scholarly journals COVID-19 Pathophysiology and Clinical Effects on Multiple Organ Systems - A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-167
Author(s):  
Kinal Paresh Bhatt ◽  
Jonathan Quinonez ◽  
Abhinav Patel ◽  
Mehrie Patel ◽  
Abdifitah Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Organ Systems

Patients with comorbidities including Hypertension (HTN), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Asthma, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and those who are immunocompromised are prone to more severe complications of COVID-19 and a higher rate of hospitalizations. In the United States, around 94% of COVID-19 deaths had an average of 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death. In a summary report published by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of 72,314 cases, case-fatality rate was elevated among those with preexisting comorbid conditions—10.5% for cardiovascular disease, 7.3% for diabetes, 6.3% for chronic respiratory disease, 6.0% for HTN, and 5.6% for cancer. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to threaten people and healthcare systems globally and therefore the global economy. Currently, there is no cure or vaccine for COVID-19 and there is an urgent need to develop target therapies as we continue to learn more about this novel virus. Without therapeutic interventions, much of how we contain the viral spread is prevention through mitigation strategies (social distancing, face masks, supportive care). Early suspicion of COVID-19 symptoms with radiological and laboratory assessments may play a major role in preventing severity of the COVID-19. With this literature review we aim to provide review of pathophysiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its clinical effects on multiple organ systems.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Function, Biology, and Role in Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. 1960-1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Murphy ◽  
Hossein Ardehali ◽  
Robert S. Balaban ◽  
Fabio DiLisa ◽  
Gerald W. Dorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Mitochondrial Function ◽  
The United States ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Mitochondrial Defects ◽  
Exciting Time ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

Cardiovascular disease is a major leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and elsewhere. Alterations in mitochondrial function are increasingly being recognized as a contributing factor in myocardial infarction and in patients presenting with cardiomyopathy. Recent understanding of the complex interaction of the mitochondria in regulating metabolism and cell death can provide novel insight and therapeutic targets. The purpose of this statement is to better define the potential role of mitochondria in the genesis of cardiovascular disease such as ischemia and heart failure. To accomplish this, we will define the key mitochondrial processes that play a role in cardiovascular disease that are potential targets for novel therapeutic interventions. This is an exciting time in mitochondrial research. The past decade has provided novel insight into the role of mitochondria function and their importance in complex diseases. This statement will define the key roles that mitochondria play in cardiovascular physiology and disease and provide insight into how mitochondrial defects can contribute to cardiovascular disease; it will also discuss potential biomarkers of mitochondrial disease and suggest potential novel therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals COVID -19 in Geriatric Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 499-504
Author(s):  
Pratiksha S. Thakare ◽  
Samruddhi Gujar ◽  
Shakib Sheikh ◽  
Vrushali Dighikar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Prevention Center

The causative factors of Coronavirus disease mainly the viruses. Through news we aware that pneumonia cases seen recently in Wuhan city, China. Due to unknown causes. Coronaviruses that cause illness such as a common cold. The Coronavirus infection identified with respiratory symptoms and pneumonia, the severe form of coronavirus infection mainly associated with death and low immune system patients. It is very important for us to more focus on geriatric people because in our countries, geriatric group people facing health problems at this present situation. According to articles Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology, and Mitigation Strategies, in that said geriatric people and low immune system patient with symptoms related history are more prone to COVID infection. But according to recent information by WHO all people are at risk of coronavirus but mostly geriatric people facing more risk of developing a severe respiratory infection. Geriatric people easily get coronavirus syndrome due to physical changes that occur as increasing age. There were 95% of these deaths seen in geriatric people above 60 years older. Above 50% of all fatal conditions occurred in geriatric people between 60- 80 years ago. There having disease control and prevention center, which indicate that rates of hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions and mortality reported among COVID-19 cases in the United States are substantially higher among patients older than 45 years compared with younger patients, with case-fatality rates exceeding 1.4% among patients aged 55 to 64 years and exceeding 2.7% among those aged 65 to 74 years.

Abstract 237: Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cardiovascular Disease in Transgender Persons in The United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditi Malhotra ◽  
Hal A Skopicki ◽  
Smadar Kort ◽  
Noelle Mann ◽  
Puja Parikh
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
United States ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Transgender Persons

