scholarly journals Evaluation of analgesic and sedative effects of repeated and increasing doses of xylazine HCl in sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 73 (8) ◽  
pp. 468-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Musa Genccelep ◽  
Abdullah Karasu
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Deep Sedation ◽  
Moderate Sedation ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Sedative Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Sedation And Analgesia ◽  
Ruminal Contractions

Five clinically healthy Akkaraman rams were used. Xylazine was administered intramuscularly at an initial dose of 0.4 mg/kg to induce sedation. The second, third and fourth doses were 20% larger than the previous dose, that is, 0.48, 0.57 and 0.68 mg/kg doses, respectively. They were administered intramuscularly four times at 4-day intervals. The rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate, as well as the rumen motility of all animals, were evaluated before and after xylazine administration. The depths of sedation and analgesia and the control of reflexes, along with various biochemical parameters, were studied. Although the respiration rate increased until the 15th min, it approached the control value at the 30th min and decreased after the 45th min. Ruminal contractions progressively decreased from the 5th min to the 60th min. All levels of sedation were observed in all sheep. The degree of analgesic effect was 0 during mild and moderate sedation periods, and 1–2 during deep sedation. Of all biochemical parameters assessed, only the glucose concentration increased. It was therefore concluded that in order to obtain the same sedation level in sheep in the 4 days following an administration of xylazine, the previous dose should be increased by 20%.

scholarly journals Effects of Ketamine and Xylazine-Ketamine Combination in Clinical and Haemato-biochemical Parameters in Captive Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 150-162
Author(s):  
S.P. Kanu ◽  
M.R. Alam ◽  
N. Hoda ◽  
K.P. Acharya
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
Blood Samples

This study was carried to compare the effects of ketamine and xylazine-ketamine combination on clinical and haematobiochemical parameters in captive rhesus monkey. The animals were divided into two groups; one ketamine (K) group and other xylazine-ketamine (XK) group. In ketamine group (n=6) atropine sulphate and ketamine was used intramuscularly at the rate of 0.04 mg/kg body weight and 10 mg/ kg body weight respectively. In xylazine-ketamine group (n=3) xylazine and ketamine was used intramuscularly at the rate of 1 mg/kg body weight and 5 mg/kg body weight respectively. Blood samples were collected immediately after induction and 30 min after induction in both groups. Effects of anaesthetics on haematological and biochemical parameters such as TEC, TLC, Hb, PCV, DLC, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride, HDL and LDL and clinical parameters such as rectal temperature, heart rate, respiration rate, muscle relaxation, jaw tone, pedal reflex, palpebral reflex and position of eye ball were studied. Rectal temperature was significantly lower (P<0.01) in group XK than in group K. Heart rate was significantly higher (P<0.01) in group K than in group XK. Respiratory rate was lower in group K than in group XK but it was nonsignificant (P>0.05). Hb and PCV level was significantly lower (P<0.05) in group XK than group K. TEC and TLC was higher in group K than in group XK but it was nonsignificant (P>0.05). Neutrophil and Eosinophil was higher in group XK than in group K but it was nonsignificant (P>0.05). Lymphocyte was lower in group XK than in group K but it was nonsignificant (P>0.05). Monocyte was significantly lower (P<0.05) in group XK than in group K. Serum cholesterol was higher in group XK than in group K but it was nonsignificant (P>0.05). Serum triglyceride and LDL was significantly higher (P<0.05) in group XK than in group K. HDL was lower in group XK than in group K but it was nonsignificant (P>0.05). Smooth induction was found in group XK and duration of anaesthesia was longer in group XK whereas smooth recovery was found in group K but duration of anaesthesia was shorter. Muscle relaxation was excellent in group XK in comparison to group K. It can be suggested from the results of this study that for shorter duration of anaesthesia only ketamine can be used but for longer duration, xylazine-ketamine combination will be appropriate.

