scholarly journals Chicken interferon gamma fold expression level and tracheal lesion score differences between commercial broiler chickens vaccinated with live and vectored ILT vaccines

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (08) ◽  
pp. 6287-2019
Author(s):  
TOMAS MISKINIS ◽  
MARTIN LIMAN ◽  
HENNING BISCHOFF ◽  
VIDMANTAS BIZOKAS
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lesion Score ◽  
Local Immunity ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Infectious Laryngotracheitis ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Tracheal Lesion

Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) is a respiratory tract disease affecting chickens around the world. The disease generates severe production losses due to increased mortality, decreased egg production, delayed body weight gain, and a predisposition to other respiratory pathogens causing enormous economic losses to the intensive poultry industry. Two licensed vaccines, comprising live or vectored ILT, are available to control the disease. The present trial was conducted to determine changes in chicken interferon gamma fold expression levels in chicken spleens and to evaluate tracheal lesion scores before and after vaccination with live and vectored infectious laryngotracheitis vaccines. Broilers were kept under commercial conditions until 35 days of age. Spleen and trachea samples were taken at 14, 28, and 35 days of age. Tracheas were stained with H&E, histopathology was performed, and the INF-γ fold expression level in spleen samples was analyzed. In the spleens of birds vaccinated with the live ILT vaccine, the increase in INF-γ expression levels was statistically significantly (p < 0.01) lower at 28 days of age, or 7 days post vaccination, (trial 1) and higher at 35 days of age, or 14 days post vaccination, (both trials). At 7 days post vaccination with the live ILT vaccine, the mean tracheal lesion score was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than it was in the control group (both trials). At 14 days post vaccination with the live ILT vaccine, the mean tracheal lesion score was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than it was in the control group 3 (trial 1). No significant differences were found between the control group 3 and group 2, which was vaccinated with the vectored HVT/LT vaccine (both trials). The results of the histology of trachea lesions indicate that vaccination with live ILT may have induced early local immunity. The INF-γ analysis results might indicate that the birds in group 2 (HVT/LT) did not develop local immunity until 35 days of age From the practical point of view, the vectored ILT vaccine is more beneficial because of its ease of administration in the hatchery, lower labor cost, and the absence of clinical signs post vaccination. Its potential drawback, however, is poor local immunity and the slow onset of optimal immunity in commercial broiler chickens

scholarly journals Use extruded rapeseed meal in the feed of broiler chickens

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 1681-1687
Author(s):  
N. Milosevic ◽  
V. Stanacev ◽  
L. Peric ◽  
D. Zikic ◽  
M. Djukic-Stojcic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Production Index ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Index Value

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of extruded rapeseed meal in the diet on broiler performance. Chickens of Ross 398 hybrid were used in the trial. The trial lasted 42 days. Rape seed meal was extruded prior to use and included in the diet at the level of 4% (group 2) and 8% (group 3), and control group of chickens (group 1) fed the standard mixture based on corn, soybean meal and soybean grits. Chickens of the control group scored the highest ranking and realized the final body mass of 2212 g, whereas the chickens of group 2 had the final body mass of 2191 g, and chickens of group 3 with final body mass of 2148 g were the worst. Falling behind of the trial groups in relation to the control group in regard to the body mass at the end of the trial was by 0,91% group 2 and by 2,89% for group 3. Feed conversion ratio was the best in group 2, followed by control group, and the worst was the group 3 (1,882; 1,866; 1,894, respectively). The lowest mortality rate was realized by chickens of the control group, followed by group 2 and group 3 (4,00%; 4,33%; 5,33%, respectively). The control group of chickens had the best production index value, followed by group 2 and the lowest value of the production index was established for chickens of group 3 (270,95; 265,18; 255,63, respectively). It can be observed that the depression in trial groups was within the limits of toleration, which indicates that extruded rapeseed meal can be included in the diets for fattening chickens in ratio up to 10%.

