Using Re-Conviction Data to Measure Re-Offending: Incorporating Seriousness and Frequency into a Single Non-Binary Measure

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Drápal
Keyword(s):  
Binary Measure

scholarly journals Tell-tale TINT: Does the Time to Incorporate into Nest Test Evaluate Postsurgical Pain or Welfare in Mice?

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Author(s):  
Miranda S Gallo ◽  
Alicia Z Karas ◽  
Kathleen Pritchett-Corning ◽  
Joseph P Garner Guy Mulder ◽  
Brianna N Gaskill
Keyword(s):  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Behavioral Changes ◽  
Nesting Behavior ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Periodic Monitoring ◽  
Cd1 Mice ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Binary Measure

Identifying early indicators of distress in mice is difficult using either periodic monitoring or current technology. Likewise, poor pain identification remains a barrier to providing appropriate pain relief in many mouse models. The Time to Incorporate to Nest Test (TINT), a binary measure of the presence or absence of nesting behavior, was developed as a species-specific method of identifying moderate to severe distress and pain in mice. The current study was designed to evaluate alterations in nesting behavior after routine surgery and to validate the TINT's ability to measure pain-related behavioral changes. CD1 mice undergoing carotid artery catheterization as part of a commercial surgical cohort were randomly assigned various nesting, surgery, and analgesia conditions. To provide context for the TINT outcomes, we measured other variables affected by pain, such as weight loss, food consumption, and scores derived from the Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS). Mice that had surgery were more likely to have a negative TINT score as compared with controls. All mice were more likely to fail the TINT after receiving postoperative buprenorphine, suggesting that buprenorphine may have contributed to the failures. The TINT, MGS live scoring, and scoring MGS images all loaded strongly on a single component in a principal component analysis, indicating strong convergent validity between these measures. These data indicate that the TINT can provide a quick, objective indicator of altered welfare in mice, with the potential for a wide range of uses.

IDENTIFYING AND SCHEDULING DDOS-APPLICATION LAYER ATTACKS IN MARINE, OIL & GAS EXPLORATION ASSETS ON-BOARD SYSTEMS LIKE PMS, SENSOR BASED DATA SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 161 (A3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaik Yaseen Baba ◽  
P S Avadhani
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Develop Software ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Financial Losses ◽  
Binary Measure

For the cost effective & safe operation of ships and other marine assets it is mandatory to develop software solution tool which helps in timely maintenance with priority based to avoid both financial losses and operational downtime. Our idea is to propose concept to develop combined protection mechanisms system for Planned Maintenance system. The research is IDENTIFYING AND SCHEDULING DDOS-APPLICATION LAYER ATTACKS on onboard systems. Countering Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks are becoming ever more challenging with the vast resources and techniques increasingly available to attackers. In this paper, we consider sophisticated attacks that are protocol- compliant, non-intrusive, utilize legitimate. Application-layer requests to overwhelm system resources. We characterize application layer resource attacks on the basis of the application workload parameters that they exploit. Request flooding, asymmetric, repeated one-shot. To protect marine software-based servers from these attacks, we propose a counter-mechanism that consists of a suspicion assignment mechanism and a DDOS-resilient scheduler, DDOS Shield. In contrast to prior work, our suspicion mechanism assigns a continuous value as opposed to a binary measure to each client session, and the scheduler utilizes these values to determine if and when to schedule a session’s requests. This will be done through an integrated working of PMS and Inventory. PMS and Inventory, while performing definite tasks independently, will seamlessly integrate with each other. Further the installations will reside in the vessel, office and other office nodes, where information can be viewed and updated depending on your network of vessels. In office, the Inventory-PMS package will function in a client –server mode and in a single terminal on the ship with LAN for the purpose of accessing Internet. All the database updating and back-up maintenance shall be shown into the system to enable the user to do the database management without incurring exorbitant annual maintenance bills, which normally comes with all similar systems in the market.

