Thermal Energy and Ignition Propagation Estimates of Watermelon Peel Briquettes

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
A.R. Ige ◽  
C.M. Elinge ◽  
L.G. Hassan ◽  
D.R. Akinkuotu ◽  
O.J. Ajakaye
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cassava Starch ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Propagation Properties

The idea of utilizing biomass as renewable energy source is appealing due to its accessibility, cheapness and ecological friendliness. Briquette is an alternative source of fuel to firewood and charcoal which can avoid some environmental problems that can be generated from their use. Briquettes were produced from watermelon peels with cassava starch and gum Arabic as binders, the two binders were chosen because they are naturally abundant in rural communities. The briquettes produced have favourable thermal and ignition propagation properties which are contributed by the initial raw material (watermelon peels) properties such as density, calorific value, resistance to humidity, moisture content, ash content etc. It can be concluded that the higher the ignition propagation the higher the thermal energy of the briquettes.

scholarly journals KARATERISTIK TANAH GAMBUT SEBAGAI ENERGI ALTERNATIF

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Ghofur ◽  
Aqli Mursadin
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Alternative Energy Source ◽  
Key Word

Berdasarkan ketersediaan sumber daya gambut yang besar di Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, maka peluang untuk memanfaatkan potensi tanah gambut sebagai sumber energi alternatif sangat besar. Sumber energi yang didapat dari minyak, gas bumi, dan batubara sedikit demi sedikit berkurang, sehingga perlu dicarikan sumber energi alternatif. Peneliti Lahan Gambut dari Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rawa Pertanian (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Dr Muhammad Noor dalam berita Banjarmasin post tanggal 24 Nopember 2005 tentang “PLN Melirik Lahan Gambut”  menjelaskan, dalam gambut memang terdapat energi yang dapat membangkitkan tenaga listrik, energi yang terdapat dalam gambut cukup tinggi yakni sekitar 5.000 kilo kalori per kilogram. Di Kalsel, keberadaannya setara dengan 65 miliar barel minyak bumi atau sebesar 10 juta barel per tahun energi yang dihasilkan.  Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut beberapa perumusan masalah  dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana usaha untuk melakukan tanah gambut untuk menjadi sumber energi alternatif  yang berkualitas dan  mudah digunakan,  bagimana karateristik tanah gambut sebagai sumber energi alternatif. Salah  satu  cara  untuk mengoptimalkan potensi gambut adalah memanfaatkannya sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan briket yang dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan bakar altematif  .  Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah a) memanfaatkan ketersediaan sumber daya alam dengan menggunakan tanah gambut sebagai energi alternatif  dan b ) mengetahui Nilai kalori, berat jenis, kadar air dan kadar abu di wilayah studi. Tanah gambut yang digunakan sebagai  bahan baku untuk energi alternatif  berasal  dari Desa Gambut Kabupaten Banjar.  Prosedur pelaksanaan penelitian dilakukan terhadap karateristik tanah  gambut diwilayah studi  sebagai sumber energi. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa untuk tanah gambut di Desa Gambut Kec. Gambut bisa   untuk digunakan sebagai bahan bakar alternatif dengan  teknologi pembriketan. Dengan nilai Kadar Air  0,10%, Kadar Abu 72,65%, berat jenis 2,11 Gs dengan nilai kalori 579,2 cal/g bisa digunakan sebagai bahan  bakar alternatif. Key word : energi alternatif, nilai kalori, tanah gambut. Based on the availability of large peat resources in the province of South Kalimantan, the opportunity to utilize the potential of peat soil as an alternative energy source is very large. Energy sources derived from oil, natural gas, and coal gradually diminish, so alternative energy sources are needed. Peatland Researchers from the Agricultural Swamp Research Institute (Balittra) Banjarbaru, Dr. Muhammad Noor in the Banjarmasin post on November 24, 2005 on "PLN Looking at Peatlands" explained that in peat there is indeed energy that can generate electricity, energy contained in peat quite high at around 5,000 kilos of calories per kilogram. In South Kalimantan, its existence is equivalent to 65 billion barrels of oil or 10 million barrels per year of energy produced. Based on this background, several formulations of the problem in this study are how to make peat soils to be a quality alternative energy source that is easy to use, how the characteristics of peat soil as an alternative energy source. One way to optimize the potential of peat is to use it as a raw material in making briquettes that can be used as alternative fuels. The purpose of this study is a) utilizing the availability of natural resources by using peat soil as alternative energy and b) knowing the calorific value, specific gravity, moisture content and ash content in the study area. Peat soil used as raw material for alternative energy comes from the Gambut Village of Banjar Regency. The procedure for conducting research was carried out on the characteristics of peat soil in the study area as an energy source. From the results of this study indicate that for peat soil in the village of Gambut Kec. Peat can be used as an alternative fuel with briquette technology. With a value of 0.10% moisture content, ash content 72.65%, specific gravity of 2.11 Gs with a calorific value of 579.2 cal / g can be used as an alternative fuel. Key word: alternative energy, calorific value, peat soil.

