scholarly journals Climbing behavior of Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) (Anura, Bufonidae): A typically terrestrial toad being scansorial

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (16) ◽  
pp. 149-151
Author(s):  
Thiago Maia-Carneiro ◽  
Rodrigo Maia-Solidade
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Terrestrial Species ◽  
Climbing Behavior ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spatial Resources

Toads of the Family Bufonidae do present diversified life histories, most of them are terrestrial, but there are aquatic and arboreal species. Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) (Anura, Bufonidae) is a ground dweller bufonid that use the habitat mainly horizontally. Here, we report the occurrence of climbing behavior in R. icterica, adding knowledge with respect to its types of locomotion. The individual was found on the ground and when perceived the presence of the observer it jumped to a wall, hit it, fell back to the ground, and then started to climb the wall. The toad climbed slowly, but apparently without difficulty, since it went up without slipping until the top of the ravine. Performing a given locomotor behavior even rarely confer additional ability to evade from threats and to access otherwise inaccessible food and spatial resources. Whether this behavior is common or rare in the genus is still obscure, nevertheless, at least some typically terrestrial species of Rhinella are capable of climbing and, as R. icterica, use the habitat vertically.

VALUE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Narayan Patra ◽  
Jayanta Mete
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Values are like seeds that sprout, become saplings, grow into trees and spread their branches all around. To be able to think right, to feel the right kind of emotions and to act in the desirable manner are the prime phases of personality development. Building up of values system starts with the individual, moves on to the family and community, reorienting systems, structures and institutions, spreading throughout the land and ultimately embracing the planet as a whole. The culture of inclusivity is particularly relevant and important in the context of our society, nation and making education a right for all children.

THE VALUE OF LOVE IN THE SYSTEM OF FORMATION OF THE PROFESSIONAL MATURITY OF THE EDUCATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
G. Bubyreva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The existing legislation determines the education as "an integral and focused process of teaching and upbringing, which represents a socially important value and shall be implemented so as to meet the interests of the individual, the family, the society and the state". However, even in this part, the meaning of the notion ‘socially significant benefit is not specified and allows for a wide range of interpretation [2]. Yet the more inconcrete is the answer to the question – "who and how should determine the interests of the individual, the family and even the state?" The national doctrine of education in the Russian Federation, which determined the goals of teaching and upbringing, the ways to attain them by means of the state policy regulating the field of education, the target achievements of the development of the educational system for the period up to 2025, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of October 4, 2000 #751, was abrogated by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 29, 2014 #245 [7]. The new doctrine has not been developed so far. The RAE Academician A.B. Khutorsky believes that the absence of the national doctrine of education presents a threat to national security and a violation of the right of citizens to quality education. Accordingly, the teacher has to solve the problem of achieving the harmony of interests of the individual, the family, the society and the government on their own, which, however, judging by the officially published results, is the task that exceeds the abilities of the participants of the educational process.  The particular concern about the results of the patriotic upbringing served as a basis for the legislative initiative of the RF President V. V. Putin, who introduced the project of an amendment to the Law of RF "About Education of the Russian Federation" to the State Duma in 2020, regarding the quality of patriotic upbringing [3]. Patriotism, considered by the President of RF V. V. Putin as the only possible idea to unite the nation is "THE FEELING OF LOVE OF THE MOTHERLAND" and the readiness for every sacrifice and heroic deed for the sake of the interests of your Motherland. However, the practicing educators experience shortfalls in efficient methodologies of patriotic upbringing, which should let them bring up citizens, loving their Motherland more than themselves. The article is dedicated to solution to this problem based on the Value-sense paradigm of upbringing educational dynasty of the Kurbatovs [15].

CHILD-PARENT RELATIONS AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF PROFESSIONAL PREFERENCES IN PEDAGOGICAL DYNASTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
N. V. SHAMANIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Parent Child Relationships ◽  
Professional Preferences ◽  
Parent Child

The article raises the issue of the relationship of parent-child relationships and professional preferences in pedagogical dynasties. Particular attention is paid to the role of the family in the professional development of the individual. It has been suggested that there is a relationship between parent-child relationships and professional preferences.