scholarly journals The Effect of Inorganic or Organic Zinc on the Morphology of the Intestine in Broiler Chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 52-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Levkut ◽  
M. Fukasová ◽  
K. Bobíková ◽  
M. Levkutová ◽  
K. Čobanová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Organic Zinc ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Diet Control ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

AbstractThis study compared the effect of dietary supplementation with an inorganic or organic zinc source on the gut morphology in the jejunum of broilers. One-day-old chickens were fed a basal diet (Control group: BD — 32 mg Zn.kg−1DM), or the same BD supplemented with 30 mg or 70 mg of Zn per kg of DM in the form of ZnSO4.H2O (Group 1: 30 mg ZnSO4; Group 2: 70 mg ZnSO4), and 30 mg or 70 mg of Zn per kg of DM in the form of zinc chelate of glycine hydrate (Group 3: 30 mg Zn-Gly; Group 4: 70 mg Zn-Gly) for 40 days. The villus height was increased in the groups which received 30 mg ZnSO4and 70 mg ZnSO4and or 70 mg ZnSO4, as compared to the BD and 30 mg Zn-Gly. The villus surface was higher in all groups receiving the Zn supplements in comparison to the BD.

scholarly journals FULVIC ACID PREPARATION INFLUENCE ON BROILER CHICKEN GROWTH RATE

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ю.В. АРЖАНКОВА ◽  
Т.И. Скопцова ◽  
С.А. Попова
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fulvic Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Experimental Group

Целью исследований явилось изучение живой массы и среднесуточных привесов цыплят-бройлеров кросса «Hubbard» при введении в питьевую воду препарата фульвиокислоты компании BioSap Technologies. Птицы контрольной и опытных групп получали в период выращивания одинаковый рацион (полнорационные комбикорма престарт, старт-1, старт-2, рост, финиш) в соответствии с возрастом. Птицы трех опытных групп дополнительно получали в питьевой воде 2, 4 и 6% препарата фульвиокислоты, произведенного из сапропеля озера Жарки Тверской области. К моменту забоя в 40-дневном возрасте наилучший результат по живой массе – 2592,97 г – получен в опытной группе 2 (4% препарата), птицы которой достоверно превосходили бройлеров опытной группы 3 (6% препарата) на 203,31 г или на 8,51% (p<0,01). У курочек опытной группы 2 показатель составил 2475,53 г, что достоверно больше по сравнению с курочками опытной группы 3 на 245,53 г, или на 11,01% (p<0,01). Цыплята-бройлеры опытных групп 1 и 2 превосходили по живой массе птиц контрольной группы, у петушков это характерно и для опытной группы 3. Наилучшие результаты по среднесуточному приросту отмечены также в опытной группе 2. Без учета пола результат составил 63,82 г, что достоверно больше по сравнению с показателем опытной группы 3 на 5,05 г, или на 8,59% (p<0,05). Среднесуточный прирост курочек опытной группы 2 равен 60,88 г, что на 6,09 г или на 11,12% больше по сравнению с курочками опытной группы 3 (p<0,01). Цыплята-бройлеры опытной группы 3 без учета пола, а также курочки уступают по этому показателю птицам контрольной группы. Оптимальной дозой дачи препарата BioSap Fulvic Power компании BioSap Technologies цыплятам-бройлерам следует считать добавление 4% в питьевую воду. The research goal was to learn how the live weight and average daily weight gains of «Hubbard» cross broiler chickens change when their drinking water is added with a fulvic acid preparation produced by the BioSap Technologies company. Birds of both the control and experimental groups were fed in the raising period the similar feeding rations (complete-value combined feeds of pre-start, start-1, start-2, growth, finishing) depending on the growth stage of chickens. The birds in the experimental groups were fed additionally 2, 4 и 6% fulvic acid preparations produced from the sapropel of the Tver oblast Zharki lake .By the slaughter time, at the age of 40 days, the best live weight results of 2592,97 grammes were shown by experimental group 2 fed with a 4% preparation, which reliably exceeded the weight of group 3 chickens (6% preparation) by 203,31 grammes, or by 8,51% (p<0,01). With female chickens in group 2 the value was 2475,53 grammes, which reliably exceeded the weight of group 3 chickens by 245,53 grammes, or by 11,01% (p<0,01) Broiler chickens of experimental groups 1 and 2 exceeded the control group, the same was noted with male chickens ot experimental group 2 too. The best results in average daily gain were also recorded in experimental group 2. Sex differences not being considered, the result was 63,82 grammes, which reliably exceeded the weight of group 3 chickens by 5,05 grammes, or by 8,59% (p<0,05). Daily gains of female chickens in experimental group 2 were 60,88 grammes, or 6,09 grammes higher than those in experimental group 3 (11,12%). Broiler-chicken values of experimental group 3, sex not being considered, as well as female chicken gains were lower than those of the control group. The optimum dose of the BioSap Fulvic Power preparation produced by the BioSap Technologies company should be considered that of 4% added into drinking water.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF AGGLUTINATING AND GROWTH INHIBITION ANTIBODIES LEVELS IN SOWS IMMUNIZED WITH TWO EXPERIMENTAL INACTIVATED MONOVALENT VACCINES OF CANICOLA SEROVAR: WHOLE CULTURE WITH ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE SUBUNIT WITH LIPID A

