scholarly journals Dysfunction of the mucous membrane in the pathogenesis of chronic diseases of the nasal cavity

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-99
Author(s):  
G. N. Nikiforova ◽  
P. S. Artamonova ◽  
E. A. Shevchik
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
The Body ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Protective Mechanism ◽  
Mucociliary Transport ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
All Diseases

Performing not only respiratory, but also protective, olfactory, aesthetic and a number of other functions, the nose is an important part of the upper respiratory tract. The mucous membrane of the nasal cavity is the first protective barrier of the body that protects against the effects of adverse environmental factors, carrying out warming, purification and neutralization of the inhaled air. This mission is provided by the activity of the multilayered columnar ciliated epithelium, consisting of three main types of cells: ciliate, goblet and basal. The main protective mechanism in the nasal cavity is mucociliary clearance, carried out by means of nasal mucus and beating of cilia unidirectional towards the nasopharynx with a frequency of up to 1000 per minute. Violation of the integrity and disruption of the physiological functions of the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity leads to the development of pathological processes, which in turn can lead to a failure in the work of other organs and systems of the body. To date, about 16-18% of all diseases of the ENT organs are chronic forms of rhinitis. According to the ICAR classification, which is based on the pathophysiological mechanisms of the development of rhinitis, allergic and non-allergic forms are distinguished. Common to various forms is the effect of certain factors on the mucous membrane of the nasal cavity and, as a consequence, a violation of the mechanisms of its work.One of the forms of chronic rhinitis, caused by thinning of the mucous membrane and severe disorders of mucociliary transport, is atrophic rhinitis. The main symptoms of the disease are dryness, the formation of crusts in the nasal cavity, periodic bleeding. The approach to the treatment of acute and chronic processes against the background of atrophic changes in the nasal cavity should be comprehensive and aimed at restoring the physiological functions of the mucous membrane and the mechanisms of mucociliary transport.

scholarly journals Effects of Ammonia Inhalation and Acetic Acid Pretreatment on Colonization Kinetics of Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida within Upper Respiratory Tracts of Swine

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 1260-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. C. Hamilton ◽  
J. M. Roe ◽  
C. M. Hayes ◽  
A. J. F. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Morphometric Index ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Kinetics Of

Pigs reared in intensive production systems are continuously exposed to ammonia released by the microbial degradation of their excrement. Exposure to this gas has been shown to increase the severity of the disease progressive atrophic rhinitis by facilitating colonization of the pig’s upper respiratory tract by Pasteurella multocida. The etiological mechanism responsible for this synergy was investigated by studying the colonization kinetics of P. multocida enhanced by ammonia and comparing them with those evoked by an established disease model. Three-week-old Large White piglets were weaned and allocated to five experimental groups (groups A to E). Pigs in groups A and B were exposed continuously to ammonia at 20 ppm for the first 2 weeks of the study. Pigs in group C were pretreated with 0.5 ml of 1% acetic acid per nostril on days −2 and −1 of the study. On day 0 all the pigs in groups A, C, and D were inoculated with 1.4 × 108 toxigenic P. multocida organisms given by the intranasal route. The kinetics of P. multocida colonization were established by testing samples obtained at weekly intervals throughout the study. The study was terminated on day 37, and the extent of turbinate atrophy was determined by using a morphometric index. The results of the study showed that exposure to aerial ammonia for a limited period had a marked effect on the colonization of toxigenic P. multocidain the nasal cavities of pigs, which resulted in the almost total exclusion of commensal flora. In contrast, ammonia had only a limited effect on P. multocida colonization at the tonsil. The exacerbation of P. multocida colonization by ammonia was restricted to the period of ammonia exposure, and the number ofP. multocida organisms colonizing the upper respiratory tract declined rapidly upon the cessation of exposure to ammonia. During the exposure period, the ammonia levels in mucus recovered from the nasal cavity and tonsil were found to be 7- and 3.5-fold higher, respectively, than the levels in samples taken from unexposed controls. Acetic acid pretreatment also induced marked colonization of the nasal cavity which, in contrast to that induced by ammonia, persisted throughout the time course of the study. Furthermore, acetic acid pretreatment induced marked but transient colonization of the tonsil. These findings suggest that the synergistic effect of ammonia acts through an etiological mechanism different from that evoked by acetic acid pretreatment. A strong correlation was found between the numbers of P. multocida organisms isolated from the nasal cavity and the severity of clinical lesions, as determined by using a morphometric index. The data presented in the paper highlight the potential importance of ammonia as an exacerbating factor in respiratory disease of intensively reared livestock.