scholarly journals Potential use of dexmedetomidine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarpal ◽  
RA Ahmad ◽  
P. Kinjavdekar ◽  
HP Aithal ◽  
AM Pawde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Deep Sedation ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
Sedation And Analgesia ◽  
Different Levels

A combination of drugs may be preferred over the use of a single agent to induce deep sedation. A synergistic interaction between the drugs reduces the dose requirements of the drugs thereby minimising the unwanted side effects associated with each drug and improving recovery. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of dexmedetomidine and dexmedetomidine in combination with midazolam-fentanyl or midazolam-fentanyl-ketamine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs. In a prospective, blinded, randomised clinical trial, 12 mixed breed dogs were divided into three groups. Animals of Group I were injected with dexmedetomidine 20 &mu;g/kg. Animals of Group II received 20 &mu;g/kg dexmedetomidine + 0.2 mg/kg midazolam + 4 &mu;g/kg fentanyl and animals of Group III were administered with 20 &mu;g/kg dexmedetomidine + 0.2 mg/kg midazolam + 4 &mu;g/kg fentanyl + 10 mg/kgketamine. All the drugs were given simultaneously via the intramuscular route. Jaw relaxation, palpebral reflex, pedal reflex and response to intubation were recorded and graded on a numerical scale. Values of heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and mean arterial pressure were recorded at baseline and then at predetermined intervals up to 120 min. Onset of sedation time, onset of recumbency time, time to return of righting reflex, standing recovery time and complete recovery time were recorded. Maximal muscle relaxation, sedation and analgesia were observed in animals of Group III, which was followed in decreasing order by Groups II and I. Heart rate decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) after administration of drugs in Groups I and II but a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase was recorded in Group III. Respiratory rate decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) in all the groups. Rectal temperature decreased non-significantly in all the groups. Mean arterial pressure initially increased significantly (P &lt; 0.01) in Groups I and III followed by a decrease in Group I, but in Group III it remained above the base line. In Group II, MAP decreased throughout the study period. Onset of sedation time and onset of recumbency time were significantly (P &lt; 0.05) shorter in Group III as compared to Group I. Time to return of righting reflex, standing recovery time and complete recovery time did not differ significantly between the groups. It is concluded that dexmedetomidine provides a reliable moderate sedation and analgesia. Addition of midazolam and fentanyl enhances sedation, analgesia and muscle relaxation induced by dexmedetomidine. Addition of ketamine produced deep sedation and complete anaesthesia with lesser cardiopulmonary depression. Thus, dexmedetomidine can be used safely in combination with midazolam, fentanyl and ketamine for different levels of sedation, analgesia and anaesthesia in dogs. &nbsp;

scholarly journals General anaesthesia of indigenous pigs in Bangladesh

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
MS Rana ◽  
MM Rahman ◽  
UK Rima ◽  
NS Juyena
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
General Anaesthesia ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Maximum Depth ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Depth Of Anaesthesia ◽  
Control Value ◽  
Indigenous Pigs

Anaesthetic trials were conducted with propofol (P), xylazine-propofol (XP), xylazine-ketamine (XK), xylazine-thiopentone (XT) in 16 healthy indigenous pigs. Respiration rate decreased significantly (P < 0.01) five minutes after induction, and during maximum depth of anaesthesia, and had not returned to control value after recovery from anaesthesia with all anaesthetic combinations. Heart rate with P increased significantly (P<0.01) five minutes after induction, whereas it decreased significantly (P < 0.01) with XP, XK and XT during anaesthesia and remained below the normal range after recovery from anaesthesia except after XP. In all anaesthetic sessions, rectal temperature decreased significantly (P < 0.01) in all stages of anaesthesia: after recovery the rectal temperature almost returned to control value in P and XP. Slight to moderate salivation was observed in all pigs with P and XP. It is suggested that P and XP combination seems to be suitable for general anaesthesia in pigs, but XP is more suitable. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bvet.v30i2.18254 Bangl. vet. 2013. Vol. 30, No. 2, 46-53