Identifying and Scheduling DDOS-Application Layer Attacks in Marine, Oil & Gas Exploration Assets On-Board Systems Like PMS, Sensor Based Data Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 161 (A3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Systems ◽  
Application Layer ◽  
Protection Mechanisms ◽  
Develop Software ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Oil Gas ◽  
Financial Losses ◽  
Binary Measure

For the cost effective & safe operation of ships and other marine assets it is mandatory to develop software solution tool which helps in timely maintenance with priority based to avoid both financial losses and operational downtime. Our idea is to propose concept to develop combined protection mechanisms system for Planned Maintenance system. The research is IDENTIFYING AND SCHEDULING DDOS-APPLICATION LAYER ATTACKS on onboard systems. Countering Distributed Denial of Service (DDOS) attacks are becoming ever more challenging with the vast resources and techniques increasingly available to attackers. In this paper, we consider sophisticated attacks that are protocol-compliant, non-intrusive, utilize legitimate. Application-layer requests to overwhelm system resources. We characterize application layer resource attacks on the basis of the application workload parameters that they exploit. Request flooding, asymmetric, repeated one-shot. To protect marine software-based servers from these attacks, we propose a counter-mechanism that consists of a suspicion assignment mechanism and a DDOS-resilient scheduler, DDOS Shield. In contrast to prior work, our suspicion mechanism assigns a continuous value as opposed to a binary measure to each client session, and the scheduler utilizes these values to determine if and when to schedule a session’s requests. This will be done through an integrated working of PMS and Inventory. PMS and Inventory, while performing definite tasks independently, will seamlessly integrate with each other. Further the installations will reside in the vessel, office and other office nodes, where information can be viewed and updated depending on your network of vessels. In office, the Inventory-PMS package will function in a client –server mode and in a single terminal on the ship with LAN for the purpose of accessing Internet. All the database updating and back-up maintenance shall be shown into the system to enable the user to do the database management without incurring exorbitant annual maintenance bills, which normally comes with all similar systems in the market.

scholarly journals Why the Level-Free Forced-Choice Binary Measure of Brand Benefit Beliefs Works So Well

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Rossiter ◽  
Sara Dolnicar ◽  
Bettina Grün
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Recent Article ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Scale Measure ◽  
Binary Measure

The level-free version of the Forced-Choice Binary measure of brand benefit beliefs was introduced in a recent article in IJMR (Dolnicar et al. 2012) and was shown to yield more stable – hence more reliable and trustworthy – results than the shorter ‘Pick-Any’ measure and the longer ‘7-Point Scale’ measure. The aims of the present article are (1) to explain how and why the Level-Free Forced-Choice Binary measure works so well, and (2) to point out its advantages over other belief measure formats - advantages that, importantly, include prevention of all forms of response bias.

scholarly journals How Poor Are the Poor? Looking beyond the Binary Measure of Income Poverty

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 525-549
Author(s):  
Iryna Kyzyma
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Income Poverty ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Binary Measure

Abstract This paper contributes to the literature by analysing how poor the income poor are in European countries. Using data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, I go beyond average estimates of the intensity of poverty and analyse the distribution of individual-level poverty gaps in each country of interest. As a next step, I identify which personal and household characteristics predict how far away incomes of the poor fall from the poverty line. The results indicate that, in most European countries, half of the poor have income shortfalls not exceeding 30% of the poverty line whereas only a few percent of the poor have income deficits of 80% and more. The results also suggest that traditional poverty correlates (e.g. age, gender, educational background) are not always significantly associated with the size of normalised poverty gaps at the individual level, or the nature of these associations differs as compared to when the same characteristics are linked to the probability of being poor.

scholarly journals Employing a latent variable framework to improve efficiency in composite endpoint analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 096228022097098
Author(s):  
Martina McMenamin ◽  
Jessica K Barrett ◽  
Anna Berglind ◽  
James MS Wason
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Composite Endpoint ◽  
Latent Variable Model ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Variable Model ◽  
Severe Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Continuous Measures ◽  
Binary Measure

Composite endpoints that combine multiple outcomes on different scales are common in clinical trials, particularly in chronic conditions. In many of these cases, patients will have to cross a predefined responder threshold in each of the outcomes to be classed as a responder overall. One instance of this occurs in systemic lupus erythematosus, where the responder endpoint combines two continuous, one ordinal and one binary measure. The overall binary responder endpoint is typically analysed using logistic regression, resulting in a substantial loss of information. We propose a latent variable model for the systemic lupus erythematosus endpoint, which assumes that the discrete outcomes are manifestations of latent continuous measures and can proceed to jointly model the components of the composite. We perform a simulation study and find that the method offers large efficiency gains over the standard analysis, the magnitude of which is highly dependent on the components driving response. Bias is introduced when joint normality assumptions are not satisfied, which we correct for using a bootstrap procedure. The method is applied to the Phase IIb MUSE trial in patients with moderate to severe systemic lupus erythematosus. We show that it estimates the treatment effect 2.5 times more precisely, offering a 60% reduction in required sample size.