2011 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-205
Author(s):  
F.R.M. Soto ◽  
Á.C.B. Delbem ◽  
S.R. Pinheiro ◽  
Z.M. Morais ◽  
A.P. Gonçales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Aluminum Hydroxide ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Subunit Vaccine ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

ABSTRACT It was compared the antibody response of sows immunized with two experimental vaccines produced with L.interrogans, serovar Canicola, strain LO-4, isolated in Brazil.One of the vaccines was the usual bacterin (whole culture inactivated with phenol and adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide -WC-AlOH3) and the other one was a subunit vaccine produced with a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fraction extracted from the bacteria outer envelop and with the lipid A, also extracted from the leptospira wall as adjuvant (LPS-MPLA). Experiment was as follows: group 1 (n = 11), not immunized control, group 2, (n = 11): two immunization with 30 days interval of LPS-MPLA vaccine and group 3 (n = 11): two immunization with 30 days interval of WC-AlOH3 vaccine All three groups were simultaneously immunized, independently of pregnancy stage. Both agglutinin and neutralizing post vaccination antibodies levels were measured respectively by the microscopic sera agglutination with live antigens test (MAT) and the in vitro leptospira growth inhibition test (GIT). Sera collections were performed each 30 days during four months after the first vaccination. Non vaccinated control group animals presented no agglutinating antibodies against Canicola serovar during the whole experiment. At 32 and 68 post vaccination days the agglutinating antibodies levels of group 2 (LPS-MPLA) were significantly higher than the observed in group 3 (WC AlOH3), respectively, p = 0.013 and p = 0.031. The differences observed in the growth inhibition antibodies titers of the two vaccines tested were not significant (p > 0.05). Despite the peak of post-vaccination agglutinins have been registered at 68 days after first immunization, higher levels growth inhibition antibodies were detected at 30 days of first vaccination. Subunit vaccine presented the same immunogenic capacity for the production of neutralizing antibodies as the whole culture one.

scholarly journals Use of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Anticoccidial Agents in Broiler Chickens along with Its Impact on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status and Hematobiochemical Profile

