scholarly journals COVID -19 in Geriatric Population

2021 ◽  
pp. 499-504
Author(s):  
Pratiksha S. Thakare ◽  
Samruddhi Gujar ◽  
Shakib Sheikh ◽  
Vrushali Dighikar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Geriatric Population ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Prevention Center

The causative factors of Coronavirus disease mainly the viruses. Through news we aware that pneumonia cases seen recently in Wuhan city, China. Due to unknown causes. Coronaviruses that cause illness such as a common cold. The Coronavirus infection identified with respiratory symptoms and pneumonia, the severe form of coronavirus infection mainly associated with death and low immune system patients. It is very important for us to more focus on geriatric people because in our countries, geriatric group people facing health problems at this present situation. According to articles Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology, and Mitigation Strategies, in that said geriatric people and low immune system patient with symptoms related history are more prone to COVID infection. But according to recent information by WHO all people are at risk of coronavirus but mostly geriatric people facing more risk of developing a severe respiratory infection. Geriatric people easily get coronavirus syndrome due to physical changes that occur as increasing age. There were 95% of these deaths seen in geriatric people above 60 years older. Above 50% of all fatal conditions occurred in geriatric people between 60- 80 years ago. There having disease control and prevention center, which indicate that rates of hospitalizations, intensive care unit admissions and mortality reported among COVID-19 cases in the United States are substantially higher among patients older than 45 years compared with younger patients, with case-fatality rates exceeding 1.4% among patients aged 55 to 64 years and exceeding 2.7% among those aged 65 to 74 years.

scholarly journals An Update on SARS-COV-2/COVID-19 with Particular Reference on Its Clinical Pathology, Pathogenesis, Immunopathology and Mitigation Strategies – A Review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
Shailesh Kumar Patel ◽  
Mamta Pathak ◽  
Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo ◽  
Ruchi Tiwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Blood Profile ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a novel coronavirus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in early December 2019 in China and attained a pandemic situation worldwide by its rapid spread to nearly 167 countries with 287.239 confirmed cases and 11.921 human deaths with a case fatality rate (CFR) of around 4 per cent. Bats were considered as the reservoir host, and the search of a probable intermediate host is still going on. Animals have anticipated culprit of SARS-CoV-2 as of now. The disease is mainly manifested by pneumonia and related respiratory signs and symptoms, but the involvement of the gastrointestinal system and nervous system is also suggested. The severe form of the disease associated with death is mainly reported in older and immune-compromised patients with pre-existing disease history. Death in severe cases is attributed to respiratory failure associated with hyperinflammation. Cytokine storm syndrome associated with rampant inflammation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is considered as the leading killer of COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients were reported with higher levels of many pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines like IFN-g, IL-1b, IP-10, and MCP-1. Furthermore, severe cases of COVID-19 revealed higher levels of TNF-α, G-CSF, and MIP-1A. Blood profile of the COVID-19 patients exhibits lymphopenia, leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and RNAaemia along with increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women does not lead to fetus mortalities unlike other zoonotic coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, with no evidence of intrauterine transmission to neonates. Rapid and confirmatory diagnostics have been developed, and high efforts are being made to develop effective vaccines and therapeutics. In the absence of any virus-specific therapeutic, internationally health care authorities are recommending adoption of effective prevention and control measures to counter and contain this pandemic virus. This paper is an overview of this virus and the disease with a particular focus on SARS-COV-2 / COVID-19 clinical pathology, pathogenesis and immunopathology along with a few recent research developments.

scholarly journals Global Health Security Capacity Against COVID-19 Outbreak: An Analysis of Annual Data from 210 Countries and Territories

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elham Maraghi ◽  
Amal Saki Malehi ◽  
Fakher Rahim
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Annual Data ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Risk Environment ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Prevention Center

