scholarly journals Feed as a mechanical vector in the transmission of swine viral diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 6587-2021
Author(s):  
NATALIA MAZUR-PANASIUK ◽  
MARTA ANTAS ◽  
MATEUSZ FILA ◽  
JACEK ŻMUDZKI ◽  
GRZEGORZ WOŹNIAKOWSKI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea

The current African swine fever (ASF) epizootic in Europe and Asia has clearly highlighted the crucial role of effective biosecurity in preventing and controlling infectious diseases and in ensuring a high health status of the herd. The role of feed in the mechanical transmission of viral pathogens has long remained unclear, but the unexpected emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) in the United States in 2013 led to intensified research efforts aimed at determining the origin of PEDV. Since then, it has been proven that feed and feed materials can play a role of mechanical vectors for many pathogens, including PEDV, ASFV, FMDV, PRV, PRRSV, PVDV, PCV2, CSV and PRV. In light of the potential risk of virus transmission via imported contaminated feed, a number of preventive measures have been developed and experimentally proven to be effective in mitigating the risk. The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge on the potential role of feed in the spread of porcine viral pathogens and on the latest efforts aimed at reducing the risk of such transmission.

scholarly journals Three New Orbivirus Species Isolated from Farmed White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the United States

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Shamim Ahasan ◽  
Kuttichantran Subramaniam ◽  
Juan M. Campos Krauer ◽  
Katherine A. Sayler ◽  
Julia C. Loeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Gene Coding

We report the detection and gene coding sequences of three novel Orbivirus species found in six dead farmed white-tailed deer in the United States. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the new orbiviruses are genetically closely related to the Guangxi, Mobuck, Peruvian horse sickness, and Yunnan orbiviruses, which are thought to be solely borne by mosquitos. However, four of the six viruses analyzed in this work were found as co-infecting agents along with a known cervid pathogen, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus-2 (EHDV-2), raising questions as to whether the new viruses are primary pathogens or secondary pathogens that exacerbate EHDV-2 infections. Moreover, EHDV-2 is known to be a Culicoides-borne virus, raising additional questions as to whether Culicoides species can also serve as vectors for the novel orbiviruses, if mosquitoes can vector EHDV-2, or whether the deer were infected through separate bites by the insects. Our findings expand knowledge of the possible viral pathogens of deer in the United States. Moreover, due to the close genetic relatedness of the three new orbiviruses to viruses that are primary pathogens of cattle and horses, our findings also underscore a crucial need for additional research on the potential role of the three new orbiviruses as pathogens of other animals.

Neurotoxic and Neuroprotective Role of Exosomes in Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (42) ◽  
pp. 4510-4522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biancamaria Longoni ◽  
Irene Fasciani ◽  
Shivakumar Kolachalam ◽  
Ilaria Pietrantoni ◽  
Francesco Marampon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
The Brain

: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles produced by eukaryotic cells that are also found in most biological fluids and tissues. While they were initially thought to act as compartments for removal of cellular debris, they are now recognized as important tools for cell-to-cell communication and for the transfer of pathogens between the cells. They have attracted particular interest in neurodegenerative diseases for their potential role in transferring prion-like proteins between neurons, and in Parkinson’s disease (PD), they have been shown to spread oligomers of α-synuclein in the brain accelerating the progression of this pathology. A potential neuroprotective role of exosomes has also been equally proposed in PD as they could limit the toxicity of α-synuclein by clearing them out of the cells. Exosomes have also attracted considerable attention for use as drug vehicles. Being nonimmunogenic in nature, they provide an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the delivery of incorporated drugs to target cells. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the potential neurotoxic and neuroprotective role of exosomes and their potential application as drug delivery systems in PD.

scholarly journals First Report of Hepatitis E Virus in Shellfish in Southeast Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Gianfranco La Bella ◽  
Maria Grazia Basanisi ◽  
Gaia Nobili ◽  
Valentina Terio ◽  
Elisabetta Suffredini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Apulia Region ◽  
Causative Agents

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) represents one of the principal causative agents of hepatitis globally. Among the five HEV genotypes affecting humans, genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and are the main source of hepatitis E in developed countries. HEV has been detected in several foods. The present work investigated the presence of this virus in shellfish sold at retail in the Apulia region of Italy. The presence of HEV RNA was assessed by real-time RT-PCR in 225 shellfish samples collected during 2018. Overall, two (0.89%) of these samples tested positive for HEV RNA. To our knowledge, this is the first notification of the detection of HEV in mussels sold at retail in the Apulia region. These data highlight the potential role of shellfish as a vehicle for the transmission of viral pathogens.