The Emergence of Subjectivity in the Ancient and Medieval World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Philosophical Anthropology ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Cultures

This work represents a combination of different genres: cultural history, philosophical anthropology, and textbook. It follows a handful of different but interrelated themes through more than a dozen texts that were written over a period of several millennia. By means of an analysis of these texts, this work presents a theory about the development of Western Civilization from antiquity to the Middle Ages. The main line of argument traces the various self-conceptions of the different cultures as they developed historically. These self-conceptions reflect different views of what it is to be human. The thesis is that in these we can discern the gradual emergence of what we today call inwardness, subjectivity and individual freedom. As human civilization took its first tenuous steps, it had a very limited conception of the individual. Instead, the dominant principle was that of the wider group: the family, clan or people. Only in the course of history did the idea of what we know as individuality begin to emerge. It took millennia for this idea to be fully recognized and developed. The conception of human beings as having a sphere of inwardness and subjectivity subsequently had a sweeping impact on all aspects of culture, such as philosophy, religion, law, and art. Indeed, this conception largely constitutes what is today referred to as modernity. It is easy to lose sight of the fact that this modern conception of human subjectivity was not simply something given but rather the result of a long process of historical and cultural development.

Making Things Up

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Good Sense ◽  
Individual Behaviors ◽  
Subatomic Particles ◽  
The Family ◽  
Composition Property ◽  
The Individual ◽  
In Virtue Of

We frequently speak of certain things or phenomena being built out of or based in others. This soda can is made of molecules, which are in turn made of atoms, which are in turn made of subatomic particles. The behavior of a crowd is based in the behaviors of and interactions between individual people—it behaves as it does in virtue of the individual behaviors and interactions. Making Things Up concerns the family of relations that such talk appeals to, which Karen Bennett calls “building relations.” Grounding is one currently popular such relation; so too are composition, property realization, and—controversially—causation. Building relations connect more fundamental things (like atoms) to less fundamental things (like soda cans). But what are we even talking about when we say that something is more fundamental than something else? This book illuminates the ideas of building and fundamentality, as they are deployed in metaphysics and elsewhere in philosophy. Bennett paints a picture of a hierarchically structured world, and makes good sense of otherwise somewhat cryptic talk of “in virtue of” and fundamentality.

Unsustainable Capitalism

2001 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
Allan Macinnes
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Culture Change ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Important Distinction ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual

This paper makes an important, interdisciplinary contribution, to the ongoing debate on the transition from clanship to capitalism. Integral to this contribution is the important distinction between capitalism as an individualist ideology and capitalist societies where individualism is a widespread but not necessarily a universal ideology. His concern is not with the bipolar opposition of landlord and people which tends to dominate debates on the land issue in the Highlands. Instead, he focuses on material culture change in relation to landscape organisation, settlement patterns and morphology in order to examine how social relationships were structured during the critical period of estate re-orientation often depicted progressively as Improvement but regressively as clearance through the removal and relocation of population. His case study on Kintyre is particularly valuable. By scrutinising spatial as well as social relationships Dalglish demonstrates that clanship was based as much on daily practices of living as on an patrimonial ideology of kinship, practices which led the House of Argyll to attempt the reinvention of concepts of occupancy in order to emphasise the importance of the individual over the family through partitioned space.

Pores versus spores: competition between photosynthesis and reproduction is constrained by leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in ferns

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
K G Srikanta Dani ◽  
Jose Mathew ◽  
T M Nila-Mohan ◽  
Raju Antony ◽  
S Suresh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Histories ◽  
Resource Constraints ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Leaf Lifespan ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Terrestrial Species ◽  
Leaf Mass

Abstract Diversity in plant life histories is primarily that found in the rate and duration of photosynthetic (vegetative) and reproductive growth. However, direct evidence for an anticipated trade-off between photosynthesis and reproduction is lacking in any plant lineage. Ferns allocate leaf space and resources to both photosynthesis and reproduction, potentially leading to competition for leaf resources between stomatal pores and reproductive spores. We hypothesized that a trade-off between stomatal density (StD; a proxy for photosynthetic capacity) and sporangial density (SpD; a measure of fertility) has evolved in monomorphic ferns due to the common space, time and resource constraints imposed by a highly conserved and globally low leaf mass per unit area (LMA) in ferns, where any increase in LMA indicated greater construction cost and longer leaf lifespan. We measured LMA, StD and SpD in 40 fern species in India that represented both monomorphic and dimorphic conditions from both terrestrial and epiphytic habits. Both StD and SpD showed a 50-fold range in monomorphic species whereas LMA was more conserved (six-fold range). LMA of terrestrial ferns was significantly lower than that of epiphytic ferns. Linear regression between LMA and StD was significantly positive in dimorphic terrestrial ferns (showing the lowest LMA among all ferns) and significantly negative in monomorphic epiphytic ferns (showing the highest LMA among all ferns). Dimorphic terrestrial ferns were highly fecund on their fertile leaves and showed a significantly higher StD to LMA ratio on their sterile leaves compared to monomorphic terrestrial ferns. Dimorphic ferns seem to maximize both StD and SpD by physical separation of photosynthesis and reproduction, and their characteristically low LMA (shorter leaf lifespan = smaller time window) potentially selects for high StD and high fertility. The regression between StD and SpD in monomorphic ferns was significantly linear and positive, although comparisons among closely related species (within families) showed negative correlations when both StD and SpD were high, captured also by a significant quadratic regression between StD and SpD in monomorphic ferns. Monomorphic terrestrial species bearing more spores per stomata showed relatively low LMA whereas those producing fewer spores per stomata possessed leaves with relatively high LMA. Monomorphic epiphytes produced as many spores as terrestrial species but showed significantly low StD for their high LMA. We discuss the evolutionary reasons behind these trends and conclude that monomorphic terrestrial ferns with high LMA (long leaf lifespan) tend to prioritize photosynthesis over reproduction, while monomorphic epiphytes (always high LMA) are significantly more fertile for lower photosynthesis. The role of LMA in framing the rules of competition between stomata and sporangia in monomorphic ferns provides a template for how photosynthesis may directly or indirectly influence reproductive strategies (and vice versa) in all land plants.