scholarly journals Effects of extraction conditions on characterization of gelatin from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) skin

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S6) ◽  
pp. 124-131
Author(s):  
Rabiatul Amirah R. ◽  
Ellya Hazreera A.J. ◽  
Nor Qhairul Izzreen M.N. ◽  
Rozzamri A. ◽  
Umi Hartina M.R.
Keyword(s):  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment

The study aimed to determine the characteristics of gelatin from water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) skin pre-treated with NaOH and Ca(OH)2 at different concentrations (0.3 M, 0.5 M and 0.7 M) and extracted at 65˚C for 6 hrs and 24 hrs respectively. The gelatin obtained was evaluated for its moisture, protein and ash content, UV-vis absorption value, colour, emulsifying and foaming properties. The highest yield (20.25%) was observed for gelatin extracted by 0.5 M NaOH at 24 hrs extraction time. For alkaline pre-treatment, it was found that NaOH was more efficient than Ca(OH)2 in terms of preparing the skin for subsequent extraction process. The protein content of the extracted gelatin samples was in the range of 71.76% - 87.83%, showing that the varying processing conditions are sufficiently to recover protein from the raw material. Ash content for all samples was in agreement with USDA standard, which was below than 3%. The extracted gelatin had varying pH values which were from 5.47 to 7.02. The gelatin was colourless with ‘L’ values of more than 80, except for 0.7 M Ca(OH)2 at 24 hrs which showed slightly darker properties. The intensity of the UV-vis absorption spectrum showed that a high absorption peak was observed at 6 hrs of extraction time (230 – 250 nm) compared to 24 hrs extraction time. Emulsifying properties of buffalo gelatin increased with increasing concentrations of alkaline except for 0.7 M NaOH and 0.7 M Ca(OH)2 for both extraction time. Meanwhile, foam expansion of the gelatin extracted from the different extraction conditions was observed to have a significant difference (p < 0.05) for all samples. To our knowledge, buffalo skin has the potential to be an alternative source of gelatin in the diversified industrial application by modifying the extraction conditions in order to produce gelatin with desired quality.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN BIOBRIKET DARI GAMBUT DAN AMPAS TEBU SEBAGAI SUMBER BELAJAR MATERI ILMU KIMIA DAN PERANANNYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Lisa Mariati ◽  
Yusbarina Yusbarina
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Mass Composition ◽  
Mass Variation ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Alternative Source

AbstractHuman needs on fossil fuels is increasing, but the source is limited.  Thus, a renewable alternative source is needed.  One of them is Biomass.  Biomass fuel can be in the form of bio-briquette. Bio-briquette utilization as fuel is based on the carbon content contained in Biomass such as peat and bagasse.  This research aimed at knowing bio-briquette quality as fuel and learning source at senior high school.  Bio-briquette prepared with variation of peat and bagasse mass composition were 40: 0, 30: 10, 20: 20, 10: 30, 0: 40 (g: g).  Bio-briquette was made by using 20 g adhesive kanji.  Bio-briquette quality tested was done by testing the water content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, calorific value, and duration of flame.  Bio-briquette the best quality is the mass variation of G 10g: 30g AT with water content of 3.93%, ash content of 6.33%, volatile matter of 46.60%, fixed carbon of 43.14%, calorific  value of 5986 cal / g , duration of flame 210 minutes and the mass variation 0g G: 40g AT with water content of 2.33%, ash content of 3.83%, volatile matter of 49.47%, calorific value of 6198 cal / g, duration of flame 250 minutes. Preparing bio-briquette of peat and bagasse as learning source on chemistry material and its implementation was on the category of good (93.33%). Keywords: Bio-briquette, Peat, Bagasse, Quality test

scholarly journals PENGARUH SUHU DAN WAKTU KARBONISASI TERHADAP NILAI KALOR DAN KARAKTERISTIK PADA PEMBUATAN BIOARANG BERBAHAN BAKU PELEPAH AREN (Arenga pinnata)

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
Erwin Junary ◽  
Julham Prasetya Pane ◽  
Netti Herlina
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Renewable Biomass ◽  
Volatile Matter Content ◽  
Temperature Variable