Antiemetic effect of oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in healthy cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 557-563
Author(s):  
Teppei Kanda ◽  
Chisato Toda ◽  
Haruka Morimoto ◽  
Yuki Shimizu ◽  
Takamasa Itoi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Ophthalmic Solution ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
Respiratory Frequency ◽  
Mean Blood Pressure ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antiemetic Effect ◽  
Sedative Effects

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the antiemetic, behavioural and physiological effects of oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in healthy cats. Methods Five cats received oral maropitant 8 mg or no treatment (control) 18 h before the administration of one drop of brimonidine solution in both eyes. Each cat was administered each of the two treatments, with a washout period of 1 week. The incidence of emesis, retching, sialorrhoea and lip-licking after brimonidine administration was recorded, while behavioural and physiological parameters, including heart rate, mean blood pressure, respiratory frequency and rectal temperature, were recorded before and 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 mins after brimonidine administration. Results Emesis and retching were not observed when maropitant was administered. However, 4/5 cats exhibited vomiting and retching in the absence of maropitant pretreatment. The incidence of emesis and retching after brimonidine administration was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Sialorrhoea occurred in one cat in the control group, while all cats showed lip-licking after brimonidine administration. There were no significant differences in the incidence of sialorrhoea and lip-licking between the two groups. Although behaviour scores were comparable between the two groups, those obtained during heart rate, mean blood pressure and respiratory frequency measurements were significantly lower than the baseline scores; this indicated a sedative effect after brimonidine administration. The heart rate and mean blood pressure significantly decreased after brimonidine administration in both groups, while there were no intergroup differences in the heart rate, mean blood pressure, respiratory frequency and rectal temperature. Conclusions and relevance Oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in cats can alleviate emesis and retching without affecting the sedative effects of brimonidine and important physiological parameters.

Comparison of Hemodynamic and Sedative Effects of Midazolam-Fentanyl and Midazolam-Ketamine Combinations Used in Cardioersion Sedation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Acarel ◽  
Özlem Yıldırımtürk ◽  
Nihan Yapici
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Electrical Cardioversion ◽  
Ramsay Sedation Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sedative Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Adequate Sedation ◽  
One Year

Objective: The aim of the study is to compare the hemodynamic and sedation results of patients who underwent anesthesia for electrical cardioversion (EC) during a one-year period in the coronary intensive care unit, retrospectively. Methods: 60 patients who were administered ketamine or fentanyl in addition to midazolam, which was administered EC for the correction of atrial fibrillation rhythm, were evaluated in terms of the study. According to the sedation applied to the patients, they were divided into two groups as Group F (midazolam-fentanyl) and Group K (midazolam-ketamine). The hemodynamic parameters of the groups before and after the procedure and the sedation data during and after the procedure were compared. Results: The pre-intervention heart rate of the patients was found to be high in Group-F (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p>0.05). While heart rate was observed to be statistically higher after the intervention in midazolam-fentanil applied patients, a statistically significant decrease was found in diastolic blood pressures (p<0.05). When Ramsay sedation scale was evaluated; There was no significant difference between the two groups at the 5th, 10th and 15th minutes (p>0.05). Conclusion: It was determined that the combination of midazolam + fentanyl or midzolam + ketamine provided adequate sedation at standard doses and had no adverse effects on hemodynamic and sedation parameters. These results made us think that both protocols can be safely applied for electrical cardioversion sedation in intensive care units.