SITUATION OF CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES IN CONTEMPORARY LEGAL, MEDICAL AND SOCIAL PROCESSES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-207
Author(s):  
R.N. Terletskaya ◽  
◽  
I.V. Vinyarskaya ◽  
E.V. Antonova ◽  
A.P. Fisenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children With Disabilities ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Persons With Disabilities ◽  
Rehabilitation Programs ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Individual

Despite the positive developments in the sphere of ensuring the special needs of disabled children, a comprehensive socio-hygienic assessment of the conditions and lifestyles, as well as of their families, has not been carried out in the recent years. The purpose of the study is to identify, through a sociological survey, the problems that a disabled child encounters in his life, in order to further improve the provision of medical and social assistance to him. Materials and methods of research: 506 legal representatives of minors (aged 0–17 years) with the status of a disabled child were interviewed. Study design: single-center, non-randomized, uncontrolled. Results: the study of the living conditions of a disabled child in the family, the assessment by the parents of the state of his health, the problems arising during the registration of disability, in the provision of medical and rehabilitation assistance, and issues of medical and social support, made it possible to determine the position of this part of the child population in modern legal and medical and social conditions. The main problems were the large number of documents required for the registration of a disability, the long wait for the day of the examination, the remoteness of the location of the medical and social examination bureau, the shortage of specialist doctors, the problem with subsidized drugs, the lack of taking into account the individual needs of the child when carrying out rehabilitation programs, the need to contact different organizations and departments, lack of medical and social assistance, violation of rights in the provision of medical services to a disabled child. Conclusion: The acquired information is important for the further improvement of the provision of medical and social assistance to handicapped children and children with disabilities. The main task today is to develop mechanisms for fulfilling the declared rights and freedoms of persons with disabilities and the obligations undertaken by the state in relation to them. The principle of individualization of the provision of various benefits, depending on the condition of a disabled child, his needs, material security, remains relevant.

SPECIAL ARTICLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1955 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 610-619
Author(s):  
Morris Fishbein
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
John Donne ◽  
Medical Society ◽  
Acute Rheumatism ◽  
Modern Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Medical Reports ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rheumatic Heart

THE POET John Donne wrote that no man is an island. Never was this more apt than when applied to the person who is suffering with a crippling disease. For him isolation is disastrous. If intelligent and left too much alone, he becomes embittered, sullen and perhaps an enemy of society. If unintelligent, he deteriorates slowly and steadily into a parasitic, vegetable-like existence, which may eventually sap the lives of all about him. The modern approach to the problem emphasizes adjustment of the handicapped person to the family, the community, and even the nation. All these forces are brought to bear from the social, economic and psychologic points of view, so that such a person is able to live an existence as nearly normal as possible. He contributes to rather than lives upon the society that encompasses him. This consideration of the social aspects of rheumatic heart disease is concerned with these problems and with the extent to which the individual, the family, the community and the nation are able to solve them. On July 29, 1789, Edward Jenner, who first introduced vaccination against smallpox, reported to the medical society in Gloucestershire, England, on "Disease of the Heart Following Acute Rheumatism." The case was illustrated by dissection. This was probably the first reference to rheumatic fever in scientific medical reports. Unfortunately neither the paper nor any record other than its title has ever been found. Perhaps the first physician who pointedly called attention to the association of acute rheumatism and heart disease was David Pitcairn, born in 1749.

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