Results of study of state of pharynx and larynx in aluminum production workers depending on length of service

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 32-36
Author(s):  
G. M. Beknazarova ◽  
◽  
F. Kh. Adylova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Hydrogen Fluoride ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Aluminum Production ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Length Of Service ◽  
Upper Respiratory

In the article, the author presented the results of a study of the state of the pharynx and larynx in workers of the aluminum production, depending on the length of service. The most toxic of the fluorine compounds is hydrogen fluoride, which, in addition to general toxic effects, has a local effect on the body, characterized by a predominant lesion of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract. Almost all hydrogen fluoride inhaled with air is retained in the upper respiratory tract. This is one of the important reasons for the violation of the condition of the pharynx and larynx. Of the total number of workers examined, 578 workers showed changes in the state of the pharynx and in 125 the state of the larynx. All surveyed were divided depending on the duration of work experience. The huge number of those surveyed for certain age groups, which exceeds more than 100 people, gives grounds to consider the revealed results sufficiently reliable to determine the volume of the affected population in the studied contingent and allows, quite reasonably, to analyze the age and experience dynamics of the lesion. The materials obtained showed that the weakening of the protective functions of the epithelium of the nasal cavity makes the mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx more sensitive to harmful factors of the working environment, prolonged exposure to harmful industrial factors, such as a significant concentration of dust and various chemical compounds cause deeper damage to the mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx and damage the upper respiratory tract becomes descending.

Criterion characteristics of professional risk of the formation of pathology of the upper respiratory tracts

2020 ◽  
pp. 787-788
Author(s):  
I. N. Fedina ◽  
O. N. Grishin ◽  
A. G. Uchurov
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Occupational Risk ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The influence of dust influence on the change of the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract was determined. The criteria of occupational risk of pathology of the upper respiratory tract in workers of «dust-hazardous» industries are established.

Changes in the parameters of nasal breathing and parameters of the upper respiratory tract during orthognathic operations in patients with II and III skeletal class of jaw anomalies

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
S.Sh. Gammadaeva ◽  
M.I. Misirkhanova ◽  
A.Yu. Drobyshev
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Nasal Septum ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The study analyzed the functional parameters of nasal breathing, linear parameters of the nasal aperture, nasal cavity and nasopharynx, volumetric parameters of the upper airways in patients with II and III skeletal class of jaw anomalies before and after orthognathic surgery. The respiratory function of the nose was assessed using a rhinomanometric complex. According to rhinoresistometry data, nasal resistance and hydraulic diameter were assessed. According to the data of acoustic rhinometry, the minimum cross-sectional area along the internal valve, the minimum cross-sectional area on the head of the inferior turbinate and nasal septum and related parameters were estimated. According to the CBCT data, the state of the nasal septum, the inferior turbinates, the nasal aperture, the state of the nasal cavity, and the linear values of the upper respiratory tract (nasopharynx) were analyzed. The patients were divided into 4 groups according to the classification of the patency of the nasal passages by

Photography and the flexible fibreoptic rhinolaryngoscope

1986 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lancer
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pathological Anatomy ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Upper Respiratory

SummaryDocumentation of normal and pathological anatomy is important to all medical practitioners. The ability to visualize and photograph the upper respiratory tract has been revolutionized by the advent of the flexible fibreoptic rhinolaryngoscope (FFRL), which demonstrates a one-instrument capability for the examination and photodocumentation of the ears, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, hypopharynx and trachea (Selkin, 1984). If a large natural maxillary ostium, or surgical window, is present, the antrum may also be examined.

