The Beginnings of Deathbed Practice in Japan

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline I. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Death ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Heian Period ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
Religious Associations ◽  
The Ideal

Deathbed practices emerged during Japan’s Heian period (794-1185) in connection with growing aspirations for birth after death in a pure land, whether of Amida or of some other buddha or bodhisattva. The ideal of mindful death was stimulated by three seminal events: Yoshishige no Yasutane’s completion of the first Japanese collection of ōjōden, or accounts of men and women said to have been born in Amida Buddha’s realm; the monk Genshin’s authoring of Japan’s first set of instructions for deathbed practice in his Ōjō yōshū; and the formation of the Twenty-Five Samādhi Society, an association of monks committed to assisting one another’s practice at the time of death. Hopes for Amida’s welcoming descent (raigō) and notions of exemplary death leading to birth in the Pure Land, along with corollary fears about falling into the hells, spread through doctrinal developments, religious associations, literature, liturgical performance, songs, and artistic representations.

Genshin's Ojōyōshū and the Construction of Pure Land Discourse in Heian Japan

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Central Portion ◽  
Substantial Portion ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Heian Period ◽  
Pure Land Buddhism ◽  
Time Part ◽  
India And China

The Ōjōyōshū, written by the Heian period Tendai monk Genshin (942-1017), played a pivotal role in establishing Pure Land Buddhism in Japan. This book is a study of the central teachings of the Ōjōyōshū. Furthermore, in order to situate this text in its historical background, a substantial portion of the volume is taken up with discussions of the development of Pure Land Buddhism before Genshin’s time and to Genshin’s event-filled life. Part One provides a brief survey of Pure Land Buddhism in India and China and then treats how it developed in Japan before Genshin’s time. Part Two focuses on the main events of Genshin’s life. Part Three turns to two main issues taken up in the Ōjōyōshū: its Pure Land cosmology and its nenbutsu teaching. In his description of the Pure Land cosmology, Genshin describes, in often graphic detail, the suffering inherent in the six realms of transmigration, including hell, and urges his readers to seek birth in Amida Buddha’s Pure Land, a realm beyond suffering. Furthermore, in the central portion of the Ōjōyōshū, Genshin presents a systematic analysis of the nenbutsu, or the practice of focusing one’s mind on Amida, which is the central practice for attaining birth in the Pure Land.

Right Thoughts at the Last Moment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline I. Stone
Keyword(s):  
Historical Records ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Ritual Performance ◽  
Medieval Japan ◽  
Religious Professionals ◽  
Devotional Practices ◽  
Evil Person ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Buddha ◽  
The Ideal

Buddhists across Asia have often sought to die, as the Buddha himself is said to have done, with a clear and focused mind. This study explores the reception and development in early medieval Japan (roughly, tenth through fourteenth centuries) of the ideal of “dying with right mindfulness” (rinjū shōnen) and the discourses and practices in which it was embedded. By concentrating one’s thoughts on the Buddha at the moment of death, it was said, even the most evil person could escape the round of deluded rebirth and achieve birth in the Pure Land; conversely, even the slightest mental distraction at that juncture could send the most devout practitioner tumbling down into the evil realms. The ideal of mindful death thus generated both hope and anxiety and created a demand for ritual specialists who could help the dying to negotiate this crucial juncture. Examination of hagiographies, ritual manuals, doctrinal writings, didactic tales, diaries, and historical records uncovers the multiple, sometimes contradictory logics by which medieval Japanese approached death. Deathbed practices also illuminate broader issues in medieval Japanese religion that crossed social levels and sectarian lines, including intellectual developments, devotional practices, pollution concerns, ritual performance, and divisions of labor among religious professionals.