Background: There is a paucity of data regarding prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and corresponding cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in transgender individuals. We sought to assess the prevalence of CV risk factors and CVD in transgender persons in the United States. Methods: The 2018 Centers for Disease Control’s Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey was utilized to identify a cohort of 1,038 transgender individuals in the United States. Presence of CVD was noted with a single affirmative response to the following questions: “Has a health care professional ever told you that you had any of the following:” (1) a heart attack or myocardial infarction, (2) angina or coronary heart disease, (3) a stroke? Results: Among the 1,038 transgender individuals studied, a total of 145 (14.0%) had CVD while 893 (86.0%) did not. No differences in prevalence of CVD was noted in transgender individuals who transitioned from male-to-female (n=387), female-to-male (n=400), and gender nonconforming status (n=251) (15.0% vs 13.8% vs 12.7%, p=0.72). Transgender individuals with CVD were older, had lower annual income, higher rates of smoking (28.4% vs 18.1%, p=0.004), and higher rates of multiple co-morbidities including asthma (26.6% vs 17.4%, p = 0.009), skin cancer (21.8% vs 5.0%, p <0.001), non-skin cancers (16.8% vs 6.8%, p <0.001), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (27.5% vs 7.0%, p <0.001), arthritis (65.3% vs 28.7%, p<0.001), depressive disorder (42.7% vs 31.0%, p= 0.006), chronic kidney disease (16.2% vs 3.3%, p< 0.001), and diabetes mellitus (42.0% vs 12.7%, p <0.001). No significant differences in race, health insurance status, or body mass index was noted between transgender individuals with CVD versus those without. In multivariable analysis, independent predictors of CVD in transgender individuals included older age, diabetes mellitus [odds ratio (OR) 2.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.73 - 4.58], chronic kidney disease (OR 3.69, 95% CI 1.80 - 7.57), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.19 - 3.99), and depressive disorder (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.09 - 3.03). Conclusions: In this observational contemporary study, CVD was prevalent in 14% of transgender individuals in the United States. Predictors of CVD in the transgender population exist and transgender persons should be appropriately screened for CV risk factors so as to minimize their risk of CVD.

scholarly journals Autonomic and inflammatory consequences of posttraumatic stress disorder and the link to cardiovascular disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 309 (4) ◽  
pp. R315-R321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chevelle Brudey ◽  
Jeanie Park ◽  
Jan Wiaderkiewicz ◽  
Ihori Kobayashi ◽  
Thomas A. Mellman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Posttraumatic Stress ◽  
Autonomic Dysfunction ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
Organ Systems

Stress- and anxiety-related disorders are on the rise in both military and general populations. Over the next decade, it is predicted that treatment of these conditions, in particular, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), along with its associated long-term comorbidities, will challenge the health care system. Multiple organ systems are adversely affected by PTSD, and PTSD is linked to cancer, arthritis, digestive disease, and cardiovascular disease. Evidence for a strong link between PTSD and cardiovascular disease is compelling, and this review describes current clinical data linking PTSD to cardiovascular disease, via inflammation, autonomic dysfunction, and the renin-angiotensin system. Recent clinical and preclinical evidence regarding the role of the renin-angiotensin system in the extinction of fear memory and relevance in PTSD-related immune and autonomic dysfunction is also addressed.

scholarly journals Visceral adiposopathy: a vascular perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa G. Farb ◽  
Noyan Gokce
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Central Adiposity ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Tissue Characteristics ◽  
Care Problems ◽  
Visceral Adipose

AbstractObesity has emerged as one of the most critical health care problems globally that is associated with the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Central adiposity with intra-abdominal deposition of visceral fat, in particular, has been closely linked to cardiometabolic consequences of obesity. Increasing epidemiological, clinical and experimental data suggest that both adipose tissue quantity and perturbations in its quality termed “adiposopathy” contribute to mechanisms of cardiometabolic disease. The current review discusses regional differences in adipose tissue characteristics and highlights profound abnormalities in vascular endothelial function and angiogenesis that are manifest within the visceral adipose tissue milieu of obese individuals. Clinical data demonstrate up-regulation of pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic mediators in dysfunctional adipose tissue that may support pathological vascular changes not only locally in fat but also in multiple organ systems, including coronary and peripheral circulations, potentially contributing to mechanisms of obesity-related cardiovascular disease.

The Systemic Effects of Endometriosis

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 263-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myles Alderman ◽  
Nicole Yoder ◽  
Hugh Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Review Literature ◽  
Micro Rna ◽  
Systemic Effects ◽  
Stem Cell Migration ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

AbstractEndometriosis is a condition defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma in ectopic locations. While the most commonly seen symptoms of the disease are pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and infertility, endometriosis has also systemic effects in multiple organ systems. Here, we review literature describing closely associated comorbidities including cardiovascular disease, cancers, autoimmune disease, psychiatric conditions, and metabolism/body weight. We examine the pathophysiology and hypothesized mechanism by which endometriosis may lead to these systemic effects; mechanisms include cytokine and micro-RNA production as well as stem cell migration and dissemination. The broad systemic effects of endometriosis as well as correlated comorbidities are often overlooked in the treatment of patients with endometriosis. Increased awareness may lead to more effective treatment and prevention.

scholarly journals Office-Based Sedation/General Anesthesia for COPD Patients, Part I