scholarly journals Complex treatment of diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses at the present time

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-139
Author(s):  
V. M. Svistushkin ◽  
K. V. Eremeeva
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Paranasal Sinuses ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Local Treatment ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Pain Symptoms

The search for rational treatment of diseases of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is due to the high incidence among the world's population. Despite the absolutely clear recommendations that would seem to greatly facilitate the choice and scope of therapy, it is extremely important to have a differentiated approach to each patient, depending on age, concomitant pathology, the nature of the course of the disease, the severity of clinical, primarily pain symptoms, and the presence of rhinogenic complications. Differential diagnosis of viral and bacterial acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) allows to avoid unreasonable prescription of antibiotics in the former case and choose therapy in such a way as to help relieve clinical symptoms, timely cure the disease and prevent complications. A systematic review of the literature was conducted with the analysis of scientific research data on the evaluation of the effectiveness of protargol or silver proteinate in the local treatment of upper respiratory tract diseases. A review of studies shows that silver proteinate has astringent, antiseptic and anti-inflammatory effects. The spectrum of antimicrobial action of silver is much wider than many antibiotics and sulfonamides. At the same time, pathogenic microflora is more sensitive to silver ions than non-pathogenic microflora. The analysis of the works also demonstrates the absence of adverse reactions when using this drug. The obtained data allow us to recommend preparations based on silver proteinate as a complex therapy for acute and chronic diseases of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. The vasoconstrictive effect of protargol allows it to be used as an alternative to decongestants in order to avoid the development of drug-induced rhinitis and tachyphylaxis. Sialor® is a new, convenient, affordable, longer-shelf-life form of silver proteinate.

scholarly journals Preventive and therapeutic role of nasal irrigation in management of acute respiratory disease during COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
V. M. Svistushkin ◽  
Zh. T. Mokoyan
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Distribution Area ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Saline Irrigation ◽  
Nasal Irrigation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Nasal Saline Irrigation ◽  
Tract Infections

It has long been known, that nasal saline irrigation is a safe and effective method, which is routinely prescribed by otorhinolaryngologists to prevent and to treat a wide range of pathologies. There are a lot of publications on different irrigation techniques and methods. This literature review discusses the key parameters of nasal irrigation, including tonicity, pH, and the additional components, and explains how they affect the effectiveness of the procedure. The vast majority of available publications did not found any possible changes in the effectiveness of solutions with different pH close to neutral meaning. Whereas, the volume of the irrigated solution, increases the efficiency of the irrigation in direct proportion. Thus, the largest distribution area of the solute is noted when washing with a large volume of liquid. Nasal saline irrigation is an effective treatment option for patients with several acute and chronic diseases and for postoperative care after rhinosurgery. Moreover, nasal irrigation might be used as an effective non-specific method for prevention of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Irrigation of the nasal cavity reduces the mucus viscosity and promotes its faster elimination, along with pathogens fixed in it. Additionally, irrigation with isotonic saline solutions increases the hydration of the underlying water base, which enhances the frequency of ciliary beat and reduces the concentration of local inflammatory mediators. COVID-19 pandemic situation due to lack of any specific antiviral drugs dictates the necessity of an effective non-specific preventive option, which could be introduced worldwide. The so-called full volume lavage of the nasal cavity allows for better cleaning of the nasal cavity and effective moisturizing of the mucous membrane. It is the timely cleansing and moisturizing that are most important for maintaining the normal activity of the local protective mechanisms of the upper respiratory tract.

scholarly journals Modern possibilities of herbal medicine in the treatment of acute inflammatory diseases of the upper respiratory tract

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
A. V. Gurov ◽  
A. V. Muzhichkova
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Pelargonium Sidoides ◽  
Medicinal Substances ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