Life ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Zeynab Khamis El-Maddawy ◽  
Abd El-salam Fawzy El-sawy ◽  
Neveen Ragab Ashoura ◽  
Salama Mostafa Aboelenin ◽  
Mohamed Mohamed Soliman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Lesion Score ◽  
Zno Nps ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the pathogenesis of coccidiosis in broiler chickens was tested. A total of 160 1-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated into 4 groups (n = 40). Group 1: unchallenged, unmedicated; Group 2: challenged, unmedicated; Group 3: challenged, supplemented with diclazuril (1 ppm); Group 4: challenged, supplemented with ZnO-NPs (20 ppm). Mixed Eimeria species (E. maxima, E. acervulina, E. mivati, and E. tenella) of a commercial coccidial vaccine (FORTEGRA®) were used to perform the coccidial challenge by 15× of its vaccinal dose on the 14th day of age. Diclazuril and ZnO-NPs supplementation in Group 3 and 4, respectively, reduced the mortality rate due to coccidial challenge to 5.8% compared to 11.9% in Group 2. The growth performance was improved by ZnO-NPs in coccidiosis-infected group (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Group 2 and was comparable to that of Group 3 (p ≥ 0.05). The average oocyst count was lower in Groups 3 and 4 (7.8 × 103 and 14.3 × 103, respectively) than in Group 2 (67 × 103 oocysts). Group 3 had a decreased gross lesion score in duodenum and caecum (p ≤ 0.05) as well as jujenum and ileum (p ≥ 0.05) compared to Group 2; while the average lesion scores of all intestinal parts in Group 4 were significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.05). However, diclazuril was superior to ZnO-NPs in reducing caecal lesion score (p ≤ 0.05). Plasma carotenoids levels were increased by diclazuril (p ≥ 0.05) and ZnO-NPs (p ≤ 0.05) supplementation compared to Group 2. Oxidative stress appeared on the fourth week post-challenge (pc) in Group 2 (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Group 1, while the dietary supplementation with either diclazuril or ZnO-NPs numerically decreased Malondialdhyde (p ≥ 0.05) and statistically increased antioxidant activity (p ≤ 0.05). Both medications significantly improved the PCV%, Hb% and RBCs count on the 6th-day and 4th-week pc (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Group 2, though this improvement was higher significantly in Group 4 than Group 3 on the 6th day pc (p ≤ 0.05). Neither coccidial challenge nor medications had an impact on the total WBCs count as well as organ index, except Bursa of fabricious index that significantly improved by ZnO-NPs on the 4th-week pc compared to Group 2. Coccidial challenge reduced total protein and globulin levels and increased the serum alanine aminotransferase, serum cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein levels (p ≤ 0.05) compared to Group 1, while those of both medicated groups (Group 3 and 4) were comparable to Group 1 (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, ZnO-NPs were found to be as effective as diclazuril against coccidiosis. However, further research is needed to fully comprehend its anticoccidial mechanisms.

scholarly journals Comparative effectiveness of eimeriocidal products for treatment of broiler chickens in small scale production

2021 ◽  
pp. 295-300
Author(s):  
A. B. Dagaeva ◽  
B. M. Makhieva
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

There is currently almost no poultry holding where avian eimerioses, both monoinvasions and those associated with cryptosporidioses, salmonelloses and colibacte- rioses, are not reported. In view of this, the disease control is an urgent challenge that shall be approached in its entirety, using various eimeriostats, antibiotics and probiotics. Searching for new effective products with broad-spectrum antiparasitic action is one of priorities in avian eimeriosis control. Comparative tests of different combinations of eimeriocidal products, namely solicox + chicktonic, maduvet + tylosin and eimeterm + enrofloxacin, for their treatment and protective effectiveness were carried out under production conditions in broiler chickens of a poultry factory located in the Republic of Dagestan. To perform the tests, four groups of broiler chickens (one control group and three test groups, each comprising 50 chickens) were formed based on the principle of analogues. The treatment and prevention scheme adopted in the said poultry holding was used for the control group chickens. Test group 1 chickens were given solicox at a dose of 2 ml per 1 liter of drinking water in combination with chicktonic (a feed supplement) at a dose of 1 ml per 1 liter of water during 4–5 days. Group 2 chickens were given maduvet at a dose of 3−5 mg/kg of body weight with feed twice and tylosin at a dose of 5 g of powder per 10 liters of water once a day during 5 days; where necessary, the procedure was repeated in 14–16 days. Group 3 broiler chickens were given eimeterm 2.5% at a dose of 7 mg/kg of body weight with water during 2 days in combination with enrofloxacin at a dose of 3 ml per 1 liter of drinking water during 5–6 days. It is shown that a decrease in the number of clinically diseased and dead chickens was observed in the test groups after the use of eimeriocidal products that helped to improve zootechnical parameters of reared broiler chicks. Product extenseffectiveness and intens- effectiveness in different groups of chickens were as follows: Group 1 – 89.2 and 96%, Group 2 – 87.6 and 94%, Group 3 –81.4 and 96%, respectively. The clinical signs of eimeriosis were observed in the control group chickens throughout the entire period of studies, invasion extensity and intensity were 87.6 and 42.6%, respectively.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Three Formulations of Essential Oils in Broiler Chickens under Cyclic Heat Stress

