and renal dysfunction (creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≤60 mL/min). Real-life data were used to compare the management and outcome of AHF with and without renal dysfunction.DesignProspective, multicentre.SettingTwenty-six academic, community and regional hospitals in France.Participants507 patients with AHF were assessed in two groups according to renal function: group 1 (patients with CRS (CrCl ≤60 mL/min): n=335) and group 2 (patients with AHF with normal renal function (CrCl >60 mL/min): n=172).ResultsDifferences were observed (group 1 vs group 2) at admission for the incidence of chronic heart failure (56.42% vs 47.67%), use of furosemide (60.9% vs 52.91%), insulin (15.52% vs 9.3%) and amiodarone (14.33% vs 4.65%); additionally, more patients in group 1 carried a defibrillator (4.78% vs 0%), had ≥2 hospitalisations in the last year (15.52% vs 5.81%) and were under the care of a cardiologist (72.24% vs 61.63%). Clinical signs were broadly similar in each group. Brain-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and BNP prohormone were higher in group 1 than group 2 (1157.5 vs 534 ng/L and 5120 vs 2513 ng/mL), and more patients in group 1 were positive for troponin (58.2% vs 44.19%), had cardiomegaly (51.04% vs 37.21%) and interstitial opacities (60.3% vs 47.67%). The only difference in emergency treatment was the use of nitrates, (higher in group 1 (21.9% vs 12.21%)). In-hospital mortality and the percentage of patients still hospitalised after 30 days were similar between groups, but the median stay was longer in group 1 (8 days vs 6 days).ConclusionsRenal impairment in AHF should not limit the use of loop diuretics and/or vasodilators, but early assessment of pulmonary congestion and close monitoring of the efficacy of conventional therapies is encouraged to allow rapid and appropriate implementation of alternative therapies if necessary.

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Use of a GnRH synthetic analog (buserelin) for estrous induction in female dogs

Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/1678-4162-9587 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 656-660

Author(s):

R.S. Rezende ◽

D. Eurides ◽

C.P. Barbosa ◽

M.S. Lacerda ◽

R.L. Sampaio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Rate ◽

Single Injection ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Synthetic Analog ◽

Intramuscular Injections ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a GnRH synthetic analog, as an estrous inducer in female dogs when administered during the anestrous phase, and to evaluate the pregnancy rate achieved through natural copulation. For this purpose, ten female dogs of different breeds were used. The subjects received buserelin by intramuscular injections at a dose of 2,1mcg when female dogs weighed up to 10kg (Group 1) and of 4,2mcg when the dogs weighed above 10kg (Group 2). Of the ten subjects, only three presented estrus after a single injection of buserelin: two dogs from Group 1 and one dog from Group 2 on average 7±1.29 days. The remaining seven dogs were given a second dose of buserelin, equal to the first administration. Of these, three belonged to Group 1 and four to Group 2. Four of these dogs exhibited clinical signs of estrus within, on average 9±7.3 days from the second injection. The seven female dogs that did enter estrus were fertilized successfully through natural copulation. The administration of buserelin was effective in inducing estrus in female dogs during the anestrous phase, with a maximum of two administrations.

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Acquired Antithrombin III (AT III) - Deficiency in Septicaemia

10.1055/s-0039-1687422 ◽

1979 ◽

Author(s):

E. Deutsch ◽

E. Thaler

Keyword(s):

Septic Shock ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Heparin Therapy ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

Mean Values ◽

Negative Results ◽

Significant Difference ◽

At Iii ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

AT III was measured in 34 patients with clinical and bacteriological evidence of septicaemia using a heparin cofactor assay. Based on the results of positive blood cultures gram-negative septicaemia (G-S) was diagnosed in 10 (group 1) and gram positive septicaemia (G+S) in 9 patients (group 2). From the remaining 15 patients {group 3) blood cultures before onset of antibiotic therapy were not obtained and gave negative results throughout the observation period. Based on bacteria] cultures from other sites than venous blood or bacteriological examination of spinal fluid G-S was assumed in 13 and G+S in 2 patients.In all but one patient of group 1 and one of group 2 AT III activities were decreased below 2 SO of normal controls (n = 91, x = 99.6, SD-8.4) already at the time of the first coagulation screening (patients: n=34, =58.4, SD-16.6). Analysis of var-ance showed no significant difference between the mean values of the three groups at the c per cent (%) level. The minimal AT III activities during the course of the disease were below the norma] range in all patients studied [n=34, =51.2, SD=13.6).Thus AT III deficiency appears to be a constant and early finding in G-S and G+S, causing insufficient inhibition of blood coagulation, and hereby may contribute to irreversible tissue damage caused by microthrombi in septic shock. This deficiency may be an important factor in the failure of heparin therapy to reduce mortality from septic shock.

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Receptor-mediated vascular and metabolic actions of endothelin-1 in canine small intestine

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1999.276.5.g1131 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 276 (5) ◽

pp. G1131-G1136 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Cheryl E. King-VanVlack ◽

Jeffrey D. Mewburn ◽

Christopher K. Chapler

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Constant Pressure ◽

Perfusion Pressure ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Receptor Blockade ◽

Endothelin 1 ◽

A Value ◽

Anesthetized Dogs ◽

Group 2 ◽

Group 1

The effects of endothelin-1 (ET-1) infusion on blood flow (Q˙G) and O2 uptake (V˙o 2G) were examined in the small intestine of anesthetized dogs ( n = 10). Arterial and venous flows of a gut segment were isolated, and the segment was perfused at constant pressure. Arterial and gut venous blood samples were taken, gut perfusion pressure andQ˙G were measured, and O2 extraction ratio (OERG) andV˙o 2Gwere calculated. ET-1 was infused (0.118 μg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1ia) throughout the experiment. In group 1 ( n = 5), ETA receptors were blocked using BQ-123 (0.143 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1ia) followed by blockade of ETBreceptors with BQ-788 (0.145 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1ia). The order of ETA and ETB receptor blockade was reversed in group 2( n = 5). In group 1, the decrease inQ˙G observed with ET-1 infusion was partially reversed with BQ-123; no further change occurred after BQ-788 administration. In group 2, addition of BQ-788 to the infusate further decreasedQ˙G, whereas addition of BQ-123 returnedQ˙G to a value not different from that with ET-1 infusion alone. These data indicated that ET-1-induced vasoconstriction in the gut was mediated via ETA receptors and that this constriction was buffered by activation of ETB receptors.V˙o 2Gdecreased in proportion to the decrease inQ˙G with ET-1, decreased further with ET-1 plus ETB receptor blockade ( group 2), and increased in proportion to the increases in Q˙Gwith ETA receptor blockade (both groups). No changes in OERGoccurred during ETA and ETB receptor antagonism in either group. This study is the first to demonstrate that a flow-limited decrease in gutV˙o 2Goccurred with infusion of ET-1 in gut vasculature. An intriguing and novel finding was that, during O2limitation, OERG was only 50% of that normally associated with ischemia in this tissue.

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