scholarly journals The internet and e-commerce diffusion in European countries (modeling at the example of Austria, Poland and Ukraine)

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetiana Zatonatska ◽  
Oleksandr Dluhopolskyi ◽  
Iryna Chyrak ◽  
Nataliya Kotys
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
The World ◽  
Internet Development ◽  
The Impact

This article analyzes the influence of Internet and e-commerce diffusion in the development of European countries. Conclusions about the faster spread of Internet technologies in the modern world, especially in developing countries, due to the achievement of so-called “saturation points” by developed countries of the world (e-commerce markets in Ukraine and Poland are at the stage of formation and active growth) have been made. The purpose of this article is to construct an economic and mathematical toolkit for investigating the impact of the Internet and e-commerce on indicators of economic development of the country. The methods of scientific analysis, description and synthesis, modeling and statistical analysis are used in the research. Models of technologies diffusion have been considered, and as a basis, the distribution of the Internet in Poland, Austria and Ukraine is forecasted. Findings suggest that Internet technology spread has a significant impact on the development of e-commerce, and Internet development in different countries of the world. This study uses the classification of countries according to the World Bank Country Classification, which, since 2005, has ranked countries by GDP per capita into four groups:1) low-income;2) lower-middle-income;3) upper-middle-income;4) high-income.It has been found that the pace of Internet technology and broadband Internet access spread is a lot higher in low-income countries due to the later beginning of the diffusion process, while in the high-income countries, the peak of Internet development has passed and the technology spread has slowed down.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Broadband Internet Development for Digital Economy in China and Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Riva'atul Adaniah Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Internet Development

<p><em>Pengembangan internet </em>broadband<em> penting diimplementasikan karena perannya dalam mendukung kegiatan ekonomi. Peningkatan penetrasi </em>broadband<em> 10% memicu pertumbuhan ekonomi sebesar 1,38% di negara </em>low-income <em>dan </em>middle-income<em>, sementara di negara </em>high-income<em> hanya sebesar 1,12%. Pada tahun 2050, Cina diprediksi tetap memimpin ekonomi dunia, sedangkan Indonesia bergerak dari posisi 8 ke 4. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui tinjauan literatur, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengembangan internet </em>broadband<em> untuk ekonomi digital di Cina dan Indonesia dalam rangka merealisasikan posisi ekonomi kedua negara tersebut di tahun 2050. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa infrastruktur telekomunikasi untuk mendukung internet </em>broadband<em> dan regulasi ekonomi digital di Cina lebih matang daripada di Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, Indonesia sangat aktif dalam proses pengembangan </em>e-commerce <em>saat ini. Namun, Indonesia perlu melakukan ekspansi dalam kegiatan ekonomi digital lainnya seperti </em>fintech<em> serta menyediakan sumber daya manusia yang memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan di bidang ini sebagai bagian dari komponen penting ekonomi digital. Indonesia juga perlu belajar dari Cina mengenai peraturan </em>e-commerce<em>, seperti perpajakan dan standar produk. Upaya ini membutuhkan kolaborasi semua pihak, yang terdiri dari pemerintah, akademisi, pelaku industri untuk memperkuat peran internet </em>broadband<em> dalam ekonomi digital, di Cina dan di Indonesia. </em></p><p><em><br /></em></p>

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Broadband Internet Development for Digital Economy in China and Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-80
Author(s):  
Riva'atul Adaniah Wahab
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Digital Economy ◽  
High Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Broadband Internet ◽  
Internet Development

