scholarly journals Biomass as a raw material for energy production

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 251-255
Author(s):  
Michael Tsatiris ◽  
Kyriaki Kitikidou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Heat Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

In this paper, the meaning of biomass is defined and it is explained why it is a potential source of energy. The utilization of biomass as an energy source is based on heat energy production during its combustion. The solar energy captured and stored by plants is released in the form of heat energy during the biomass combustion. The variables that affect the energy value (calorific value) of forest biomass involve the chemical composition, percentage of extractives, moisture content, ash content and density. Softwoods generally contain more energy than hardwoods on a dry weight basis, due to higher lignin content plus the presence of more resinous extractives. Lastly, the advantages and disadvantages of biomass as an energy source are analyzed: biomass is renewable and eco-friendly, but its efficiency is low.

Thermal Energy and Ignition Propagation Estimates of Watermelon Peel Briquettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
A.R. Ige ◽  
C.M. Elinge ◽  
L.G. Hassan ◽  
D.R. Akinkuotu ◽  
O.J. Ajakaye
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Propagation Properties

The idea of utilizing biomass as renewable energy source is appealing due to its accessibility, cheapness and ecological friendliness. Briquette is an alternative source of fuel to firewood and charcoal which can avoid some environmental problems that can be generated from their use. Briquettes were produced from watermelon peels with cassava starch and gum Arabic as binders, the two binders were chosen because they are naturally abundant in rural communities. The briquettes produced have favourable thermal and ignition propagation properties which are contributed by the initial raw material (watermelon peels) properties such as density, calorific value, resistance to humidity, moisture content, ash content etc. It can be concluded that the higher the ignition propagation the higher the thermal energy of the briquettes.

scholarly journals KARATERISTIK TANAH GAMBUT SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghofur ◽  
Aqli Mursadin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Key Word

Berdasarkan ketersediaan sumber daya gambut yang besar di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, maka peluang untuk memanfaatkan potensi tanah gambut sebagai sumber energi alternatif sangat besar. Sumber energi yang didapat dari minyak, gas bumi, dan batubara sedikit demi sedikit berkurang, sehingga perlu dicarikan sumber energi alternatif. Peneliti Lahan Gambut dari Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rawa Pertanian (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Dr Muhammad Noor dalam berita Banjarmasin post tanggal 24 Nopember 2005 tentang “PLN Melirik Lahan Gambut”  menjelaskan, dalam gambut memang terdapat energi yang dapat membangkitkan tenaga listrik, energi yang terdapat dalam gambut cukup tinggi yakni sekitar 5.000 kilo kalori per kilogram. Di Kalsel, keberadaannya setara dengan 65 miliar barel minyak bumi atau sebesar 10 juta barel per tahun energi yang dihasilkan.  Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut beberapa perumusan masalah  dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana usaha untuk melakukan tanah gambut untuk menjadi sumber energi alternatif  yang berkualitas dan  mudah digunakan,  bagimana karateristik tanah gambut sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Salah  satu  cara  untuk mengoptimalkan potensi gambut adalah memanfaatkannya sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan briket yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan bakar altematif  .  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah a) memanfaatkan ketersediaan sumber daya alam dengan menggunakan tanah gambut sebagai energi alternatif  dan b ) mengetahui Nilai kalori, berat jenis, kadar air dan kadar abu di wilayah studi. Tanah gambut yang digunakan sebagai  bahan baku untuk energi alternatif  berasal  dari Desa Gambut Kabupaten Banjar.  Prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan terhadap karateristik tanah  gambut diwilayah studi  sebagai sumber energi. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa untuk tanah gambut di Desa Gambut Kec. Gambut bisa   untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif dengan  teknologi pembriketan. Dengan nilai Kadar Air  0,10%, Kadar Abu 72,65%, berat jenis 2,11 Gs dengan nilai kalori 579,2 cal/g bisa digunakan sebagai bahan  bakar alternatif. Key word : energi alternatif, nilai kalori, tanah gambut. Based on the availability of large peat resources in the province of South Kalimantan, the opportunity to utilize the potential of peat soil as an alternative energy source is very large. Energy sources derived from oil, natural gas, and coal gradually diminish, so alternative energy sources are needed. Peatland Researchers from the Agricultural Swamp Research Institute (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Dr. Muhammad Noor in the Banjarmasin post on November 24, 2005 on "PLN Looking at Peatlands" explained that in peat there is indeed energy that can generate electricity, energy contained in peat quite high at around 5,000 kilos of calories per kilogram. In South Kalimantan, its existence is equivalent to 65 billion barrels of oil or 10 million barrels per year of energy produced. Based on this background, several formulations of the problem in this study are how to make peat soils to be a quality alternative energy source that is easy to use, how the characteristics of peat soil as an alternative energy source. One way to optimize the potential of peat is to use it as a raw material in making briquettes that can be used as alternative fuels. The purpose of this study is a) utilizing the availability of natural resources by using peat soil as alternative energy and b) knowing the calorific value, specific gravity, moisture content and ash content in the study area. Peat soil used as raw material for alternative energy comes from the Gambut Village of Banjar Regency. The procedure for conducting research was carried out on the characteristics of peat soil in the study area as an energy source. From the results of this study indicate that for peat soil in the village of Gambut Kec. Peat can be used as an alternative fuel with briquette technology. With a value of 0.10% moisture content, ash content 72.65%, specific gravity of 2.11 Gs with a calorific value of 579.2 cal / g can be used as an alternative fuel. Key word: alternative energy, calorific value, peat soil.