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Jared Ruff ◽  
Guillermo Tellez ◽  
Aaron J. Forga ◽  
Roberto Señas-Cuesta ◽  
Christine N. Vuong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Body Core Temperature ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Body Core ◽  
Cyclic Heat ◽  
Group 2

The objective of the present research was to assess the dietary supplementation of three formulations of essential oils (EO) in chickens under heat stress (HS). Day-of-hatch Cobb 500 chicks (n = 500) were randomly distributed into four groups: 1. HS control + control diets; 2. HS + control diets supplemented with 37 ppm EO of Lippia origanoides (LO); 3. HS + control diets supplemented with 45 ppm LO + 45 ppm EO of Rosmarinus officinalis (RO) + 300 ppm red beetroot; 4. HS + 45 ppm LO + 45 ppm RO + 300 ppm natural betaine. Chickens that received the EO showed significant (p < 0.05) improvement on BW, BWG, FI, and FCR compared to control HS chickens. Average body core temperature in group 3 and group 4 was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced compared with the HS control group and group 2. Experimental groups showed a significant reduction in FITC-d at 42 days, a significant increase in SOD at both days but a significant reduction of IFN-γ and IgA compared with HS control (p < 0.05). Bone mineralization was significantly improved by EO treatments (p < 0.05). Together these data suggest that supplemental dietary EO may reduce the harmful effects of HS.

Active head movements facilitate compensation for effects of prism displacement on dynamic gait12

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Kim R. Gottshall ◽  
Michael E. Hoffer ◽  
Helen S. Cohen ◽  
Robert J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Sensory Modality ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Entire Body ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2

Study design: Four groups, between-subjects study. Objectives: To investigate the effects of exercise on adaptation of normal subjects who had been artificially spatially disoriented. Background: Many patients referred for rehabilitation experience sensory changes, due to age or disease processes, and these changes affect motor skill. The best way to train patients to adapt to these changes and to improve their sensorimotor skills is unclear. Using normal subjects, we tested the hypothesis that active, planned head movement is needed to adapt to modified visual input. Methods and measures: Eighty male and female subjects who had normal balance on computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) and the dynamic gait index (DGI), were randomly assigned to four groups. All groups donned diagonally shift lenses and were again assessed with CDP and DGI. The four groups were then treated for 20 min. Group 1 (control group) viewed a video, Group 2 performed exercise that involved translating the entire body through space, but without separate, volitional head movement, Group 3 performed exercises which all incorporated volitional, planned head rotations, and Group 4 performed exercises that involved translating the body (as in Group 2) and incorporated volitional, planned head motion (as in Group 3). All subjects were post-tested with CDP and DGI, lenses were removed, and subjects were retested again with CDP and DGI. Results: The groups did not differ significantly on CDP scores but Groups 3 and 4 had significantly better DGI scores than Groups 1 and 2. Conclusions: Active head movement that is specifically planned as part of the exercise is more effective than passive attention or head movements that are not consciously planned, for adapting to sensorimotor change when it incorporates active use of the changed sensory modality, in this case head motion.