scholarly journals ‘Pick Any’ Measures Contaminate Brand Image Studies

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 821-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Dolnicar ◽  
John R. Rossiter ◽  
Bettina Grün
Keyword(s):  
Brand Image ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Optimal Conditions ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Scale Measure ◽  
Answer Format ◽  
Stability Results ◽  
Binary Measure ◽  
Poor Stability

Brand image measures using the typical ‘pick any’ answer format have been shown to be unstable (Rungie et al. 2005). In the present study, we find that these poor stability results are mainly caused by the pick-any measure itself because it allows consumers to evade reporting true associations. Using a forcedchoice binary measure, we find that stable brand attribute associations are in fact present with much higher incidence (70%), thus outperforming both the measures predominantly used in industry (pick-any, 41%) and academia (7-point scale measure, 59%). Under simulated optimal conditions, the forced-choice binary measure leads to 90% stability of brand-attribute associations and is therefore recommended as the optimal answer format for brand image studies.

scholarly journals Encoding Differences Affect the Number and Precision of Own- vs. Other-Race Faces Stored in Visual Working Memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Zhou ◽  
Catherine J. Mondloch ◽  
Stephen Emrich
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Visual Working Memory ◽  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Mixture Modeling ◽  
Potential Variation ◽  
Continuous Response ◽  
Race Effect ◽  
Measure Of Discrimination ◽  
Binary Measure

Other-race faces are discriminated and recognized less accurately than own-race faces. Despite a wealth of research characterizing this other-race effect (ORE), little is known about the nature of the representations of own- vs. other-race faces. This is because traditional measures of this other-race effect provide a binary measure of discrimination or recognition (correct/incorrect), failing to capture potential variation in the quality of face representations. We applied a novel continuous-response paradigm to independently measure the number of own- and other-race face representations stored in visual working memory (VWM) and the precision with which they are stored. Participants reported target own- or other-race faces on a circular face space that smoothly varied along the dimension of identity. Using probabilistic mixture modeling, we found that following ample encoding time, the ORE is attributable to differences in the probability of a face being maintained in VWM. Reducing encoding time, a manipulation that is more sensitive to encoding limitations, caused a loss of precision or an increase in variability of VWM for other- but not own-race faces. These results suggest that the ORE is driven by the inefficiency with which other-race faces are rapidly encoded in VWM, and provide novel insights about how perceptual experience influences the representation of own- and other-race faces in VWM.

scholarly journals ALLEVIATING LONELINESS AT 100: IS RELIGION A SOLUTION?

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S38-S38
Author(s):  
Alex J Bishop ◽  
Kevin Randall
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Binary Outcome ◽  
Bonferroni Adjustment ◽  
Religious Salience ◽  
Duke University ◽  
Reported Health ◽  
Care Capacity ◽  
Social Provisions ◽  
Binary Measure

Abstract Data from N = 154 centenarians residing in Oklahoma were assessed using the Duke University Religious Index (DUREL). Items assessing religious salience (α=.76) were employed to create a binary measure of high (N=56 or 36.4%; M= 29.77, SD=4.65) and low (N=49 or 31.8%; M=25.10, SD=6.58) religious salience (RS). A series of ANCOVA analyses were then conducted controlling for education, race, self-reported health, and self-care capacity relative to the binary outcome RS. Significant differences for both the corrected model and the pairwise comparisons using Bonferroni adjustment emerged in favor (p ≤.001) of the high RS group (M HI =29.60; M LO=25.29) for life satisfaction and social provisions (M HI =82.43; M LO=76.62). However, the RS group was also significantly higher (p =.004) in reported loneliness (M HI =34.56; M LO=31.63). Implications of the findings for reducing loneliness among centenarians reporting high religious engagement are further highlighted.

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