Objectives: To review the most recent GHS index annual report to observe the regional and global level of health security against the COVID-19 outbreak, as well as their relationship with the case fatality rate, among 210 countries and territories worldwide. Methods: We analyzed October 2019 GHS index, to assess the capacity of health security-based on the GHS index in the context of six categories. We prioritized not only the capacities of 210 countries and territories around the world using the GHS index but also the existence of functional capabilities to prevent pandemics at the source. Data were collected from global databases, including Worldometer, WHO, and Disease Control and Prevention Center (CDC). Results: This study collected data on 210 countries and territories, of which up to April 14, 2020, 72 countries (34.28%) with more than 1,000 total COVID-19 cases were present. In the most prepared group, the number of total COVID-19 diagnostic tests had a significant positive relationship with the GHS index (r = 0.713; P = 0.006). Case fatality rate was directly associated with the detection index (r = 0.304; P = 0.023) in more prepared group”. In the Lower-middle-income economies group, the case fatality rate was positively related to detection, response, and risk environment indices. Conclusions: With the exception of a very small number, countries that were ranked as most prepared countries were more likely to be affected by the COVID-19 outbreak of the virus and its health consequences and needed to seriously reconsider their capabilities and health security in the context of detection, prevention, rapid response, health system facilities, and risk environment against disease outbreak.

Malaria Protection of the International Traveler

1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sigfrido Rangel-Frausto ◽  
Michael B. Edmond
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Antimalarial Agents ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Malaria Protection

Although isolated cases of malaria still may be acquired in the United States,’ imported cases in international travelers are primarily responsible for approximately 1,000 cases reported annually to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In the decade ending in 1988, more than 50 malaria-associated deaths were reported, most of them theoretically preventable. Moreover, it is estimated that only 30% to 60% of malaria cases are actually reported to the CDC.In recent years, an increase in infections due to Plasmodium falciparum, which accounts for the most severe form of malaria, has been noted. This increase is multifactorial in origin and is associated with an increase in travel to malarious areas, difficulties with chemoprophylaxis (including compliance and adverse effects), and increasing resistance to multiple antimalarial agents. Thus, careful counseling of the traveler and appropriate chemoprophylaxis remain vitally important.

scholarly journals Deaths among COVID Cases in the United States: Racial and Ethnic Disparities Persist

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Short Fabic ◽  
Yoonjoung Choi ◽  
David Bishai
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Younger Patients ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Over Time

AbstractUsing COVID-19 Case Surveillance Public Use Data by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we estimate monthly age-adjusted case fatality rates (CFR) for four major groups: non-Hispanic (NH) whites, NH Blacks, NH Asians, and Hispanics. Available data show that CFRs across race/ethnic groups have become more equal over time. Nevertheless, racial and ethnic disparities persist. NH whites consistently experience lower CFRs; NH Blacks generally experience higher case fatality among younger patients; and NH Asians generally experience higher case fatality among older patients. Age-adjusted CFRs reveal dramatically different racial and ethnic disparities that are hidden by crude CFRs. Such adjustment is imperative for understanding COVID-19’s toll.

scholarly journals Analytical review of the global coronavirus infection pandemic in Ukraine

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
O.G. Shekera
Keyword(s):  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Impact