scholarly journals Thermochemical conversion of grinded pressed plant biomass

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
А.А. Спицын ◽  
И.И. Белоусов ◽  
Т.Б. Турсунов ◽  
В.А. Хен
Keyword(s):  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Adsorption Activity ◽  
Liquid Biofuel

Рассмотрены аппарат уплотнения с частичной химической переработкой сырья и инновационная технология получения гранулированного активированного углеродсодержащего продукта и жидкого биотоплива методом уплотнения (пеллетирования) предварительно измельченного сырья, ускоренного гидролиза, пиролиза, с последующей активацией. Приведены результаты апробации технологии на стендовых установках и аппаратах. Показано, что по- лученные гранулы соответствуют основным показателям отечественных и за- рубежных стандартов на пеллеты из растительного сырья. В процессе произ- водства протекает химическая модификация исходного сырья, на что указывает повышенное значение содержания лигнина в образцах. При проведении пиро- лиза полученных пеллет производятся гранулированный углистый остаток, жидкое биотопливо и горючая парогазовая смесь. Из гранулированного угли- стого остатка получены активированные угли, имеющие адсорбционную активность по йоду, сравнимую с древесным углем марки ДАК. Одним из направлений дальнейших исследований является подбор различных добавок в сырье перед проведением уплотнения и грануляции для улучшения свойств пеллет, в частности повышения теплотворной способности и уменьшения зольности. Однако наиболее интересное направление использования уплотненных отходов растительной биомассы в виде пеллет – в качестве сырья для термохи- мической переработки с целью получения энергетически плотных продуктов, в частности пиролиза. Исследование показало целесообразность разработки единой автономной технологии переработки отходов растительной биомассы с по- лучением конкурентно-способных товарных продуктов: гранулированных активированных углей, жидкого биотоплива, а также парогазовой смеси с достаточной теплотворной способностью для обеспечения работы специальных топочных устройств. The paper deals with the sealing machine with partial chemical processing of raw materials and the innovative technology for obtaining granular activated carbon- containing product and liquid biofuel by the method of compaction (pelletizing) of pre-crushed raw materials, accelerated hydrolysis, pyrolysis and subsequent activation. The results of approbation of the technology on bench installations and devices are presented. It is shown that the obtained pellets correspond to the main indicators of domestic and foreign standards for pellets from vegetable raw materials. In the production process, a chemical modification of the feedstock takes place, as indicat- ed by the increased value of lignin content in the samples. When pyrolysis of the pellets is produced, a granular carbonaceous residue, liquid biofuel, and a combustible gas-vapor mixture are produced. From the granular carbonaceous residue, activated carbons with an adsorption activity of iodine comparable to charcoal of the DAK brand were obtained. One of the directions of further research is the selection of various additives into the raw material before compaction and granulation to improve the properties of pellets, in particular, to increase the calorific value and to reduce ash content. However, the most interesting direction of using compacted biomass res- idue in the form of pellets is to use as a raw material for thermochemical processing in order to obtain energetically dense products, in particular pyrolysis. The work showed the expediency of developing a single autonomous technology for plant biomass residues processing with the production of competitive commodity products: granular activated carbons, liquid biofuel, as well as steam-gas sweep with sufficient calorific value to ensure the operation of special combustion devices.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF BULK DENSITY OF COAL BLEND ON THE CALORIFIC VALUE OF COKE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 4-12
Author(s):  
I.V. Miroshnichenko ◽  
D.V. Miroshnichenko ◽  
I.V. Shulga ◽  
Yu.V. Nikolaychuk
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Quality Indicators ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
State Enterprise ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Material Base ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Coal Blend