scholarly journals Preemptive analgesic effect of lidocaine in a chronic neuropathic pain model

2009 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1088-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonardo M. Batista ◽  
Igor M. Batista ◽  
João P. Almeida ◽  
Carlos H. Carvalho ◽  
Samuel B. de Castro-Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Thermal Stimulus ◽  
Lidocaine Group ◽  
Local Infiltration ◽  
Neuropathic Pain Model ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Right

Preemptive analgesia inhibits the progression of pain caused by surgical lesions. To analyze the effect of lidocaine on postoperative pain relief, we performed compression of the right sciatic nerve in Wistar rats and observed the differences on behavior between the group that received lidocaine and the group that was not treated with the local anesthetics pre-operatively. Group 1 was not operated (control); group 2 underwent the sciatic nerve ligature without lidocaine; group 3, underwent surgery with previous local infiltration of lidocaine. Group 2 showed significantly longer scratching times with a peak on day 14 post-operative (p=0.0005) and reduction in the latency to both noxious (p=0.003) and non-noxious (p=0.004) thermal stimulus. Group 3 presented significantly shorter scratching times (p=0.004) and longer latency times when compared to Group 2. Preemptive use of lidocaine 2% can potentially reduce the postoperative neuropathic pain associated with sciatic nerve compression.

Postoperative Morphine Use and Hyperalgesia Are Reduced by Preoperative but Not Intraoperative Epidural Analgesia

2003 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1449-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Katz ◽  
Lorenzo Cohen ◽  
Roger Schmid ◽  
Vincent W.S. Chan ◽  
Adarose Wowk
Keyword(s):  
Morphine Consumption ◽  
Gynecologic Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Epidural Administration ◽  
Blinded Manner ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Postoperative Morphine ◽  
Group 1

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative morphine-sparing effects and reduction in pain and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia after preincisional or postincisional epidural administration of a local anesthetic and an opioid compared with a sham epidural control. Methods Patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery by laparotomy were randomly assigned to three groups and studied in a double-blinded manner. Group 1 received epidural lidocaine and fentanyl before incision and epidural saline 40 min after incision. Group 2 received epidural saline before incision and epidural lidocaine and fentanyl 40 min after incision. Group 3 received a sham epidural control (with saline injected into a catheter taped to the back) before and 40 min after incision. All patients underwent surgery with general anesthesia. Results One hundred forty-one patients completed the study (group 1, n = 45; group 2, n = 49; group 3, n = 47). Cumulative patient-controlled analgesia morphine consumption at 48 h was significantly lower (P = 0.04) in group 1 (89.8 +/- 43.3 mg) than group 3 (112.5 +/- 71.5 mg) but not group 2 (95.4 +/- 60.2 mg), although the hourly rate of morphine consumption between 24 and 48 h after surgery was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.0009) in group 1 (1.25 +/- 0.02 mg/h) than group 2 (1.41 +/- 0.02 mg/h). Twenty-four hours after surgery, the visual analog scale pain score on movement was significantly less intense (P = 0.005) in group 1 (4.9 +/- 2.2 cm) than group 3 (6.0 +/- 2.6 cm) but not group 2 (5.3 +/- 2.5 cm), and the von Frey pain threshold near the wound was significantly higher (P = 0.03) in group 1 (6.4 +/- 0.6 log mg) than in group 3 (6.1 +/- 0.8 log mg) but not group 2 (6.2 +/- 0.7 log mg). Conclusions Preincisional administration of epidural lidocaine and fentanyl was associated with a significantly lower rate of morphine use, lower cumulative morphine consumption, and reduced hyperalgesia compared with a sham epidural condition. These results highlight the importance of including a standard treatment control group to avoid the problems of interpretation that arise when two-group studies of preemptive analgesia (preincisional vs. postsurgery) fail to find the anticipated effects.

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