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Chino ◽  
Steven Ganzberg ◽  
Kristopher Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Anxiety Control ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
Dental Office ◽  
Organ Systems

The safe treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in dental office–based settings can be quite complex without a current understanding of the etiology, course, severity, and treatment modalities of the disease. The additional concerns of providing sedation and/or general anesthesia to patients with COPD in settings outside of a hospital demand thorough investigation of individual patient presentation and realistic development of planned treatment that patients suffering from this respiratory condition can tolerate. Along with other comorbidities, such as advanced age and potential significant cardiovascular compromise, the dental practitioner providing sedation or general anesthesia must tailor any treatment plan to address multiple organ systems and mitigate risks of precipitating acute respiratory failure from inadequate pain and/or anxiety control. Part I of this article will cover the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of COPD. Patient evaluation in the preoperative period will also be reviewed. Part II will cover which patients are acceptable for sedation/general anesthesia in the dental office–based setting as well as sedation/general anesthesia techniques that may be considered.

scholarly journals Office-Based Sedation/General Anesthesia for COPD Patients, Part II

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Kristin Chino ◽  
Steven Ganzberg ◽  
Kristopher Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Anxiety Control ◽  
Dental Office ◽  
Organ Systems

The safe treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in dental office office-based settings can be quite complex without a current understanding of the etiology, course, severity, and current treatment modalities of the disease. The additional concerns of providing sedation and/or general anesthesia to patients with COPD in settings outside of a hospital demand thorough investigation of individual patient presentation and realistic development of planned treatment that patients suffering from this respiratory condition can tolerate. Along with other co-morbidities, such as advanced age and potential significant cardiovascular compromise, the dental practitioner providing sedation or general anesthesia must tailor any treatment plan to address multiple organ systems and mitigate risks of precipitating acute respiratory failure from inadequate pain and/or anxiety control. Part I of this article covered the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of COPD. Patient considerations in the preoperative period were also reviewed. Part II will cover which patients are acceptable for sedation/general anesthesia in the dental office-based setting as well as sedation/general anesthesia techniques that may be considered. Postoperative care will also be reviewed.

scholarly journals Analysis of Fatality of Cases by the New Coronavirus, in the Mexican State of Guanajuato: A Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Nicolas Padilla-Raygoza ◽  
Gilberto Flores-Vargas ◽  
Efraín Navarro-Olivos ◽  
María de Jesús Gallardo-Luna ◽  
Francisco Javier Magos-Vazquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Ratio

Aims: COVID-19 has been a big public health challenge around the world in the past several months. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemic and report of fatality of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the Mexican state of Guanajuato, until October 2, 2020. Study Design:  Cross-sectional, quantitative, analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Registries of confirmed cases for COVID-19 in Mexican population from January until October 2, 2020, from National System of Epidemiological Surveillance/ General Direction of Epidemiology/ Secretary of Health, Mexico. Methodology: Based on the National Epidemiological Surveillance System Database from Mexico was used in this study. Data were collected on age, sex, comorbidities (i.e., diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, immunosuppression, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and smoking), date of death, and real-time reverse transcription polymerase test results. Statistical analyses used were Case Fatality Ratio, Chi- squared test and P-value to show relationships among variables. Odds Ratio and confidence intervals at 95% were reported to show the effect of comorbidities on death due to COVID-19. Also, a Bayesian network model was fitted to assess the statistical dependence among risk factors, comorbidities, and death. Results: There were 100,109 suspected cases, of which 41.69% were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Being older than 60 and male had a higher effect on fatality by COVID-19. In Guanajuato state, 1,457 (48.68%) of deaths occurred in Mexican Institute of Social Security, with a case fatality ratio of 15.63%; meanwhile, in the Ministry of Health from Guanajuato State occurred 1,260 (42.10%) of the deaths with a case fatality ratio of 4.14%. Diabetes (OR 5.16, CI95% 4.77–5.59), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 6.34, CI95% 5.37–7.49), immunosuppression (OR 2.85, CI95% 2.17–3.76), cardiovascular disease (OR 4.20, CI95% 3.51–5.02), hypertension (OR 4.74, CI95% 4.39–5.11), chronic kidney disease (OR 6.27, CI95% 5.30–7.42), obesity (OR 1.87, CI95% 1.72–2.03), and smoking (OR 1.60, CI95% 1.41–1.81) had effect on death by COVID-19. Asthma had a preventive effect on death (OR=0.72, CI95% 0.54–0.97), but this effect is diluted after adjusting by sex and age. In all cases, age and sex, acted as confounder. Conclusion: Among the Guanajuato population with COVID-19, the main risk factor for dying were age and sex. However, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunosuppression, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and smoking are risk factors for dying. Although, comorbidities and risk factors are highly correlated.  HIV/AIDS has no effect on fatality from SARS-CoV-2 disease and whereas asthma shows to be a protective factor.

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