The article provides data on the effectiveness of the use of the drug in the treatment of acute, chronic and recurrent diseases of the respiratory tract and ENT organs. The drug is an extract of Pelargonium sidoides. From the standpoint of modern pharmacology, it is known that the use of natural products based on plant materials ensures safety and the absence of pronounced side effects. The main active ingredients of pelargonium are phenolic compounds: coumarins, flavonoids and phenolic acids. The article details the biochemical and pharmacological properties of each of the above groups of compounds. It has been shown that the presence of several classes of phenolic compounds simultaneously contributes to the potentiation of the pharmacological effects of each group separately. Therefore, drug has a pronounced polytropic effect: antiviral, antibacterial, immunomodulatory, mucolytic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytoprotective. The article presents the results of numerous domestic and foreign randomized, placebo-controlled studies demonstrating its high efficacy and safety in the treatment of ENT diseases, upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis, not only in adults, but also in children over 1 year old. On the basis of the analyzed and presented material, the authors concluded that the use of a natural-based drug in the treatment of acute respiratory infection is effective and safe, both as monotherapy and in combination with other medicinal substances. He is able to quickly eliminate not only the symptoms of inflammation, but also to support the body with any ailments of this type.

scholarly journals Role of the Dermonecrotic Toxin of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the Pathogenesis of Respiratory Disease in Swine

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Brockmeier ◽  
Karen B. Register ◽  
Tibor Magyar ◽  
Alistair J. Lax ◽  
Gillian D. Pullinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Dermonecrotic Toxin ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

ABSTRACT Bordetella bronchiseptica is one of the etiologic agents causing atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in swine. It produces several purported virulence factors, including the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT), which has been implicated in the turbinate atrophy seen in cases of atrophic rhinitis. The purpose of these experiments was to clarify the role of this toxin in respiratory disease by comparing the pathogenicity in swine of two isogenic dnt mutants to their virulent DNT+ parent strains. Two separate experiments were performed, one with each of the mutant-parent pairs. One-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated intranasally with the parent strain, the dnt mutant strain, or phosphate-buffered saline. Weekly nasal washes were performed to monitor colonization of the nasal cavity, and the pigs were euthanized 4 weeks after inoculation to determine colonization of tissues and to examine the respiratory tract for pathology. There was evidence that colonization of the upper respiratory tract, but not the lower respiratory tract, was slightly greater for the parent strains than for the dnt mutants. Moderate turbinate atrophy and bronchopneumonia were found in most pigs given the parent strains, while there was no turbinate atrophy or pneumonia in pigs challenged with the dnt mutant strains. Therefore, production of DNT by B. bronchiseptica is necessary to produce the lesions of turbinate atrophy and bronchopneumonia in pigs infected with this organism.

scholarly journals Friend or Foe: Interbacterial Competition in the Nasal Cavity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Britney L. Hardy ◽  
D. Scott Merrell
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Nasal Cavity ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Competition And Cooperation ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Nasal Microbiota

Like other microbes that live on or in the human body, the bacteria that inhabit the upper respiratory tract, in particular the nasal cavity, have evolved to survive in an environment that presents a number of physical and chemical challenges; these microbes are constantly bombarded with nutritional fluctuations, changes in humidity, the presence of inhaled particulate matter (odorants, allergens), and competition with other microbes. Indeed, only a specialized set of species are able to colonize this niche and successfully contend with the host's immune system and the constant threat from competitors. To this end, bacteria that live in the nasal cavity have evolved a variety of approaches to outcompete contenders for the limited nutrients and space; broadly speaking, these strategies may be considered a type of ‘bacterial warfare’. A greater molecular understanding of bacterial warfare has the potential to reveal new approaches or molecules that can be developed as novel therapeutics. As such, there are many studies within the last decade that have sought to understand the complex polymicrobial interactions that occur in various environments. Herein, we review what is currently known about the age-dependent structure and interbacterial relationships within the nasal microbiota and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are predicted to dictate bacterial warfare in this niche. Though the currently described interactions are complex, in reality we have likely only scratched the surface in terms of a true understanding of the types of interbacterial competition and cooperation that are thought to take place in and on the human body.

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