HIGHER EDUCATION IN ANCIENT INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (26) ◽  
Author(s):  
Satyendra Singh Chahar ◽  
Nirmal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
University Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Educational Method ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Ancient India ◽  
Herbert Spencer ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Ideal

University education -on almost modern lines existed in India as early as 800 B.C. or even earlier. The learning or culture of ancient India was chiefly the product of her hermitages in the solitude of the forests. It was not of the cities. The learning of the forests was embodied in the books specially designated as Aranyakas "belonging to the forests." The ideal of education has been very grand, noble and high in ancient India. Its aimaccording to Herbert Spencer is the 'training for completeness of life' and ‘the molding o character of men and women for the battle of life’. The history of the educational institutions in ancient India shows a glorious dateline of her cultural history. It points to a long history altogether. In the early stage it was rural, not urban. British Sanskrit scholar Arthur Anthony Macdonell says "Some hundreds of years must have been needed for all that is found" in her culture. The aim of education was at the manifestation of the divinity in men, it touches the highest point of knowledge. In order to attain the goal the whole educational method is based on plain living and high thinking pursued through eternity.

RELASI DAN EKSISTENSI LAKI-LAKI DAN PEREMPUAN SEBAGAI GAMBAR RUPA ALLAH MENURUT KEJADIAN 1:26-28

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Grecetinovitria Merliana Butar-butar
Keyword(s):  
Image Of God ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Image ◽  
The Image Of God ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract The P Source tells us that God created man in His image and likeness (Gen 1: 26-27), which makes man different from other creations. In understanding the position of men and women, it is necessary to understand the great difference between the ideal picture (perspective) and the factual state. By that difference, this becomes the background of this research, the writer uses method Library Researc method and build a hypothesis "man and women as the Image of God is the ideal relationship embodied in its duties and responsibilities ". Keywords: Male, Female, Image of God.

The Modern Tradition

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Anne-Marie Curley
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Pure Land ◽  
Complementary Relationship ◽  
The Real ◽  
Pastoral Letter ◽  
Private Matter ◽  
Modern Nation State ◽  
The Ideal

Abbot Kōnyo’s pastoral letter of 1871 codifies an understanding of the Pure Land as a transcendent realm, attainable only after death, and of faith as a private matter of the heart. This understanding is valuable as a way of negotiating a place for Shinshū in the regime of the modern nation-state. Early Meiji thinkers like Shimaji Mokurai rely on this understanding of religion as internal in arguing for the separation of church and state. Shinshū reformer Kiyozawa Manshi pushes this focus on interiority to its limit, destabilizing the complementary relationship between the Buddhist law and the imperial law that his predecessors sought to secure. During the Taishō, Kiyozawa’s disciple Kaneko Daiei attempts to rearticulate the connection between the ideal Pure Land and the real world, while the Honganji-ha thinker Nonomura Naotarō argues that it is time for the Pure Land tradition to set aside the myth of the Western Paradise.

Civic Patron as Ideal Citizen

The Lay Saint ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 83-125
Author(s):  
Mary Harvey Doyno
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
Internal Focus ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Civic Community ◽  
New Equation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Contemplative Life ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter discusses the cult of Pier “Pettinaio” or Pier “the comb-maker” of Siena. Pier lived in Siena until his death in 1289, earning first a pious, and then a saintly reputation for his efforts to follow a rigorous schedule of prayer, to deliver charity to his fellow city-dwellers, and finally to resist the more aggressive commercial practices espoused by other urban artisans and merchants. One sees in Pier's vita how the celebration of a contemporary lay patron became an opportunity to think about the role everyday men and women played in the creation of an ideal civic community. As the vita repeatedly argues, Pier's extraordinary spiritual rigor produced the model of good communal citizenship. But one also sees in this vita an expanded understanding of the content and role of lay charisma. At the same time that the vita celebrates Pier's external actions, it also celebrates his internal focus: his embrace of the contemplative life, his prophetic powers, and his ecstatic states. Thus, in the years immediately before the mendicants took over guardianship and control of the lay penitential life, the cult of a pious Sienese comb-maker demonstrates not only a new equation between the ideal lay Christian and the ideal lay citizen but also an expanded notion of the content and power of lay spirituality.