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The outbreak was first recorded in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the outbreak a health emergency of international significance, and on March 11, 2020 – a pandemic. In Ukraine, Covid-19 coronavirus infection (a new type of pneumonia) was first diagnosed on March 3, 2020, in Chernivtsi. On March 13, the first fatal outcome of Covid-19 was recorded. The purpose of the study was to analyze information sources for the last year. Materials and methods. The research used methods of semantic evaluation of scientific documents, as well as methods of structural and logical analysis. Results. The COVID-19, formerly a coronavirus infection 2019 nCoV is a potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (2019 nCoV) and is a dangerous disease that can occur in the form of acute respiratory viral infection of mild and severe form. Studies suggest that the virus is the result of recombination of bat coronavirus with another, as yet unknown, coronavirus. At the same time, scientists from the United States concluded that SARS-CoV-2 has a genetic trace that is not observed in natural coronavirus. They said that it is founded evidence of artificial origin of the coronavirus. In 2021, the WHO changed the labeling of coronavirus strains, including four strains of concern and known to the public as options first discovered in Britain (Kent) (B.1.1.7), South Africa (B.1.351), Brazil (P.1) and India (B.1.617.2). From now on, the WHO recommends, labeling them using the letters of the Greek alphabet, ie - Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta, respectively. The most common symptoms of the Covid-19 coronavirus infection are fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, severe fatigue, muscle aches, sore throat, headache, loss or disturbance of taste and/or odor (characteristic symptom). Less common symptoms are diarrhea, conjunctivitis, skin rash, or discoloration of the fingers and toes. Symptoms that may occur with a severe course of SARS-CoV-2 infection: difficulty breathing or shortness of breath, chest pain or chest pressure, impaired speech or motility. To diagnose COVID-19 coronavirus infection is possible only having carried out necessary testing methods, namely: PCR, determination of coronavirus RNA SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19); IgG antibodies, coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19); IgM antibodies, coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19); IgA antibodies, coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2); Rapid test, coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, antigen, etc. There are two ways to acquire immunity: get sick or get vaccinated. There are more than 80 human vaccine studies in the world, although some are in the early stages of clinical trials. At the same time, companies whose vaccines are already in use around the world have begun to study updated versions of drugs that should be effective against new strains of the COVID-19 virus. Conclusions. Now, it is necessary to radically change the approach to combating the COVID-19 epidemic in 2021-2022. Priority should be given to early detection and containment of COVID-19 coronavirus infection outbreaks (testing, contact tracking, isolation) and a vigorous immunization campaign against ­COVID-19. Investigate the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the loss of human capital: lost services (forgone care), excessive mortality, additional burden of morbidity, in particular for chronic diseases. Direct resources to renew programs to increase the availability of health services. The increase in system load through the COVID-19 vaccination program should be considered.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pathophysiology and Clinical Effects on Multiple Organ Systems - A Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-167
Author(s):  
Kinal Paresh Bhatt ◽  
Jonathan Quinonez ◽  
Abhinav Patel ◽  
Mehrie Patel ◽  
Abdifitah Mohamed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Multiple Organ ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Viral Spread ◽  
Organ Systems

Patients with comorbidities including Hypertension (HTN), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Asthma, Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease (CVD), Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD), and those who are immunocompromised are prone to more severe complications of COVID-19 and a higher rate of hospitalizations. In the United States, around 94% of COVID-19 deaths had an average of 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death. In a summary report published by the Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention of 72,314 cases, case-fatality rate was elevated among those with preexisting comorbid conditions—10.5% for cardiovascular disease, 7.3% for diabetes, 6.3% for chronic respiratory disease, 6.0% for HTN, and 5.6% for cancer. The COVID-19 pandemic continues to threaten people and healthcare systems globally and therefore the global economy. Currently, there is no cure or vaccine for COVID-19 and there is an urgent need to develop target therapies as we continue to learn more about this novel virus. Without therapeutic interventions, much of how we contain the viral spread is prevention through mitigation strategies (social distancing, face masks, supportive care). Early suspicion of COVID-19 symptoms with radiological and laboratory assessments may play a major role in preventing severity of the COVID-19. With this literature review we aim to provide review of pathophysiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its clinical effects on multiple organ systems.

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe and Other European Fora on Migration

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-590
Author(s):  
Jan Niessen
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Prevention Center ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
General Secretary