The availability of the petroleum fuels that deprived from fossil is depleted with the increase of human population. The challenge for this fuel shortage crisis can certainly be anticipated with the manufacture of fuels deprived from renewable biomass. The study of this research is to create a biocharcoal deprived from sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) with the optimum carbonization time and temperature in order to obtain a biocharcoal with the highest calorific value. Biocharcoal is a charcoal created from biomass. The study of the determination of the optimum conditions for the manufacture of biocharcoal from sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) has a temperature variable of 300, 350, 400, 450 and 500 0C and time variable of 60, 90 and 120 minutes. Sugar palm was first cut into a small pieces and dried up under the sun and then put into a furnace to carbonate it according to the predetermined variables. The product from furnace was then put inside a desicator to cool it off for 30 minutes and then analyze it with moisture content test, ash content test, volatile matter content test, carbon content test and calorific value test. The best result was obtained at the temperature of 350 0C and 120 minutes of carbonization with the calorific value of 8611,2581 cal/gr, moisture content of %, ash content of %, volatile matter content of % and carbon content of %. Based of the calorific value obtained, the result shows that sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) biocharcoal could be utilize as an renewable alternative source fuels

Improved Sawdust Briquette: An Alternative Source of Fuel

2009 ◽  
Vol 62-64 ◽  
pp. 769-773
Author(s):  
J.O. Osarenmwinda ◽  
S. Imoebe
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Alternate Source

The production of an improved sawdust briquette, as an alternate source of fuel has been achieved. In addition to sawdust other constituents of the briquette were silica (sharp sand), starch and kerosene. The density, ash content, calorific values and moisture content of briquette were determined. The composition of starch and kerosene was constant throughout the experiment. It was observed that as silica percentage was increased, there was an increase in the briquette calorific value until maximum value of 20%. The sample which gave the best calorific value was with percentage compositions of 60% sawdust, 20% silica (sharp sand), 5% kerosene and 15% starch with a calorific value of 12.68mJ/kg .The produced briquette had a higher calorific value than wood and other agro waste it was compared with.

scholarly journals Production and Characterization of Coffee Husk Fuel Briquettes as an Alternative Energy Source

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Assefa Tesfaye ◽  
Fentahun Workie ◽  
Venkatesh S. Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Coffee Husk ◽  
Alternative Energy Source

Biomass energy accounts for more than 92 percent of overall energy consumption in Ethiopia. As a result, Ethiopia is one of the world’s most biomass-dependent countries. The high reliance on wood fuels and agricultural residues for fuel harms society’s social, economic, and environmental well-being. This study aims to create and test the quality of fuel briquettes made from the coffee husk. Also built and produced are a carboniser/charcoal kiln, a manually operated molder system, and a briquette stove for burning the manufactured briquette. The carboniser converts 15 kg of raw coffee husk into 6 kg of carbonised char in 25 minutes, and the manually operated briquette molder can press 30 kg per hour. The efficiency of converting raw coffee husk into carbonised char content was 40.12%. In the geological survey of Ethiopia, the geochemical laboratory directorate received triplicate samples of the fuel briquette charcoal for analysis. Moisture content, fixed carbon content, ash content, sulfur content, and calorific value were determined using a bomb calorimeter and a ceramic lining furnace. Physical properties of fuel briquettes ranged from 10.03% moisture content, 970 kg/m3 density, 81% fixed carbon, 5.15% ash content, 0% sulfur, and 30.54 Kcal/kg higher heating value, according to laboratory results. The results of the study revealed that the coffee husk fuel briquettes produced have more positive characteristics. Fuel briquettes were cost-effective and environmentally friendly and reduced deforestation compared to firewood. This study clearly shows that briquettes made from coffee husk could be used as an alternative energy source when this kind of waste is well managed.

scholarly journals Biopellet from demineralized oil palm trunk

2021 ◽  
Vol 891 (1) ◽  
pp. 012022
Author(s):  
N J Wistara ◽  
P Diputra ◽  
D Hendra
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Palm Trunk ◽  
Lignin Decomposition ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Scanning Electron

Abstract Oil palm trunk (OPT) is a potential raw material for biopellet manufacturing. This study aimed to reduce the ash content of biopellet through pre-treatment with sulfuric acid. The moisture content, durability, ash content, density, and calorific values of the biopellet were determined according to DIN EN 14961-2 and 51731 standards. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated the presence of inter-particle interlocking in the highly durable biopellet. Thermal analysis indicated that the mass and water loss, hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin decomposition occurred at 76.12 ºC, 113.97-200 ºC, 310-360 ºC, and >400 ºC, respectively. Biopellet produced retained a moisture content of 3.40-8.90%, the durability of 97.75-99.38%, ash content after pre-treatment with H2SO4 of 1.02-1.47%, control ash content of 2.20-3.31%, the density of 1.03-1.30 g/cm3, and the calorific value of 3954-4608 kcal/kg. The biopellet quality fulfilled the requirements of DIN EN 14961-2, 51731, and SNI 8021-2014 standard, except for the ash content of the control.

scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH CANGKANG BIJI KARET DENGAN ADITIF TEMPURUNG KELAPA SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF MELALUI TEKNOLOGI PEMBRIKETAN