The article is devoted to laboratory studies to determine the influence of the bulk density of a coal blend (in particular, tamped) on the value of the gross calorific value of the coke obtained from it. To making up a model coal blends, coal concentrates has been selected and analyzed from the raw material base of Ukrainian coke enterprises. From the studied coals four variants of coal blends has been formed, characterized by different grades. Experimental coking of coal charges has been carried out in a 5-kg laboratory oven designed by the State Enterprise "UKHIN". The bulk coking blend has been moistened to 8 %. The blend for tamping has been moistened to 12 %, tamped into a special matrix to a density of 1.15 t/m3 , and then the tamped coal cake has been placed in a retort for coking. It has been established that the maximum value of the gross calorific value of blast-furnace coke is achieved during coking of coal blends, which are characterized by the following set of quality indicators: R0=0,91–0,94 %; Vdaf = 30,9-31,0 %; C daf = 83,80-83,83 %; Hdaf = 5,01-5,02 %; Od daf = 8,42-8,45 %. It has been shown that an increase in the bulk density of coal blends, characterized by the same set of quality indicators, from 800 to 1150 kg/m3 leads to an increase in the gross calorific value of blastfurnace coke by 0,05-0,12 MJ/kg. Hydrogen bonds are a factor that contributes to the denser packaging of coal grains in the load. For this, the number of water molecules must correspond to the number of polar bonds in carbon macromolecules. With a lack of water, not all polar functional groups present in macromolecules will participate in the formation of new bonds, which will not allow to the coal grains to be packed more tightly. On the contrary, at higher humidity, excess water molecules will take up space in the feed, not participating in the formation of bonds with carbon macromolecules, which will lead to a decrease in the bulk density in terms of dry weight.

scholarly journals THERMAL BEHAVIOR OF FOREST BIOMASS WASTES PRODUCED DURING COMBUSTION IN A BOILER SYSTEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reny Aldo Henne ◽  
Martha Andreia Brand ◽  
Bianca Schveitzer ◽  
Viviane Aparecida Spinelli Schein
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Behavior ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Boiler Furnace ◽  
Industrial Systems ◽  
Combustion Residues

ABSTRACT It is known that during the biomass combustion in industrial systems the formation of residues containing ashes and residual carbon occurs. The content of the residues varies according to the efficiency and operating parameters of the combustion chambers. The characterization of these residues is an essential tool to identify their potential for energy reuse. The aim of this paper was to analyze the thermal behavior of the biomass and the residues yielded during the combustion process in a boiler system. For this purpose, forest biomass and ash samples have been analyzed in a laboratory and at four collection points of generation and treatment of the combustion residues (readler, hopper, scrubber, and decanter) inside the boiler of a power plant. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTA) have been carried out on all samples. Moreover, the ultimate analysis, the proximate analysis and the gross calorific value of all samples have been determined. Results show that the biomass burning efficiency in the boiler furnace was high, which was proven by the chemical composition and thermal degradation behavior of the residues collected in the readler. The scrubber’s light wastes presented chemical and energy properties (7180 kcal/kg, 75% fixed carbon content, 21% volatile content and 3.72% ash content), and thermal behavior similar to the ones found in the literature for eucalyptus charcoal. However, in order to reuse these combustion residues on reinjection or reheat systems, machine adjustments are essential to achieve burning efficiency and avoid operational problems. The decanter wastes did not show potential for energy reuse.

scholarly journals Planning for Reliable Coal Quality Delivery Considering Geological Variability: A Case Study in Polish Lignite Mining

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wojciech Naworyta ◽  
Szymon Sypniowski ◽  
Jörg Benndorf
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Drill Hole ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sequential Gaussian Simulation ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Coal Quality ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Design Options

The aim of coal quality control in coal mines is to supply power plants daily with extracted raw material within certain coal quality constraints. On the example of a selected part of a lignite deposit, the problem of quality control for the run-of-mine lignite stream is discussed. The main goal is to understand potential fluctuations and deviations from production targets dependent on design options before an investment is done. A single quality parameter of the deposit is selected for this analysis—the calorific value of raw lignite. The approach requires an integrated analysis of deposit inherent variability, the extraction sequence, and the blending option during material transportation. Based on drill-hole data models capturing of spatial variability of the attribute of consideration are generated. An analysis based on two modelling approaches, Kriging and sequential Gaussian simulation, reveals advantages and disadvantages lead to conclusions about their suitability for the control of raw material quality. In a second step, based on a production schedule, the variability of the calorific value in the lignite stream has been analysed. In a third step the effect of different design options, multiple excavators and a blending bed, was investigated.

scholarly journals The Use of Plant Biomass Pellets for Energy Production by Combustion in Dedicated Furnaces

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Greinert ◽  
Maria Mrówczyńska ◽  
Radosław Grech ◽  
Wojciech Szefner
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Optimum Material