Pengembangan internet broadband penting diimplementasikan karena perannya dalam mendukung kegiatan ekonomi. Peningkatan penetrasi broadband 10% memicu pertumbuhan ekonomi sebesar 1,38% di negara low-income dan middle-income, sementara di negara high-income hanya sebesar 1,12%. Pada tahun 2050, Cina diprediksi tetap memimpin ekonomi dunia, sedangkan Indonesia bergerak dari posisi 8 ke 4. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui tinjauan literatur, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengembangan internet broadband untuk ekonomi digital di Cina dan Indonesia dalam rangka merealisasikan posisi ekonomi kedua negara tersebut di tahun 2050. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa infrastruktur telekomunikasi untuk mendukung internet broadband dan regulasi ekonomi digital di Cina lebih matang daripada di Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, Indonesia sangat aktif dalam proses pengembangan e-commerce saat ini. Namun, Indonesia perlu melakukan ekspansi dalam kegiatan ekonomi digital lainnya seperti fintech serta menyediakan sumber daya manusia yang memiliki pengetahuan dan keterampilan di bidang ini sebagai bagian dari komponen penting ekonomi digital. Indonesia juga perlu belajar dari Cina mengenai peraturan e-commerce, seperti perpajakan dan standar produk. Upaya ini membutuhkan kolaborasi semua pihak, yang terdiri dari pemerintah, akademisi, pelaku industri untuk memperkuat peran internet broadband dalam ekonomi digital, di Cina dan di Indonesia.

scholarly journals International Migration in the World: Current Development Trends and the Global Problems Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-73
Author(s):  
Nataliya Kuznetsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction. International migration is an important socio-economic indicator of the development of states and a regulator of socio-economic relations in the international economy. Under the modern conditions of development of the world society migration processes are characterized by dynamic development and scale of distribution. Today, international migration is becoming an important factor influencing the formation of international reality, causing social changes and cultural interaction of countries involved in migration process. Purpose. The modern world is diverse in its development and progress. Existing asymmetries and inequalities in most countries, conflicts, poverty, climate change encourage people from the low-income countries to migrate to the economically developed countries in searching of a safer and better life. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic carries great threats to the lives and health of migrants, negatively affects their spatial mobility, and creates the new societal challenges and dangers. That is why the author of the article aims to explore the main trends in the formation of modern migration flows and changes in international migration; to identify global factors influencing the dynamics of international migration and to identify key issues that need to be corrected in the management system of international migration at the global level. Results. The author has analyzed the current trends in the development of international migration in the global space, assesses the formation of the main migration flows in terms of individual sub-regions and countries. According to the results of the analysis, the growing influence of exogenous factors (interstate conflicts, economic and political instability in the world, climate change, etc.) and endogenous factors (low level of social protection of the low-income countries, limited access to vital public resources), high levels of corruption in some countries that cause poverty, carry threat and danger to the lives and health of their citizens) to increase the dynamics of migration flows in the world. During the studying the author has formed the main group of countries (USA, Canada, Luxembourg, Norway, Switzerland, Germany, France, Czech Republic, others), which (according to the long-term UN forecasts) will increase net migration rates and net numbers of migrants; this information is the important indicators for governments of these countries in order to respond in a timely manner and put changes into their existing migration policies. The tools of integration of international migrants into the national societies of the host countries of Europe in terms of employment, education, social inclusion have been considered. The benefits of the host countries from successful integration have been determined. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the change in the dynamics of international migration has been studied and the key problems of international migration development that need to be corrected at the global international level due to the intensification of crisis situations have been identified. Conclusions. Thus, the acceleration of migration processes and the scale of their spread in the world have a great impact on significant changes in foreign economic relations between countries; the macroeconomic dynamics of their development is gaining new momentum. The mechanical movement of the population causes changes in the structure of human capital, affects the quality of its formation and development. Due to the unevenness and the existing asymmetry in the socio-economic development of the world, the migration factor can become a major tool for the destruction of economic stability of many countries, the intensification of crises in the social sphere. Therefore, the existing problems of global cooperation and coordination of international migration, the lack of effective mechanisms for interaction between national and global levels of migration management need to be solved in time. The international regulatory framework for the protection of migrants' rights in the global dimension needs to be improved.

scholarly journals Nologisms in modert english based on the internet resources

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Svetlana Volkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
New Words ◽  
Internet Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
The Impact