JTAM ROTARY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Randi Nasarudin ◽  
Abdul Ghofur
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Additional Material

The development of alternative energy sources that can replace fuel oil is very important to utilize natural resources optimally and environmentally. The shell produced from rubber plants is the main ingredient in this study, while the coconut shell is an additional material used to increase the calorific value of alternative fuels which is often referred to as Briquette. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of variations in raw material composition and variations in pressure on the quality of rubber shells and coconut shell waste briquettes according to SNI standards. The raw material for rubber shell and coconut shell is processed into charcoal using carbonization method with a variation of a mixture of 85%: 15%, 90%: 10% and 95%: 5% with 5% adhesive. Then mix the printed material with a pressure of 300 kg/cm2 and 100kg/cm2. The quality parameters of briquettes are based on SNI 01-6235-2000 standards with moisture content, ash content, volatille matter content, and lacquer value. The results of the study showed that the sample b1 with 85% injection: 15% print pressure 300kg/cm2. The briquette with the sample code b1 has a water content value of 5,10432%, ash content of 14,8604%, volatile matter content of 12,8002%, carbon value of 66,8225% and heating value of 6576.592501 cal/gr. But overall the briquettes have not met the standards of SNI 01-6235-2000 concerning the quality of wood charcoal briquettes. Because the ash content of the briquette exceeds the maximum limit that has been determined, namely a maximum of 8%.  Keywords: Alternative Energy, Rubber Seed Shell, Coconut Shell, Pressure

scholarly journals Variability of Normative Properties of Wood Chips and Implications to Quality Control

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3789
Author(s):  
Dinko Vusić ◽  
Filip Vujanić ◽  
Karlo Pešić ◽  
Branimir Šafran ◽  
Vanja Jurišić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gross Calorific Value ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Energy Wood

The research was conducted with the goal to determine the variability of the quality parameters of the wood chips produced from the most favorable raw material (energy roundwood), and in the most controllable operational conditions (pellet factory), as the first step in identifying opportunities to optimize the wood chips’ quality monitoring. Four raw material types were tested: fir/spruce and beech debarked energy roundwood, as well as energy wood with bark of the same species. Sampling was conducted during six consecutive months along with laboratory testing, all according to the HRN EN ISO standards for solid biofuels. Interpretation of the results was done in relation to deviation from the first sampling results (as an indicator of the possibility to retain the quality of wood chips), and repeatability and reproducibility set in the standards (as an indicator of acceptable variability). The influence of the species and debarking process on the wood chips’ quality was analyzed as well. Relative deviation from the first sampling as well as the quality class change pointed moisture content as a normative property with the lowest possibility to retain initial values over the six-month period. Ash content results indicated a strong possibility to maintain the initial ash content class in the majority of the samples. In just three cases, the results of ash content were outside the reproducibility limits with first sampling as a reference. Gross calorific value results pointed only four samples outside the reproducibility limits with the first sampling results are set as a reference. Wood species influenced gross calorific value and the median value of the particle size distribution and debarking showed a significant positive effect on the moisture content reduction as well as on the ash content reduction. Presented findings are indicative for the investigated raw materials, however for the general conclusion on the subject of wood chips normative properties variation, various raw material types will have to be examined in further research.

scholarly journals BIOBRIQUETTE PRODUCTION FROM PALM FRONDS AND SHELLS: EFFECT OF MATERIAL COMPOSITION AND PARTICLE SIZE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Okta Bani ◽  
Iriany ◽  
Taslim ◽  
Cici Novita Sari ◽  
Cindy Carnella
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Carbon Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Combustion Rate ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Fixed Carbon Content

Briquettes are solid fuels from organic materials with high calorific values ​​and burn duration. The composition and particle size of the raw material may affect briquette quality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of composition and particle size on calorific value and characteristics of the resulting briquettes. In this study, briquettes were made using palm oil fronds and shells at mass ratio of 1:2, 1:4, 1:6, 1:8 and particle size of not-dertemined, 50, 70, and 100 mesh. First, raw material was carbonized at 450°C for 30 minutes then added to 20%wt. starch glue and waste oil (1:1 ratio). Resulting briquettes were analyzed for its water content, ash content, density, volatile matter content, fixed carbon content, combustion rate, calorific value, and compressive strength. Satisfying results were obtained for briquettes with a front to shell ratio of 1:8, and a particle size of 100 mesh. At this condition, the resulting briquettes have water content of 5.5%; ash content of 2.54%; density of 0.51 g/cm3; 19.58% vapor content; fixed carbon content of 72.38%; combustion rate of 0.2 g/min (3.4×10-3 g/sec); calorific value of 15.3 kcal/g; and compressive strength of 0.06 N/mm2. These results have complied with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), Japanese, American, and English standards, except for briquette compressive strength, which have not met the industrial standard.

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