Biomass combustion is technologically difficult. It is also problematic because of the necessity to manage the ash that is generated in the process. The combustion of biomass pellets is optimum when their moisture is 6–8%. The calorific value of pellets made from straw and willow wood (4:1) was 17.3–20.1 MJ∙kg−1. There were serious problems with burning this material caused by the accumulation and melting of bottom ash on the grate, which damaged the furnace. These problems with optimizing the biomass combustion process resulted in increased CO emissions into the atmosphere. It was shown that pelletization could also be used to consolidate the ash generated during the combustion process, which would eliminate secondary dust during transport to the utilization site. For this purpose, it was suggested to add binding substances such as bentonite and bran. The analysis showed that an optimum material for pelletization should contain, on average, 880 g of ash, 120 g of bentonite, 108 g of bran, and 130 g of water.

scholarly journals Levulinic Acid Production from Macroalgae: Production and Promising Potential in Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 13919
Author(s):  
Maria Dyah Nur Meinita ◽  
Amron Amron ◽  
Agus Trianto ◽  
Dicky Harwanto ◽  
Wahyu Caesarendra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Scale ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The development of macroalgal biorefinery products as an alternative source of renewable fuels is an opportunity to solve the dependence on fossil fuels. Macroalgae is a potential biomass that can be developed as a raw material for producing platform chemicals such as levulinic acid (LA). In the industrial sector, LA is among the top 12 biomass-derived feedstocks designated by the U.S. Department of Energy as a high-value chemical. Several studies have been conducted on the production of LA from terrestrial-based biomass, however, there is still limited information on its production from macroalgae. The advantages of macroalgae over terrestrial and other biomasses include high carbohydrate and biomass production, less cultivation cost, and low lignin content. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the potential and challenge of producing LA from macroalgae in the industrial sector and determine its advantages and disadvantages compared with terrestrial biomass in LA production. In this study, various literature sources were examined using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) method to identify, screen, and analyze the data of the published paper. Despite its advantages, there are some challenges in making the production of levulinic acid from macroalgae feasible for development at the industrial scale. Some challenges such as sustainability of macroalgae, the efficiency of pretreatment, and hydrolysis technology are often encountered during the production of levulinic acid from macroalgae on an industrial scale.

scholarly journals Extractives and energetic properties of wood and charcoal

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 369-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antônio José Vinha Zanuncio ◽  
Amélia Guimarães Carvalho ◽  
Paulo Fernando Trugilho ◽  
Thiago Campos Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Relative Density ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extractive Content ◽  
Charcoal Production ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Gross Calorific Value

Charcoal production stands out as a raw material for the production of renewable energy. To assess wood quality in energy terms, studies have focused more on the holocellulose and lignin content than on the role of extractives. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the extractive content in cold water, in dichloromethane and total on energy properties of wood and charcoal, from six trees species. The extractives were removed with different solvents to be recorded and gross calorific value of wood was determined. The wood was carbonized at 1.67°C/min heating rate until maximum of 450°C and residence time of 30 min. The extractive content was correlated with the gravimetric yield, apparent relative density, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon and gross calorific value of charcoal. The removal of total extractives and extractives soluble in dichloromethane reduced the gross calorific value of wood of most species evaluated. The extractives removed in cold water did not correlate with the parameters of carbonization. The extractives content in dichloromethane correlated with volatile matter, fixed carbon and gross calorific value. Total extractive content correlated with gravimetric yield, apparent relative density and gross calorific value of charcoal.

A Renewable Energy Source: Wood

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Energy Wood ◽  
Developing And Developed Countries

Wood currently provides about 3.6% of the total energy consumed in the world which it is estimated is a slightly higher percentage than for nucleur power. However there is a marked variation in the importance of wood as an energy source between developing countries, where the percentage varies between 6% and 75%, depending on the region, and developed countries where the percentage is estimated to lie between 0.3% and 1%. Fuelwood accounts for approximately 47% of total world wood production with a similar marked difference between developing and developed countries. Wood, whose thermal efficiency is influenced by its specific gravity and moisture content, can be converted to energy by combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, hydrolysis or hydrogenation. These processes are reviewed along with some of their advantages and disadvantages. Of these, combustion is the most important at present although charcoal is locally important in some countries. In the long term, gasification and hydrolysis may be of more significance since they can be used to convert wood to liquid fuels. Information on the size of the world's wood resources is given and also estimates of biomass production. These suggest that wood has considerable potential since annual forest biomass production is equivalent to about four times the world's total energy consumption per year. Wood supplies for energy in future could come from switching small roundwood logs from existing end uses, using sawmilling residues, fuller utilisation of trees in the forest, or by establishing new plantations specifically for energy production. The way in which wood may be used in the future, and the scale of any developments are examined in the context of both developing and developed countries, and it is concluded that wood being a renewable source of energy is likely to remain at least as important as it is now, and any increased use will depend on the cost of alternative sources of energy, wood availability, and the costs and technological developments in using wood itself as a source of energy.

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