Counting the Hours: The Influence of Gender and Occupation on Work Hour Mismatch Prevalence and Resolution in Australia

2020 ◽  
pp. 0160449X2093332
Author(s):  
Britta Girtz
Keyword(s):  
Paid Work ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Occupational Differences ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Work Hour ◽  
Process Oriented ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Ideal Worker ◽  
The Ideal

Existing research on work hour mismatches has examined gender and occupational differences, but it has largely assumed that these factors work independently of each other. This paper combines insights from the stress of higher status hypothesis and the concept of the ideal worker to examine the intersections of gender and occupation in relation to inequalities in workers’ abilities to control the amount of time they spend in paid work. I also offer a longitudinal and process-oriented analysis by examining how men and women in upper, middle, and lower prestige occupations differ in their chances of having hour mismatches, resolving mismatches, and in the methods through which they resolve them. Findings indicate that men and women experience different types of mismatches and men in upper level occupations are at greater risk of mismatches and least likely to find resolutions, yet outcomes are heavily influenced by the intersections of gender and occupation, illustrating the need for this type of analysis. There are few results to indicate differences in the mechanism of mismatch resolution by either gender or occupation.

Art and Identity in the Parish Communities of Late Medieval Kent

1992 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 225-237
Author(s):  
Judy Ann Ford
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
Social Meaning ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Political Messages ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Associations

Historians have long been aware that patronage is a crucial factor in interpreting the social meaning of art. The late Middle Ages knew a variety of patrons, each employing art to communicate different sorts of concern: royal and aristocratic courts emphasized political messages, urban communes created governmental myths, cathedrals and monasteries gave expression to spiritual ideas—and all used art to convey notions of social identity. Recent investigations into the process of choosing and procuring works of art in these contexts have not only added perspective to formal art criticism, they have also deepened our understanding of the groups interested in the creation of art. One area in which questions of patronage could perhaps be better illuminated is the community of the parish. The parish served as the primary religious community for the majority of men and women for most of the Middle Ages. It was complex in composition, involving both laity and clergy, encompassing other religious associations, such as gilds, and including the devout and the indifferent, the orthodox and the dissenters.

scholarly journals Contradiction Between the Average Age of Retirement at the Time of Death and the Average Pension Time for Men and Women in Public Employment in Portugal

2017 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Pedro Nunes ◽  
Eva Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Public Policies ◽  
Time Of Death ◽  
Public Employment ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Men And Women

The short article attempts to make some very brief reflections on the effects a lack of public policies positively discriminatory in terms of public employment retirement. In particular, the observation of the absurd contradiction between the average age of retirement at the time of death (for men and women) and the average pension time for men and women in public employment in Portugal.

scholarly journals Analisis Perbandingan Mazhab tentang Pelaksanaan Mediasi dengan Media Telekonferensi

Mazahibuna ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 194
Author(s):  
Nurul Aulia Dewi ◽  
Abdul Halim Talli
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Age Of Maturity ◽  
Library Studies ◽  
Age Limit ◽  
Written Sources ◽  
The Ideal

This article seeks to present a comparison of mediation with teleconference media, both within the PERMA and the scholars of the sect. Mediation is an attempt to resolve conflicts by engaging neutral mediators who do not have the authority to make decisions that help the parties in dispute to reach a resolution or solution accepted by both parties. The multidisciplinary approach used in this article is a juridical, sociological, theological-normative and managerial approach. This article is library research, a study by writing, clarifying, and making data obtained from various written sources. The method of data collection is to use document techniques (library studies). Quoting and analyzing data with document techniques is intended to collect related data contained in documents in the form of books, journals, and research results in the form of thesis, thesis, and dissertation. The results found that the most notable differences regarding the limits of mediation with teleconference media were found in the dissent of the Sect scholars. The Shafi and Hanbali sects argue that the ideal age in marriage is 15 years, while Abu Hanfah argues that the age of maturity comes at 19 years of age for women and 17 years for men, as is the case with Imam Malik arguing that the ideal age of manhood is 18 years for both men and women. The differences between the Imams of the Sect are influenced by the environment and culture in which they live. However, in Islamic law itself there is never a very firm limit, but the most basic thing about the age limit of marriage is that it is already in place

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