This article explores English neologisms in the spheres of information technologies based on the Internet resources. Neologisms and their most essential classification are observed and studied in the article. The most widely used classifications of neologisms according to their ways and methods of creation are clarified. The meanings of neologisms and their influence on the language and language flow in the modern world are identified as well. Due to rapidly developed computer technologies and the Internet, the neologisms and new words are created very quickly and constantly. It is important to state that English is enriched about 800 words yearly. However, it would take a long time to consolidate the position of new words in a language, and to make their content comprehensible to an average citizen. The similar situation is observed with the use of widely used words in a new meaning in other spheres of communication. Along with new inventions and devices, new software is emerging, for example, we now are not able to imagine our lives without search engines and systems, as well as the internet, or devices such as a smartphone. All these phenomena, accompanied by the formation of new vocabulary units, and information resources that have a target audience, namely professional users of information technology products. They provide the spread of the latest vocabulary (i.e. neologisms), its socialization (acceptance in society), and then lexicalization (consolidation in language). We can speculate that neologisms are one of the linguistic means that reflects cultural and technological progress in society. Modern humanity lives in the age of information, the main feature of which is computer technology. That is why the problem of the existence and functioning of the Internet language is urgent. The issue of computer language usage has been studied since the first computer was created in the mid-twentieth century. The researches were carried out by prominent scientists in different countries of the world. It might be added that various aspects of the impact of computer communication on language and vice versa were researched, as well as the relation between the development of lexical units and their ways of appearing in language. But it is essential to note that there are linguistic classifications of neologisms. The first one is according to the way of formation, namely, it names a new subject and gives the old concept a new name in order to renew and refresh the language. The emergence of neologisms of the first type is necessary to name a new phenomena in society, but the second type arises involuntarily. They could also be divided into lexical, authorial, individual-stylistic, phonological, loanwords, semantic and syntactic neologisms. They are also morphological according to the methods of creation, for example, defriend, web master, googlable and facebookian. As for shortening and abbreviation, we could define that such as methods are most widely used in English (CPU – Computing processing unit). To sum up, neologism is one way to increase the vocabulary of the language and a means of generating names for new phenomena in society. They appear in all areas of our lives, but they have gained the most development in the field of information technology because this area is the fastest growing in the world today. Since the primary purpose is to name a new subject, most modern neologisms belong to the lexical group, and they are called a new phenomenon because in our time, a new information revolution is taking place and this process is accompanied by the formation of new concepts and phenomena that need new words. It is also not surprising that the percentage of authorial neologisms is now growing, which has expanded significantly with the development of social networks and independent authors. They form a certain initial group of speakers, sometimes quite large, as the accounts of certain IT journalists have up to one and a half million followers, so the spread of these neologisms is extremely rapid.

scholarly journals Online Teaching

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Rai Muhammad Asghar
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Internet Technology ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Corporate Management ◽  
Education Systems ◽  
The World ◽  
E Learning ◽  
The Impact

Higher education systems all over the world are challenged nowadays by new information and communication technologies (ICT). These technologies have had a huge impact on the world economy, corporate management, and globalization trends. They bear a tremendous potential in reshaping the nature of study environments everywhere.The Internet provides the opportunity to access intercultural and personalized knowledge for learning, to acquire theoretical knowledge, and to explore and apply knowledge. The Internet offers worldwide accessible knowledge and learning applications at any time and at any place. One of the learning applications which has become widespread is online learning.Existing and emerging e-learning technologies are having intense, immediate, and disruptive impacts on the education systems. Nowhere is the impact felt more than on the practitioners who teach. More specifically, education has moved into the third decade of profound change in how courses and programs are designed and delivered. During this time, many new possibilities have become apparent. simultaneously, many changes have sprouted in almost all the sectors of education with the rise of e-learning technologies.Online teaching can be defined as gaining knowledge and skills through learning applications that are written, communicated, supported, and managed with internet technology. It is often referred to as e-learning. Online learning has become one of the most beneficial applications in higher education. Online courses and programs continue to grow in higher education sittings. Students are increasingly demanding internet access and as a result, universities and colleges are improving their systems to meet their demands.Online teaching is an instructional delivery system that allows students to participate in an educational space without being physically present in the same location as the instructor. The rapid growth in the number of distant education courses and programs has/had a profound impact on the ideas and beliefs about teaching and learning. The use of the internet with web-based course work has become a core method of instruction in distance learning.