Role of the gut microbiota in airway immunity and host defense against respiratory infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Willers ◽  
Dorothee Viemann
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Commensal Microbiota ◽  
Enhanced Resistance ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Colonization of the intestine with commensal bacteria is known to play a major role in the maintenance of human health. An altered gut microbiome is associated with various ensuing diseases including respiratory diseases. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the impact of the gut microbiota on airway immunity with a focus on consequences for the host defense against respiratory infections. Specific gut commensal microbiota compositions and functions are depicted that mediate protection against respiratory infections with bacterial and viral pathogens. Lastly, we highlight factors that have imprinting effects on the establishment of the gut microbiota early in life and are potentially relevant in the context of respiratory infections. Deepening our understanding of these relationships will allow to exploit the knowledge on how gut microbiome maturation needs to be modulated to ensure lifelong enhanced resistance towards respiratory infections.

Aortic Valve Sinus Vorticity Dynamics and the Potential Role of Coronary Flow

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon L. Moore ◽  
Lakshmi P. Dasi
Keyword(s):  
Aortic Valve ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Calcific Aortic Valve Disease ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vorticity Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Fluid Wall Shear Stress

Calcific aortic valve disease affects a wide range of the population in the United States. Each year there are approximately 50,000 valve replacements due to this disease [(Freeman & Otto, 2005)]. While it is unclear what the exact causes of CAVD are, it does appear to be correlated to local hemodynamic conditions particularly related to the complex spatio-temporal nature of fluid wall shear stress dynamics that the aortic side of the leaflets experience.

scholarly journals Presence of Influenza Virus on Touch Surfaces in Kindergartens and Primary Schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (8) ◽  
pp. 1329-1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Whui Fong ◽  
Nancy H L Leung ◽  
Jingyi Xiao ◽  
Daniel K W Chu ◽  
Samuel M S Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Influenza Season ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Potential Risks

Abstract Backgrounds Influenza virus can survive on some surfaces, facilitating indirect person-to-person transmission. Methods We collected swab samples weekly from commonly touched surfaces in 7 kindergartens and primary schools during the 2017/2018 winter influenza season in Hong Kong. Results We detected influenza virus ribonucleic acid (RNA) in 12 of 1352 samples (<1%) collected from 7 of 11 classrooms (5 to 2 × 106 RNA copies/mL). Viral RNA was more frequently recovered from communal items inside classrooms such as bookshelves and doorknobs. Conclusions Surface contamination indicates the potential role of fomites in influenza virus transmission in schools. Communal items inside classrooms may cause greater potential risks of transmission during influenza epidemics.

scholarly journals Reviewing the Potential Vectors and Hosts of African Swine Fever Virus Transmission in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 512-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Golnar ◽  
Estelle Martin ◽  
Jillian D. Wormington ◽  
Rebekah C. Kading ◽  
Pete D. Teel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fever Virus

scholarly journals The potential role of scavengers in spreading African swine fever among wild boar

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Probst ◽  
Jörn Gethmann ◽  
Susanne Amler ◽  
Anja Globig ◽  
Bent Knoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wild Boar ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
African Swine Fever

scholarly journals Institutional outbreaks of rotavirus diarrhoea: potential role of fomites and environmental surfaces as vehicles for virus transmission

1986 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed A. Sattar ◽  
Nellie Lloyd-Evans ◽  
V. Susan Springthorpe ◽  
Rama C. Nair
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Environmental Surfaces ◽  
Paper Currency ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
Porous Surfaces ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Right ◽  
Rotavirus Infections

SUMMARYTo assess the potential of fomites and environmental surfaces as vehicles in the transmission of rotaviral diarrhoea, disks (1 cm diameter) of various porous and non-porous materials were contaminated with about 105plaque-forming units of the Wa strain of human rotavirus (HRV) suspended in faecal matter. The contaminated disks were then held for 10 days at either room temperature (22±2 °C) or 4°C with the relative humidity (RH) at the high (85±5%), medium (50±5%) or low (25±5%) level. Survival was longer on non-porous surfaces at the lower temperature and at lower humidity. In contrast, survival on porous surfaces was very variable; better on cotton-polyester than on poster card or paper currency on which HRV survived very poorly. These results suggest that under the right environmental conditions, HRV-contaminated objects could play a role in the transmission of rotavirus infections in hospitals, nursing homes and day-care centres.

scholarly journals Evidence for a Potential Role of Metallothioneins in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anouk Waeytens ◽  
Martine De Vos ◽  
Debby Laukens
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Zinc Homeostasis ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Small Proteins ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are a group of chronic, relapsing, immune-mediated disorders of the intestine, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Recent studies underscore the importance of the damaged epithelial barrier and the dysregulated innate immune system in their pathogenesis. Metallothioneins (MTs) are a family of small proteins with a high and conserved cysteine content that are rapidly upregulated in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Herein, we review the current knowledge regarding the expression and potential role of MTs in IBD. MTs exert a central position in zinc homeostasis, modulate the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-B, and serve as antioxidants. In addition, MTs could be involved in IBD through their antiapoptotic effects or through specific immunomodulating extracellular effects. Reports on MT expression in IBD are contradictory but clearly demonstrate a deviant MT expression supporting the idea that these aberrations in IBD require further clarification.

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