In the 1970s, during the Cold War era, European and North American states began a dialogue in Helsinki which became known as the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), or the Helsinki process. For Western states the CSCE served as a platform to raise questions related to security in Europe and the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Eastern European states considered the CSCE as a means to secure the postwar borders and an opportunity to discuss economic and scientific cooperation. Today, 51 European States, plus the United States of America and Canada, participate in this process. Notwithstanding the many and often intense political tensions between the West and the East during those twenty years, quite a number of conferences, seminars and other meetings were held and a great many agreements were adopted and documents issued, dealing with matters related to CSCE's three main areas of concern: security in Europe; cooperation in the fields of economics, science, technology and environment; the promotion of human rights. In response to the fundamental changes in Europe in the late 1980s, the CSCE was given a new impetus and its operational framework was broadened. CSCE offices were established in Prague (CSCE Secretariat), Vienna (Conflict Prevention Center) and Warsaw (Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights) with the aim to strengthen and monitor compliance with CSCE commitments, especially in the area of human rights. A Parliamentary Assembly was established and met twice, first in Budapest and then in Helsinki. A General Secretary and a High Commissioner on Minorities were appointed, with offices in Vienna and The Hague, respectively.

scholarly journals Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 100047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghai Liang ◽  
Liuhua Shi ◽  
Jingxuan Zhao ◽  
Pengfei Liu ◽  
Jeremy A. Sarnat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Urban Air

scholarly journals Users’ Beliefs Toward Physical Distancing in Facebook Pages of Public Health Authorities During COVID-19 Pandemic in Early 2020

2021 ◽  
pp. 109019812110144
Author(s):  
Soon Guan Tan ◽  
Aravind Sesagiri Raamkumar ◽  
Hwee Lin Wee
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Belief Model ◽  
United States Public Health ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
The United States ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Public Health Authorities ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Belief Model ◽  
The Health Belief Model

This study aims to describe Facebook users’ beliefs toward physical distancing measures implemented during the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic using the key constructs of the health belief model. A combination of rule-based filtering and manual classification methods was used to classify user comments on COVID-19 Facebook posts of three public health authorities: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of the United States, Public Health England, and Ministry of Health, Singapore. A total of 104,304 comments were analyzed for posts published between 1 January, 2020, and 31 March, 2020, along with COVID-19 cases and deaths count data from the three countries. Findings indicate that the perceived benefits of physical distancing measures ( n = 3,463; 3.3%) was three times higher than perceived barriers ( n = 1,062; 1.0%). Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 ( n = 2,934; 2.8%) was higher compared with perceived severity ( n = 2,081; 2.0%). Although susceptibility aspects of physical distancing were discussed more often at the start of the year, mentions on the benefits of intervention emerged stronger toward the end of the analysis period, highlighting the shift in beliefs. The health belief model is useful for understanding Facebook users’ beliefs at a basic level, and it provides a scope for further improvement.

scholarly journals 307 A systems approach to understanding biosecurity decision-making

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 43-43
Author(s):  
Scott C Merrill ◽  
Christopher Koliba ◽  
Gabriela Bucini ◽  
Eric Clark ◽  
Luke Trinity ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Livestock Industry ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Operational Level

Abstract Disease and its consequences result in social and economic impacts to the US animal livestock industry, ranging from losses in human capital to economic costs in excess of a billion dollars annually. Impacts would dramatically escalate if a devastating disease like Foot and Mouth Disease or African Swine Fever virus were to emerge in the United States. Investing in preventative biosecurity can reduce the likelihood of disease incursions and their negative impact on our livestock industry, yet uncertainty persists with regards to developing an effective biosecurity structure and culture. Here we show the implications of human behavior and decision making for biosecurity effectiveness, from the operational level to the owner/managerial level and finally to the systems level. For example, adjustments to risk messaging strategies could double worker compliance with biosecurity practices at the operational level. The improvement of our risk communication strategy may increase willingness to invest in biosecurity. Furthermore, the adaptation of policies could nudge behavior so that we observe a short disease outbreak followed by a quick eradication instead of a pandemic. Our research shows how the emergence of now-endemic diseases, such as Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea virus, cannot be adequately modeled without the use of a human behavioral component. Focusing solely on any one sector or level of the livestock system is not sufficient to predict emergent disease patterns and their social and economic impact on livestock industries. These results provide insight toward developing more effective risk mitigation strategies and ways to nudge behavior toward more disease resilient systems.

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