scholarly journals Experiences and impact of international medical volunteering: a multi-country mixed methods study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e041599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary McCauley ◽  
Joanna Raven ◽  
Nynke van den Broek
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
International Medical ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Medical Volunteers ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveTo assess the experience and impact of medical volunteers who facilitated training workshops for healthcare providers in maternal and newborn emergency care in 13 countries.SettingsBangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, UK and Zimbabwe.ParticipantsMedical volunteers from the UK (n=162) and from low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) (n=138).Outcome measuresExpectations, experience, views, personal and professional impact of the experience of volunteering on medical volunteers based in the UK and in LMIC.ResultsUK-based medical volunteers (n=38) were interviewed using focus group discussions (n=12) and key informant interviews (n=26). 262 volunteers (UK-based n=124 (47.3%), and LMIC-based n=138 (52.7%)) responded to the online survey (62% response rate), covering 506 volunteering episodes. UK-based medical volunteers were motivated by altruism, and perceived volunteering as a valuable opportunity to develop their skills in leadership, teaching and communication, skills reported to be transferable to their home workplace. Medical volunteers based in the UK and in LMIC (n=244) reported increased confidence (98%, n=239); improved teamwork (95%, n=232); strengthened leadership skills (90%, n=220); and reported that volunteering had a positive impact for the host country (96%, n=234) and healthcare providers trained (99%, n=241); formed sustainable partnerships (97%, n=237); promoted multidisciplinary team working (98%, n=239); and was a good use of resources (98%, n=239). Medical volunteers based in LMIC reported higher satisfaction scores than those from the UK with regards to impact on personal and professional development.ConclusionHealthcare providers from the UK and LMIC are highly motivated to volunteer to increase local healthcare providers’ knowledge and skills in low-resource settings. Further research is necessary to understand the experiences of local partners and communities regarding how the impact of international medical volunteering can be mutually beneficial and sustainable with measurable outcomes.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis and Non-Communicable Disease Multimorbidity: An Analysis of the World Health Survey in 48 Low- and Middle-Income Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2439
Author(s):  
Brendon Stubbs ◽  
Kamran Siddiqi ◽  
Helen Elsey ◽  
Najma Siddiqi ◽  
Ruimin Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
World Health Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of mortality in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). TB multimorbidity [TB and ≥1 non-communicable diseases (NCDs)] is common, but studies are sparse. Cross-sectional, community-based data including adults from 21 low-income countries and 27 middle-income countries were utilized from the World Health Survey. Associations between 9 NCDs and TB were assessed with multivariable logistic regression analysis. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were calculated using disability weights provided by the 2017 Global Burden of Disease Study. Eight out of 9 NCDs (all except visual impairment) were associated with TB (odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.38–4.0). Prevalence of self-reported TB increased linearly with increasing numbers of NCDs. Compared to those with no NCDs, those who had 1, 2, 3, 4, and ≥5 NCDs had 2.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.14–3.22), 4.71 (95%CI = 3.67–6.11), 6.96 (95%CI = 4.95–9.87), 10.59 (95%CI = 7.10–15.80), and 19.89 (95%CI = 11.13–35.52) times higher odds for TB. Among those with TB, the most prevalent combinations of NCDs were angina and depression, followed by angina and arthritis. For people with TB, the YLDs were three times higher than in people without multimorbidity or TB, and a third of the YLDs were attributable to NCDs. Urgent research to understand, prevent and manage NCDs in people with TB in LMICs is needed.

Impact of COVID-19 on FDIs, Remittances and Foreign Aids: A Case Study of Nepal

2021 ◽  
pp. 097639962097420
Author(s):  
Gaurav Bhattarai ◽  
Binita Subedi
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Grey Literature ◽  
Foreign Assistance ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low Income Country ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