Effects of exercise in the cold on blood clotting and platelets

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Finkel ◽  
G. R. Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Blood Clotting ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Platelet Adhesiveness ◽  
Clotting Time ◽  
Bicycle Exercise ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Before And After

The tendency to blood clotting as measured by Lee-White clotting time (CT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and platelet adhesiveness (PAC) was studied in 10 normal subjects before and after a standardized bicycle exercise done at 25 C inside and at an average temperature of -20 C outside. Inside exercise caused a shortening of CT from 674 to 465 sec, of PTT from 88 to 78 sec, and PAC increased from 65,000/mm3 to 185,000/mm3; P < .05 for all tests, suggesting an increased tendency to blood clotting. In contrast, exercise done in the cold produced no significant changes in these parameters. Heart rate, rectal temperature, and changes in plasma proteins were similar for both types of exercise. platelet adhesiveness; clotting time Submitted on July 20, 1964

scholarly journals Evaluation of different premedicants in canine anaesthesia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
AKM Muktadir Billah ◽  
Sharmin Sultana ◽  
Md Akhtar Hossain ◽  
Mirza Abul Hashim ◽  
Tahmina Begum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Deep Sedation ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Moderate Reduction ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Anaesthetic Parameters ◽  
Made In

Fifteen experimental trials were made in fifteen dogs in three different groups to study the degree of sedation produced by different premedicants, to evaluate and to compare their effects on various clinical parameters including different reflexes in dogs. These animals were premedicated with xylazine (1.1mg/kg), atropine (0.05mg/kg)-xylazine (1.1mg/kg) and diazepam (0.2mg/kg)-xylazine (1.1mg/kg) to observe their effect on different clinical and anaesthetic parameters. Diazepam-xylazine combination produced deep sedation while mild sedation was recorded with atropine-xylazine premedication. Respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature significantly decreased (P<0.05) in dogs of all three groups after fifteen minutes of premedication. Diazepam-xylazine produced marked reduction (P<0.05) on clinical parameters while atropine-xylazine produced mild to moderate reduction (P<0.05) on clinical parameters in dogs. All experimental dogs in different groups were anaesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride after fifteen minutes of premedication. The respiration rate, heart rate and rectal temperature reduced significantly (P<0.05) in xylazine-ketamine, atropinexylazine- ketamine and diazepam-xylazine-ketamine combination at 5, 10 and 15 min after induction when compared with pre-induction control values. The longest duration of anaesthesia (61.6 minutes) was obtained with diazepam-xylazine-ketamine combination while the shortest anaesthetic period (28.4 minutes) was observed in xylazine-ketamine combination. Diazepam-xylazine-ketamine combination produced longest recovery period (56.4 minutes) while the shortest recovery period (46.2 minutes) was observed with xylazineketamine combination. Atropine-xylazine-ketamine combination appears to be a safe combination for anaesthesia in dogs.Res. Agric. Livest. Fish.4(3): 209-214, December 2017

scholarly journals Anestesi Tetes Infus Gravimetrik Ketapol sebagai Alternatif Bius Umum Secara Inhalasi Guna Menjaga Status Teranestesi pada Babi

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
I Gusti Agung Gde Putra Pemayun ◽  
I Gusti Ngurah Sudisma
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Saturation Pulse ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Anesthesia Time

This study aim was to evaluate quality and effectiveness of anaesthesia by using gravimetric infusion anaesthesia with ketamine and propofol (ketafol) on pigs. The quality of anesthesia time, the cardiovascular and respiratory response of anaesthesia were evaluated in twelve male pigs with average body weight 35±5 kg. The pigs were divided into four treatments and each treatment consisted of three pigs as repetition. All the experimental animals were premedicated with atropine 0.03 mg/kg mixed with xylazine 2 mg/kg in one syringe injected intramuscularly. Fifteen minutes after premedicated, the pigs was induced intravenously with ketamine 6 mg/kg and propofol 2 mg/kg. Furthermore, the anesthetized state maintaned with gravimetric, each through infusion with propofol (0.1 mg/kg/minute) (PI-P) , ketamine (0.3 mg/kg/ minute) (PIK), combination propofol-ketamin (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg/minute) (PI-PK), and inhalation with isoflurane 1-2% (PI-I). The heart rate, pulse, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2 ), capillary refill time (CRT) were observed before and after treatment of the anesthetic. Premedication combination of atropin 0.03mg/kg mixed with xylazine 2 mg/kg in one syringe and then induced with ketamine 6 mg/kg and propofol 2 mg/kg showed the average length of anesthesia for 32,33 minutes, longer compared to five other treatments with average length of induction three minutes and average recovery time 20.33 minutes. Maintenance of anesthesia with propofol infusion drops (0.1 mg/kg/minute), or propofolketamine infusion drops (0.3 and 0.1 mg/kg/minute) showed safer anesthesia, because they did not make drastic change of heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, oxygen saturation, pulse, and CRT value in the experimental pigs. The conclusion of this study is the methode of gravimetric intravenous infusion by using ketamine and propofol (ketafol) can be used to maintain anesthesia as an alternative general inhalation anaesthesia in pigs.

COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF BULLS AND STEERS TO TRANSPORTATION

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. TENNESSEN ◽  
M. A. PRICE ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Percentage Weight Loss ◽  
Lower Serum ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Percentage Weight ◽  
Stressful Experience

Seven groups of six bulls and seven groups of six steers were transported separately by truck for either 10 min or 2 h. Body weight, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, serum cortisol, and a chute score were recorded before and after trucking. Heart rate was monitored by telemetry in one animal per group. The bulls were significantly heavier than the steers (513 vs. 473 kg), and had significantly lower serum cortisol levels (1.9 vs. 4.8 μmg/dL). The steers showed a significantly greater increase in rectal temperature than the bulls during the 2-h haul (0.5 vs. 0 °C); there were no other statistically significant differences between the two genders. Overall, the reactions of the bulls and steers to trucking were similar and minor. The longer haul caused a greater percentage weight loss (2.2 vs. 1.6%) than the shorter haul. It is concluded that transportation by road for up to 2 h need not be a stressful experience to bulls or steers. Key words: Transportation, steers, bulls, stress

scholarly journals Effects of different load on physiological, hematological, biochemical, cytokines indices of Zanskar ponies at high altitude

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prince Vivek ◽  
Vijay Kumar Bharti ◽  
Deepak Kumar ◽  
Rohit Kumar ◽  
Kapil Nehra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Steep Gradient ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Hematology Parameters

ABSTRACTHigh altitude people required high endurance pack animals for load carrying and riding at prevalent mountainous terrains and rugged region. So far no studies have been taken to evaluate effect of loads on physiology of ponies in high altitude region. So, in this view we evaluated variation in physiological, hematological, biochemical, and cytokines indices of Zanskar ponies during load carrying at high altitude. Total twelve (12) numbers of Zanskar ponies, mare, age 4–6 years, were divided into three groups; group-A (without load), group-B (60 kg), and group-C (80 kg) of back pack loads. Track was very narrow and slippery with gravel, uneven with rocky surface and has a steep gradient of 4 km uphill at altitude 3291 to 3500 m. When we evaluate these parameters, it is understood that the heart rate, pulse rate and respiration rate was significantly (p<0.05) increased in 80 kg group among the three groups. The hematology parameters viz. hemoglobin, PCV, lymphocytes, monocytes%, ESR and eosinophil% significantly (p<0.05) changed in 80 kg group after load carrying among the three groups which was followed by control and 60 kg group. In biochemical parameters viz. LA, LDH, TP, HK, CORT, T3, CRT, AST, CK-MB, GPx, FRAP and IL-6 significantly (p<0.05) changed in 80 kg group after load carrying among the three groups which was followed by control and 60 kg group. The ALT, ALB, GLB, UR and UA significantly (p<0.05) changed in 80 kg group before and after load carrying among the three groups which was followed by control and 60 kg group. It has been concluded that, this result has revealed strong correlation of change in biomarkers level with performance in ponies during load carry. Hence, these parameters might be use for performance of endurance of Zanskar ponies in high mountain region.

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