The global economy has been severely paralysed, owing to the unprecedented crisis triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, and different studies have indicated that the crisis is relatively more maleficent to the lower-income and middle-income economies. Methodologically, this study relied on the review and analysis of the grey literature, media reporting and data published by the Asian Development Bank, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations (UN), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF) among others. The article begins by describing the impact of the pandemic on low-income and middle-income countries, and it discusses how they have responded to the crisis. While discussions have surfaced regarding whether COVID-19 will reverse the process of globalization, what will be its impact on the low-income country like Nepal? The study also highlights that with foreign direct investments speculated to shrink and foreign assistance and remittance taking a hit, how is Nepal struggling to keep its economy afloat? Analysing the new budget that the government unveiled in 2020, this study concludes with a note that instead of effectively implementing the plans and policies directed by the budget, Nepal is unnecessarily engaged in political mess and is needlessly being dragged into the geopolitical complications.

scholarly journals Psychological distress during COVID-19 pandemic in low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of older persons in Thailand

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e047650
Author(s):  
Wiraporn Pothisiri ◽  
Paolo Miguel Manalang Vicerra
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Older Persons ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Ageing Society ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Impact

ObjectiveThe COVID-19 situation in Thailand was controlled with various social measures. Much of the information covered in the media and in studies focused on the public health and economic aspects of the pandemic. This study aimed to explore the psychological well-being of older people, which is important especially in an ageing society categorised as low income or middle income due to the limits of economic and healthcare resources.SettingThe impact of COVID-19 on older persons in Thailand, an online survey, taken across nine provinces within the five regions of the country.ParticipantsInformation was collected from 1230 adults aged at least 60 years old.If an older person was illiterate, unable to access the internet or had a disability preventing them from responding to the survey, an intermediary residing in the community conducted the survey interview.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe analysis focused on the worries of older adults and the factors associated with psychological distress experienced during the pandemic using logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe majority of people aged at least 60 years old experienced psychological distress during COVID-19. Employment loss (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.78 to 1.38), inadequate income (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.44) and debt incursion (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.57 to 4.80) were detrimental to psychological well-being. The negative changes in the perception of their health status (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.23 to 2.99) and decreased life satisfaction (OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.87) also weighed on older Thais. The protective factors for psychological well-being were residing in rural areas (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.61) and being married (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.01).ConclusionObserving the concerns of the older population is important for introducing policies that can alleviate their precarious financial and health statuses.

scholarly journals Evaluating medical education regulation changes in Brazil: workforce impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Medeiros Figueiredo ◽  
Danette Waller McKinley ◽  
Adriano Massuda ◽  
George Dantas Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Low Income ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Continuous Assessment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Unified Health System ◽  
Medical Undergraduate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Shortages and inequitable distribution of physicians is an obstacle to move towards Universal Health Coverage, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. In Brazil, expansion of medical school enrollment, curricula changes and recruitment programs were established to increase the number of physicians in underserved areas. This study seeks to analyze the impact of these measures in reduce inequities in access to medical education and physicians’ distribution. Methods This is an observational study that analyzes changes in the number of undergraduate medical places and number of physicians per inhabitants in different areas in Brazil between the years 2010 and 2018. Data regarding the number of undergraduate medical places, number and the practice location of physicians were obtained in public databases. Municipalities with less than 20,000 inhabitants were considered underserved areas. Data regarding access to antenatal visits were analyzed as a proxy for impact in access to healthcare. Results From 2010 to 2018, 19,519 new medical undergraduate places were created which represents an increase of 120.2%. The increase in the number of physicians engaged in the workforce throughout the period was 113,702 physicians, 74,771 of these physicians in the Unified Health System. The greatest increase in the physicians per 1000 inhabitants ratio in the municipalities with the smallest population, the lowest Gross Domestic Product per capita and in those located in the states with the lowest concentration of physicians occurred in the 2013–2015 period. Increase in physician supply improved access to antenatal care. Conclusions There was an expansion in the number of undergraduate medical places and medical workforce in all groups of municipalities assessed in Brazil. Medical undergraduate places expansion in the federal public schools was more efficient to reduce regional inequities in access to medical education than private sector expansion. The recruitment component of More Doctors for Brazil Program demonstrated effectiveness to increase the number of physicians in underserved areas. Our results indicate the importance of public policies to face inequities in access to medical education and physician shortages and the necessity of continuous assessment during the period of implementation, especially in the context of political and economic changes.

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